Bibliography of Andrew Jackson

The following is a list of important scholarly resources related to Andrew Jackson.

Andrew Jackson, I am given to understand, was a patriot and a traitor. He was one of the greatest of generals, and wholly ignorant of the art of war. A writer brilliant, elegant, eloquent, without being able to compose a correct sentence, or spell words of four syllables. The first of statesmen, he never devised, he never framed a measure. He was the most candid of men, and was capable of the profoundest dissimulation. A most law-defying, law-obeying citizen. A stickler for discipline, he never hesitated to disobey a superior. A democratic autocrat. An urbane savage. An atrocious saint.
— James Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson (1860)^[1]

Biographies

Bassett, John Spencer (1911). The Life of Andrew Jackson. New York: Doubleday Page & Company. vol 1 online; vol 2 online
Booraem, Hendrik (2001). Young Hickory: The Making of Andrew Jackson. Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 0-8783-3263-4.; 344 pages; coverage to age 21
Brands, H. W. (2005). Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 1-4000-3072-2.
Brown, David S. (2022). The First Populist: The Defiant Life of Andrew Jackson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-1-9821-9109-2.
Cheathem, Mark R. (2013). Andrew Jackson, Southerner. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0807-15098-6.
Curtis, James C. (1976). Andrew Jackson and the Search for Vindication. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 978-0-673-39334-0.
Eaton, John H.; Reid, John (1824). The Life of Andrew Jackson, Major-General in the Service of the United States: Comprising a History of the War in the South, from the Commencement of the Creek campaign, to the Termination of the Hostilities before New Orleans. Philadelphia: Samuel F. Bradford.
Eaton, John H.; Reid, John; Smith, Jerome V. C. (1885). The Complete Memoirs of Andrew Jackson : Seventh President of the United States ; Containing a Full Account of his Military Life and Achievements, with His Career as President. New York: Hurst & Co.
James, Marquis (1933). Andrew Jackson: The Boarder Captain. New York: Literary Guild.
James, Marquis (1937). Andrew Jackson: Portrait of a President. New York: Grosset & Dunlap.
Kendall, Amos (1843). Life of Andrew Jackson: Private, Military, and Civil. New York: Harper & Brothers. ISBN 9780795023637. OCLC 6738380.
Latner, Richard B. (2002). "Andrew Jackson". In Graff, Henry (ed.). The Presidents: A Reference History (3 ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-31226-2. OCLC 49029341.
Meacham, Jon (2008). American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House. New York: Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8129-7346-4.
Parton, James (1860a). Life of Andrew Jackson, Volume 1. New York: Mason Brothers. OCLC 3897681.
Parton, James (1860b). Life of Andrew Jackson, Volume 2. New York: Mason Brothers. OCLC 3897681.
Parton, James (1860c). Life of Andrew Jackson, Volume 3. New York: Mason Brothers. OCLC 3897681.
Remini, Robert (1966). Andrew Jackson. New York: HarperCollins.
Remini, Robert V. (1977). Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-8018-5912-3.
Remini, Robert V. (1981). Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8018-5913-7.
Remini, Robert V. (1984). Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-8018-5913-1.
Remini, Robert V. (1988). The Life of Andrew Jackson. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-0618-0788-5. Abridgment of Remini's 3-volume biography.
Remini, Robert V. "Andrew Jackson", American National Biography (2000).
Snelling, William Joseph (1831). A Brief and Impartial History of the Life and Actions of Andrew Jackson. Boston: Stimpson & Clapp. p. 164. OCLC 6692507.
Sumner, William Graham (1972) [1882]. American Statesman: Andrew Jackson. New York, NY: AMS Press Inc. ISBN 0-404-50867-7.
Wilentz, Sean (2005). Andrew Jackson. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-6925-9.

Military

McLemore, Laura Lyons, ed. (2016). The Battle of New Orleans in History and Memory. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press. ISBN 978-0807-16467-9.
Ratner, Lorman A. Andrew Jackson and His Tennessee Lieutenants: A Study in Political Culture (1997).
Remini, Robert V. (2001) [1999]. The Battle of New Orleans: Andrew Jackson and America's First Military Victory. London, UK: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1101-19997-8.
Remini, Robert V. (2001). Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars. London, UK: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-7861-8568-6.
Rowland, Dunbar (1926). Andrew Jackson's Campaign against the British, or, the Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812, concerning the Military Operations of the Americans, Creek Indians, British, and Spanish, 1813–1815. New York: MacMillan Company.

Indian removal

Berutti, Ronald A. (1992). "The Cherokee Cases: The Fight to Save the Supreme Court and the Cherokee Indians". American Indian Law Review. 17 (1): 291–308. doi:10.2307/20068726. JSTOR 20068726.
Cave, Alfred A. (2003). "Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830". Historian. 65 (6): 1330–1353. doi:10.1111/j.0018-2370.2003.00055.x. S2CID 144157296.
Cumfer, Cynthia (2007). Separate peoples, one land: The minds of Cherokees, Blacks, and Whites on the Tennessee frontier. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3151-9.
Garrison, Tim Allen (2002). The Legal Ideology of Removal: The Southern Judiciary and the Sovereignty of Native American Nations. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-8203-3417-0.
Inskeep, Steve (2015). Jacksonland: President Andrew Jackson, Cherokee Chief John Ross, and a Great American Land Grab. London, UK: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1101-61777-9.
Jahoda, Gloria (1975). The Trail of Tears: The Story of the American Indian Removals 1813–1855. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-014871-5.
Keeler, Kyle (2024). "Wikipedia's Indian problem: settler colonial erasure of native American knowledge and history on the world's largest encyclopedia". Settler Colonial Studies: 1–22. doi:10.1080/2201473X.2024.2358697. ISSN 2201-473X.
Mann, Barbara Alice (2009). The Tainted Gift: The Disease Method of Frontier Expansion. ABC-CLIO. p. 20. ISBN 9780313353383.
Mann, Barbara Alice (2019). President by Massacre: Indian-Killing for Political Gain. ABC-CLIO.
Prucha, Francis Paul (1969). "Andrew Jackson's Indian policy: a reassessment". Journal of American History. 56 (3): 527–539. doi:10.2307/1904204. JSTOR 1904204.

Bank War

Bogart, Ernest Ludlow (1907). The Economic History of the United States. London, UK: Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 219.
Campbell, Stephen W. (2019). The Bank War and the Partisan Press: Newspapers, Financial Institutions, and the Post Office in Jacksonian America. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 9780700627448. OCLC 1066117752.
Hammond, Bray (1957). Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691005532. OCLC 890993.
Kahan, Paul (2016). The Bank War: Andrew Jackson, Nicholas Biddle, and the Fight for American Finance. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-1594-16234-3.
McFaul, John M. (1972). The Politics of Jacksonian Finance. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801407383. OCLC 409631.
Remini, Robert V. (1967). Andrew Jackson and the Bank War: A Study in the Growth of Presidential Power. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393-09757-3.
Sellers, Charles (1991). The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195-03889-7.
Schlesinger, Arthur M. (1953) [1945]. The Age of Jackson. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 9780316773430. Winner of Pulitzer Prize for History. History of ideas of the era.
Taylor, George Rogers, ed. Jackson Versus Biddle: The Struggle over the Second Bank of the United States (1949), excerpts from primary and secondary sources.

Petticoat affair

Kennedy, Kathleen; Ullman, Sharon Rena (2003). Sexual Borderlands: Constructing an American Sexual Past. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8142-0927-1.
Marszalek, John F. (2000) [1997]. The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press. ISBN 0-8071-2634-9.

Presidential campaigns

Boller, Paul F. Jr. (2004). Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19516-716-3.
Cheathem, Mark R. (2018). The Coming of Democracy: Presidential Campaigning in the Age of Jackson. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421425993.
Gammon, Samuel Rhea (2007) [1922]. The Presidential Campaign of 1832. Hamburg, Michigan: Native American Books Distributor. ISBN 978-0-4030-0603-8.
Parsons, Lynn H. The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828 (2009) excerpt and text search
Remini, Robert V. (1963). The Election of Andrew Jackson. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott.
Stephens, Rachel (2018). Selling Andrew Jackson: Ralph E.W. Earl and the politics of portraiture. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-61117-867-8.

Slavery

Cheathem, Mark R. (2011). "Andrew Jackson, Slavery, and Historians" (PDF). History Compass. 9 (4): 326–338. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00763.x.
——— (October 2011). Slavery, Kinship, and Andrew Jackson's Presidential Campaign of 1828 (PDF). Southern Historical Association Annual Meeting. jacksonianamerica.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-08-22. Retrieved 2024-08-22.
——— (October 2012). The Evolution of the Enslaved Community at Andrew Jackson's Plantations, 1790s–1840s (PDF). 2012 BrANCH (Association of British American Nineteenth Century Historians). jacksonianamerica.com.
Opal, J. M. (October 2013). "General Jackson's Passports: Natural Rights and Sovereign Citizens in the Political Thought of Andrew Jackson, 1780s–1820s". Studies in American Political Development. 27 (2): 69–85. doi:10.1017/S0898588X13000060. ISSN 0898-588X.
Remini, Robert V. (Summer 1991). "Andrew Jackson's Adventures on the Natchez Trace". Southern Quarterly. 29 (4). Hattiesburg, Mississippi: University of Southern Mississippi: 35–42. ISSN 0038-4496. OCLC 1644229.
——— (Spring 1995). "Andrew Jackson Takes an Oath of Allegiance to Spain". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 54 (1). Loyalty oath document surfaced by Dr. G. Douglas Inglis of Seville, Spain. Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Historical Society: 2–15. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42628387. OCLC 551288487.
Serme, Jean-Marc (2003). "Stormy Weather at Andrew Jackson's Halcyon Plantation, in Coahoma County, Mississippi, 1838–1845". Revue française d'études américaines (98): 32–47. ISSN 0397-7870. JSTOR 20874927.
Snow, Whitney Adrienne (2008). "Slave Owner, Slave Trader, Gentleman: Slavery and the Rise of Andrew Jackson". Journal of East Tennessee History. 80. Knoxville, Tennessee: East Tennessee Historical Society: 47–59. ISSN 1058-2126. OCLC 23044540.
Warshauer, Matthew (2006). "Andrew Jackson: Chivalric Slave Master". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 65 (3): 203–229. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42627964.

Personal life

Deppisch, Ludwig M. (2021), Women in the Life of Andrew Jackson, McFarland, Inc.
DeWitt, John H. (1931). "ANDREW JACKSON AND HIS WARD, ANDREW JACKSON HUTCHINGS: A History Hitherto Unpublished". Tennessee Historical Magazine. 1 (2): 83–106. ISSN 2333-9012. JSTOR 42638062.
Galloway, Linda Bennett (1950). "Andrew Jackson, Junior". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 9 (3): 195–216. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42621045.
Gismondi, Melissa (2017-06-12). Rachel Jackson and the Search for Zion, 1760s–1830s (PhD, History thesis). Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia. doi:10.18130/v3q364.
Meredith, Rachel. (May 2013). "There Was Somebody Always Dying and Leaving Jackson as Guardian": The Wards of Andrew Jackson (M.A. History thesis). Murfreesboro, Tennessee: Middle Tennessee State University. ProQuest 1538368.
Owsley, Harriet Chappell (1977). "The Marriages of Rachel Donelson". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 36 (4). Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Historical Society: 479–492. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42625784. OCLC 551288487.
Owsley, Harriet Chappell (1982). "Andrew Jackson and His Ward, Andrew Jackson Donelson". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 41 (2): 124–139. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42626276.
Peterson, Dawn (2017). "5. Adoption in Andrew Jackson's Empire". Indians in the Family: Adoption and the Politics of Antebellum Expansion. Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/9780674978720. ISBN 978-0-674-97872-0.
Snyder, Christina (2017). "Andrew Jackson's Indian Son: Native Captives and American Empire". In Garrison, Tim Alan; O'Brien, Greg (eds.). The Native South: New Histories and Enduring Legacies. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 84–106. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1q1xq7h.9. ISBN 978-0-8032-9690-9. JSTOR j.ctt1q1xq7h.9.
Toplovich, Ann (2005). "Marriage, Mayhem, and Presidential Politics: The Robards–Jackson Backcountry Scandal" (PDF). Ohio Valley History. 5 (4). Cincinnati, Ohio & Louisville, Kentucky: Cincinnati Museum Center & Filson Historical Society: 3–22. ISSN 2377-0600. OCLC 1332991166. Project MUSE 572973.

Other specialized studies

Adams, Henry (1986) [1891]. History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison. New York: Library Classics of the United States. ISBN 0-9404-5035-6.
Baptist, Edward E. (2014). The Half has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 978-04650-0296-2.
Bates, Christopher G. (2015). The Early Republic and Antebellum America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781317457404.
Bugg Jr. James L. ed. Jacksonian Democracy: Myth or Reality? (1952), excerpts from scholars.
Burstein, Andrew (2003). The Passions of Andrew Jackson. New York: Vintage Publishing. ISBN 0-3757-1404-9.
Byrne, James Patrick; Coleman, Philip; King, Jason Francis (2008). Ireland and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851096145.
Cheathem, Mark R. (2011). The Shape of Democracy: Historical Interpretations of Jacksonian Democracy, in The Age of Andrew Jackson, Brian D. McKnight and James S. Humphreys, eds.
Cheathem, Mark R., and Terry Corps, eds. Historical Dictionary of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny (Rowman & Littlefield, 2016).
Durham, Walter T. (1990). Before Tennessee: the Southwest Territory, 1790-1796: a narrative history of the Territory of the United States South of the River Ohio. Piney Flats, TN: Rocky Mount Historical Association. ISBN 0-9678-3071-0.
Eaton, Clement (1942). "Mob Violence in the Old South". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 29 (3): 351–370. doi:10.2307/1897915. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1897915.
Ellis, Richard E. (1974). Woodward, C. Vann (ed.). Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct. New York: Delacorte Press. pp. 61–68. ISBN 0-440-05923-2.
Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Myron E. Sharpe, Inc. p. 167.
Gullan, Harold I. (2004). First fathers: the men who inspired our Presidents. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-46597-6.
Hays, Joel Stanford (2013). "Twisting the Law: Legal Inconsistencies in Andrew Jackson's Treatment of Native-American Sovereignty and State Sovereignty". Journal of Southern Legal History. 21: 157.
Hofstadter, Richard (1989) [1948]. The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made It. New York, NY: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0679-72315-8. Chapter on Jackson.
Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). What Hath God Wrought: the Transformation of America, 1815–1848. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199743797.
Jackson, Elmer Martin (1985). Keeping the lamp of remembrance lighted: a genealogical narrative with pictures and charts about the Jacksons and their allied families. Hagerstown, MD: Hagerstown Bookbinding and Printing Co.
Lansford, Tom; Woods, Thomas E., eds. (2008). Exploring American History: From Colonial Times to 1877. Vol. 10. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 1046. ISBN 978-0-7614-7758-7.
Latner Richard B. The Presidency of Andrew Jackson: White House Politics, 1820–1837 (1979), standard survey.
Leeden, Michael A. (2001). Tocqueville on American Character. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-3122-5231-5. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
Lewis, J. D. (2012). NC Patriots 1775–1783: Their Own Words. Vol. 1 – The NC Continental Line. Little River, SC: J.D. Lewis. pp. 193–94. ISBN 978-1-4675-4808-3.
Martin, François-Xavier (1829). The History of Louisiana, from the Earliest Period. Vol. 2. New Orleans, LA: A.T. Penniman & Co.
Morgan, William G. “Henry Clay’s Biographers and the ‘Corrupt Bargain’ Charge.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 66#3 (1968), pp. 242–58. online
Morgan, William G. “John Quincy Adams Versus Andrew Jackson: Their Biographers And The ‘Corrupt Bargain’ Charge.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 26#1 (1967), pp. 43–58. online
Nevins, Allan; Commanger, Henry Steele; Morris, Jeffrey (1992) [1941]. A Pocket History of the United States. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780671790233.
Nowlan, Robert A. (2012). The American Presidents, Washington to Tyler. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishing. ISBN 978-0786463367.
Ogg, Frederic Austin (1919). The Reign of Andrew Jackson; Vol. 20, Chronicles of America Series. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Opal, J. M. (2017). Avenging the People: Andrew Jackson, the Rule of Law, and the American Nation. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-975170-9. LCCN 2016044301. OCLC 960030315.
Remini, Robert V. (1988). The Legacy of Andrew Jackson: Essays on Democracy, Indian Removal, and Slavery. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1642-4.
Rorabaugh, W.J.; Critchlow, Donald T.; Baker, Paula C. (2004). America's Promise: A Concise History of the United States. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-1189-8.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Rutland, Robert Allen (1995). The Democrats: From Jefferson to Clinton. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-1034-1.
Sabato, Larry; O'Connor, Karen (2002). American Government: Continuity and Change. New York: Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0-321-31711-7.
Schama, Simon. The American Future: A History (2008).
Schwartz, Bernard (1993). A History of the Supreme Court. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195-09387-2.
Syrett, Harold C. Andrew Jackson: His Contribution to the American Tradition (1953). on Jacksonian democracy
Warshauer, Matthew (2006). Andrew Jackson and the Politics of Martial Law. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1572-33624-7.
Wilentz, Sean (2006). The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-393-05820-4.
Zinn, Howard (1980). "7: As Long As Grass Grows or Water Runs". A People's History of the United States. Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.

Encyclopedias

Heidler, David Stephen; Jeanne T. Heidler, eds. (1997). Encyclopedia of the War of 1812. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-362-4.
Olson, James Stuart (2002). Robert L. Shadle (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30830-6.
Paletta, Lu Ann; Worth, Fred L. (1988). The World Almanac of Presidential Facts. New York, NY: World Almanac Books. ISBN 0-345-34888-5.

Historiography

Adams, Sean Patrick, ed. (2013). A Companion to the Era of Andrew Jackson. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Curtis, James C. (1976). Andrew Jackson and the Search for Vindication. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
Mabry, Donald J., Short Book Bibliography on Andrew Jackson, Historical Text Archive.
Remini, Robert V. and Robert O. Rupp. Andrew Jackson: A Bibliography (Greenwood, 1991)
Sellers, Charles Grier Jr. (1958). "Andrew Jackson versus the Historians". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 44 (4): 615–634. doi:10.2307/1886599. JSTOR 1886599.
Van Sledright, Bruce, and Peter Afflerbach. "Reconstructing Andrew Jackson: Prospective elementary teachers' readings of revisionist history texts". Theory & Research in Social Education 28#3 (2000): 411-444.
Ward, John William. Andrew Jackson, Symbol for an Age (1955) Oxford University Press how writers saw him.

Papers and correspondence

Jackson, Andrew (1926–1935). Bassett, John Spencer; Jameson, J. Franklin (eds.). The Correspondence of Andrew Jackson. Vol. 5. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute of Washington. OCLC 970877018. 7 volumes total.
Jackson, Andrew (1926–1935). Smith, Sam B.; Owlsey, Harriet Chappell; Feller, Dan; Moser, Harold D. (eds.). The Correspondence of Andrew Jackson. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. OCLC 5029597. (9 vols. 1980 to date)
Richardson, James D., ed. (1897). Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art. OCLC 980191506. Reprints his major messages and reports.
Library of Congress. "Andrew Jackson Papers", a digital archive that provides direct access to the manuscript images of many of the Jackson documents. online

^ Parton, James (1860). Life of Andrew Jackson: In Three Volumes. I. Mason brothers. pp. vii.

[1] Parton, James (1860). Life of Andrew Jackson: In Three Volumes. I. Mason brothers. pp. vii.

[1]

v t e Bibliographies of presidents of the United States
Washington J. Adams Jefferson Madison Monroe J. Q. Adams Jackson Van Buren Lincoln A. Johnson Grant McKinley T. Roosevelt Taft Wilson Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump Biden
Category · Commons · Author pages