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Ayyubid–Georgian wars
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| Ayyubid–Georgian wars | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Kingdom of Georgia | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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Zakare II Zakarian Ivane I Zakarian |
Al-Awhad Al-Ashraf Al-Mansur I Muhammad | ||||||
| History of Georgia საქართველოს ისტორია |
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 History of Georgia |
The Ayyubid–Georgian wars (Georgian: აიუბიდურ-ქართული ომები, romanized: aiubidur-kartuli omebi) was a war between the Kingdom of Georgia and the Ayyubid dynasty. The war started for over the Armenian lands in eastern Anatolia, fought from 1208 until 1210. This brought the struggle for the Armenian lands to a stall.[1] The war ended with the Thirty Years' Truce.[2]
Background[edit]
The relationship between the Kingdom of Georgia and the Ayyubids was initially peaceful. Diplomatic contacts existed between them, which is evidenced by the non-aggression agreement signed between them in 1185.[3]
In 1207, the Shah-Armens was taken over by the Ayyubids, who had long coveted Khlat. The Ayyubids had come to the city at the invitation Shah-Armens after the last Sökmenli ruler, Izzeddin Balaban (c.1206–1207), who was killed by Tuğrulshah, emir of Erzurum on behalf of the Sultanate of Rum and brother of Sultan Kayqubad I. Before Ayyubid control could be solidified, al-Awhad faced Armenian rebellions in Artchesh and Van. As he attempted to quash those insurrections, Khlat joined the rebellion later in 1208. Upon the orders of al-Adil, al-Ashraf led an army of roughly 1,000 troops to support al-Awhad and the Ayyubids managed to put down the rebellion in Khlat, resulting in a heavy loss of life.[4]
Conflict[edit]
Siege of Archesh[edit]
The Georgians decided to march on Shah-Armens. After such a military campaign, Georgia's back was strengthened in the region and it was ready to meet the expected attacks of Shah-Armens. Soon after the start of the conflict, the Georgian army took over a large part of the Shah-Armens. The Georgians captured Archesh and brutally destroyed it,[5] and took the Muslims as prisoners. Al-Awhad could not escape the raids in Archesh, because he was locked in a robe. He did not dare to leave the city, because he was afraid of the rebellious inhabitants of Ahlat, who could prevent him from entering the city at all.[6][7]
First Siege of Khlat[edit]
Georgians soon came to Khlat. In response to this, in 1208-1209, al-Adil personally led a large army, which was joined by other Ayyubid emirs: the emirs of Homs, Hama, Baalbek, among them was the contingent of Emir al-Zahir of Aleppo. Arriving in Haran, al-Adil was joined by al-Awhad and al-Ashraf, including Emir al-Salih Muhammad. Whether the Ayyubid army approached Khlat , the Georgians turned back, because their goal was not to capture the city, but to plunder and raid it. Al-Adili returned to Jezira and instead of marching to Georgia, he strengthened his positions in Jezira region.[8]
Second Siege of Khlat[edit]
In 1210, Georgians marched to Khlat for the second time. This campaign was led by Ivane Mkhargrdzeli, who was captured by the enemy during the siege. According to reports, Ivane Mkhargrdzeli's horse, who went out to inspect the city wall, fell into a ditch and knocked down the ride. Before the accompanying warriors put forward Ivan and his horse, the Shah-Armens came out of the castle and captured the Georgians.[9] Armenian historians Kirako Gandzaketsi and Vardan, as well as Arab Abulfeda, tell us this story in the same way.
According to Zakariya al-Qazwin, his knight-errant told Ivan: mount now, fight and at the end of the day you will sit on the throne of Ahlat. He got drunk on his horse and went to hunt for his clothes with a small amount of money. There was a bridge on the river outside the city, which the Shah-Armens deliberately destroyed before the battle and covered it with hay to deceive the Georgians. Ivane was the first to cross the bridge and fell into the river. The Shah-Armens attacked him and captured him.[10] Armenian historian Vardan connects Ivan's capture with his change of faith "Ivan, seduced by Queen Tamar, changed his faith, which resulted in Ivan's subsequent failure".[11]
When Ivan's brother, Amirspasalar Zakare II Zakarian, learned about Ivan's capture, he was furious and told the Shah-Armens: "...if you sent my brother to Sultan in Cairo, or do something to him, I will capture Khlat with the Georgian army, I will destroy Khlat as I destroyed Archesh, I will take the land of your country and give it to Georgia, and I will cut you all off...".[7][11]
Ivane Mkhargrdzeli would be released only after the Georgians agreed to a Thirty Years' truce on following terms:[12]
- Georgia had to pay ransom of 100,000 dinars;
- Georgia had to cede 27 castles;
- Georgia had to liberate 5000 muslim prisoners;
- Ivane had to promise the hand of his daughter Tamta to his captor.[13]
The truce ended the Georgian menace to Ayyubid Armenia.[14] Georgia refrained from hostilities against enemy with whom Tamar the Great had signed a treaty, and the border or Christian-Muslim world was established. As the result Georgia abandoned its ambitions west of the river Araxes.
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987, p. 154
- ^ Humphreys 1977, p. 130-131
- ^ Muskhelishvili, D. (2012) "King Tamar: Expansion to the South", History of Georgia: Ancient Times to 2009. Tbilisi: Gumbati, p. 219–220. ISBN 978-9941-0-4195-2
- ^ Humphreys 1977, p. 129
- ^ Minorsky 1953, pp. 146–150
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 115
- ^ a b Lovard Tukhashvili - the last chords of the 17-year war
- ^ Humphreys 1977, p. 130
- ^ Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987, p. 153
- ^ Kaukhchishvili 1975, pp. 42–43
- ^ a b Ivane Mkhargrdzeli.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 114-115
- ^ Minorsky 1953, pp. 90–93
- ^ Humphreys 1977, p. 131
Sources[edit]
- Lordkipanidze, Mariam Davydovna; Hewitt, George B. (1987). Georgia in the XI–XII Centuries. Tbilisi: Ganatleba Publishers.
- Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-263-4.
- Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of empires: a history of Georgia. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-299-19101-3.
- Kaukhchishvili, Simon (1975). Zakaria Al-Kazvini's information about Georgia and the Caucasus. Tbilisi: Science.
- Minorsky, Vladimir (1953). "The eastern expansion of the Ayyubids". Studies in Caucasian history. London: Taylor's foreign press.
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