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Bombing of Duisburg in World War II
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| Bombing of Duisburg during World War II | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Strategic bombing during World War II | |||||
 "Window" (left) and 14-kilogram (30 lb) incendiaries and a blockbuster bomb (right) dropped from an ABC- radio jammer equipped Avro Lancaster over Duisburg in 1944 | |||||
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| Belligerents | |||||
 United Kingdom United States |
 Germany | ||||
| Strength | |||||
| 229 bombing raids | |||||
Duisburg was bombed a number of times by the Allies during World War II. The most devastating air raids on Duisburg occurred during October 1944 when the city was bombed by the Royal Air Force (RAF).
Duisburg was a major logistical centre in the Ruhr Area and location of chemical, steel and iron industries, Duisburg was a primary target of Allied bombers. Not only the industrial areas but also residential areas were attacked by Allied bombs. As an entry to the Ruhr, the city received daily warnings of bombing raids in 1943.
In the period 1939 to 1945 the Royal Air Force dropped a total of 30,507 tonnes (67 million pounds) of bombs on Duisburg.[1]
Battle of the Ruhr
[edit]During the "Battle of the Ruhr" in 1943, 577 British bombers destroyed the old city on 12/13 May, with 1,599 tonnes of bombs: 96,000 people were made homeless.
Operation Hurricane
[edit]In October 1944, Duisburg became the main target in Operation Hurricane a joint RAF Bomber Command and USAAF Eighth Air Force operation.[2]
On 14 October 1944 just after daybreak, RAF Bomber Command sent 1,013 aircraft, with RAF fighters providing an escort, to bomb Duisburg. 957 bombers dropped 3,574 tonnes of high explosive and 820 tonnes of incendiaries on the city for a loss of 14 aircraft.[3][full citation needed] The same day Eighth Air Force sent 1,251 heavy bombers escorted by 749 fighters to bomb targets in the area of Cologne. Later the same day, during the night of 14 October/15 October, 1,005 RAF bombers returned to Duisburg in two waves about two hours apart, and dropped a further 4,040 tonnes of high explosive and 500 tonnes of incendiaries for the loss of seven aircraft. The same night a further 230 aircraft destroyed Brunswick.
During Operation Hurricane nearly 9,000 tonnes of bombs fell on Duisburg in less than 24 hours, but the damage to Duisburg is difficult to assess because much of the documentation including the final report (Endbericht), is not held by the Duisburg state archive (Stadtarchiv).[2] However the documentation which is available mentions "Very serious property damage. A large number of people buried." and that at the Thyssen Mines III and IV 8 days production was lost.
Chronology
[edit]| Date | Air Force | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 12/13 June 1941 | RAF Bomber Command 
|
445 tonnes of bombs dropped.[4] |
| 5/6 April 1942 | RAF Bomber Command
|
263 aircraft.[5] |
| 20/21 December 1942 | RAF Bomber Command
|
232 aircraft. "The bombing force found that the target area was clear and claimed much damage."[6] |
| 26/27 March 1943 | RAF Bomber Command
|
a "widely scattered raid" by 455 aircraft during the Battle of the Ruhr due to cloud cover and lack of Oboe marking[7] |
| 12/13 May 1943 | RAF Bomber Command
|
With good marking and the Main Force delivering concentrated bombing, 577 bombers[8] destroy the old city with 1,599 tonnes of bombs: 96,000 people are made homeless. |
| 23 November 1944 | U.S. Eighth Air Force | Over 140 B-17s escorted by 2 fighter groups bombed the benzol manufacturing plant near Gelsenkirchen and Marshalling Yards at Duisburg.[9] |
| 14/15 October 1944 | RAF Bomber Command
|
During the morning, 957 Operation Hurricane bombers dropped 3,574 tonnes of high explosive and 820 tonnes of incendiaries. In the subsequent night raid, 1,005 bombers in 2 waves about 2 hours apart, dropped a further 4,040 tonnes of high explosive and 500 tonnes of incendiaries.[2] |
| 5 March 1945 | U.S. Ninth Air Force | Among other missions over German the Ninth flew armed reconnaissance sorties over the Hamm-Duisburg area.[10] |
| 12 April 1945 | U.S. Ninth Air Force | Fighters of the Ninth the supported the XVI Corps as it continued fighting in the Duisburg and Dortmund areas during the destruction of the German armies of Army Group B surrounded and contained in the Ruhr pocket[11] |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ "bomber command | mines laid | flight august | 1945 | 1571 | Flight Archive". www.flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015.
- ^ a b c Campaign Diary, October 1944 Archived 6 July 2007 at the UK Government Web Archive
- ^ Bomber Command Diary
- ^ Campaign Diary, June 1941 Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Campaign Diary, April 1942 Archived 6 July 2007 at the UK Government Web Archive
- ^ Campaign Diary, December 1942 Archived 10 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Campaign Diary March 1943", Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary, 6 April 2005, archived from the original on 6 July 2007
- ^ Campaign Diary May 1943, May 1943, archived from the original on 6 July 2007
- ^ Carter & Mueller 1991, p. 550.
- ^ Carter & Mueller 1991, p. 638.
- ^ Carter & Mueller 1991, p. 673.
References
[edit]
- "Campaign Diary". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
- Kit C. Carter; Robert Mueller (1991) [1973]. Combat Chronology 1941–1945. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Center for Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-68-4. LCCN 92115046. OCLC 231661533. OL 8320961M. Wikidata Q131293822. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
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