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Writing systems |
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Abjad |
Abugida |
Alphabetical |
Logographic |
Syllabic |
Hybrids |
Japanese (Logographic and syllabic) Hangul (Alphabetic and syllabic) |
Brahmic scripts |
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The Brahmi script and its descendants |
The Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia. They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India and are used by various languages in several language families in South, East and Southeast Asia: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Tai. They were also the source of the dictionary order (gojūon) of Japanese kana.[1]
Brahmic scripts descended from the Brahmi script. Brahmi is clearly attested from the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka, who used the script for imperial edicts. Northern Brahmi gave rise to the Gupta script during the Gupta period, which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the medieval period. Notable examples of such medieval scripts, developed by the 7th or 8th century, include Nagari, Siddham and Sharada.
The Siddhaṃ script was especially important in Buddhism, as many sutras were written in it. The art of Siddham calligraphy survives today in Japan. The tabular presentation and dictionary order of the modern kana system of Japanese writing is believed to be descended from the Indic scripts, most likely through the spread of Buddhism.[1]
Southern Brahmi evolved into the Kadamba, Pallava and Vatteluttu scripts, which in turn diversified into other scripts of South India and Southeast Asia. Brahmic scripts spread in a peaceful manner, Indianization, or the spread of Indian learning. The scripts spread naturally to Southeast Asia, at ports on trading routes.[2] At these trading posts, ancient inscriptions have been found in Sanskrit, using scripts that originated in India. At first, inscriptions were made in Indian languages, but later the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. Hereafter, local varieties of the scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts.[3]
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Calligraphy |
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Some characteristics, which are present in most but not all the scripts, are:
Below are comparison charts of several of the major Indic scripts, organised on the principle that glyphs in the same column all derive from the same Brahmi glyph. Accordingly:
The transliteration is indicated in ISO 15919.
ISO[a] | ka | kha | ga | gha | ṅa | ca | cha | ja | jha | ña | ṭa | ṭha | ḍa | ḍha | ṇa | ta | tha | da | dha | na | ṉa | pa | pha/fa | ba | bha | ma | ya | ẏa | ra | ṟa | la | ḷa | ḻa | va | śa | ṣa | sa | ha | kṣa | ṯa |
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Ashoka Brahmi | 𑀓 | 𑀔 | 𑀕 | 𑀖 | 𑀗 | 𑀘 | 𑀙 | 𑀚 | 𑀛 | 𑀜 | 𑀝 | 𑀞 | 𑀟 | 𑀠 | 𑀡 | 𑀢 | 𑀣 | 𑀤 | 𑀥 | 𑀦 | 𑀧 | 𑀨 | 𑀩 | 𑀪 | 𑀫 | 𑀬 | 𑀭 | 𑀮 | 𑀴 | 𑀯 | 𑀰 | 𑀱 | 𑀲 | 𑀳 | ||||||
Devanagari | क | ख | ग | घ | ङ | च | छ | ज | झ | ञ | ट | ठ | ड | ढ | ण | त | थ | द | ध | न | प | फ | ब | भ | म | य | य़ | र | ऱ | ल | ळ | ऴ | व | श | ष | स | ह | क्ष | ||
Bengali- Assamese |
ক | খ | গ | ঘ | ঙ | চ | ছ | জ | ঝ | ঞ | ট | ঠ | ড | ঢ | ণ | ত | থ | দ | ধ | ন | প | ফ | ব | ভ | ম | য | য় | র,ৰ | ল | ৱ | শ | ষ | স | হ | ক্ষ | |||||
Gurmukhi | ਕ | ਖ | ਗ | ਘ | ਙ | ਚ | ਛ | ਜ | ਝ | ਞ | ਟ | ਠ | ਡ | ਢ | ਣ | ਤ | ਥ | ਦ | ਧ | ਨ | ਪ | ਫ | ਬ | ਭ | ਮ | ਯ | ਰ | ਲ | ਲ਼ | ਵ | ਸ਼ | ਸ | ਹ | |||||||
Gujarati | ક | ખ | ગ | ઘ | ઙ | ચ | છ | જ | ઝ | ઞ | ટ | ઠ | ડ | ઢ | ણ | ત | થ | દ | ધ | ન | પ | ફ | બ | ભ | મ | ય | ર | લ | ળ | વ | શ | ષ | સ | હ | ક્ષ | |||||
Odia | କ | ଖ | ଗ | ଘ | ଙ | ଚ | ଛ | ଜ | ଝ | ଞ | ଟ | ଠ | ଡ | ଢ | ଣ | ତ | ଥ | ଦ | ଧ | ନ | ପ | ଫ | ବ | ଭ | ମ | ଯ | ୟ | ର | ଲ | ଳ | ୱ | ଶ | ଷ | ସ | ହ | କ୍ଷ | ||||
Grantha | 𑌕 | 𑌖 | 𑌗 | 𑌘 | 𑌙 | 𑌚 | 𑌛 | 𑌜 | 𑌝 | 𑌞 | 𑌟 | 𑌠 | 𑌡 | 𑌢 | 𑌣 | 𑌤 | 𑌥 | 𑌦 | 𑌧 | 𑌨 | 𑌪 | 𑌫 | 𑌬 | 𑌭 | 𑌮 | 𑌯 | 𑌰 | 𑌲 | 𑌳 | 𑌵 | 𑌶 | 𑌷 | 𑌸 | 𑌹 | 𑌕𑍍𑌷 | |||||
Tamil | க | ங | ச | ஜ | ஞ | ட | ண | த | ந | ன | ப | ம | ய | ர | ற | ல | ள | ழ | வ | ஶ | ஷ | ஸ | ஹ | க்ஷ | ||||||||||||||||
Telugu | క | ఖ | గ | ఘ | ఙ | చ | ఛ | జ | ఝ | ఞ | ట | ఠ | డ | ఢ | ణ | త | థ | ద | ధ | న | ప | ఫ | బ | భ | మ | య | ర | ఱ | ల | ళ | ఴ | వ | శ | ష | స | హ | క్ష | |||
Kannada | ಕ | ಖ | ಗ | ಘ | ಙ | ಚ | ಛ | ಜ | ಝ | ಞ | ಟ | ಠ | ಡ | ಢ | ಣ | ತ | ಥ | ದ | ಧ | ನ | ಪ | ಫ | ಬ | ಭ | ಮ | ಯ | ರ | ಱ | ಲ | ಳ | ೞ | ವ | ಶ | ಷ | ಸ | ಹ | ಕ್ಷ | |||
Malayalam | ക | ഖ | ഗ | ഘ | ങ | ച | ഛ | ജ | ഝ | ഞ | ട | ഠ | ഡ | ഢ | ണ | ത | ഥ | ദ | ധ | ന | ഩ | പ | ഫ | ബ | ഭ | മ | യ | ര | റ | ല | ള | ഴ | വ | ശ | ഷ | സ | ഹ | ക്ഷ | ഺ | |
Sinhala | ක | ඛ | ග | ඝ | ඞ | ච | ඡ | ජ | ඣ | ඤ | ට | ඨ | ඩ | ඪ | ණ | ත | ථ | ද | ධ | න | ප | ඵ | බ | භ | ම | ය | ර | ල | ළ | ව | ශ | ෂ | ස | හ | ක්ෂ | |||||
Tibetan | ཀ | ཁ | ག | གྷ | ང | ཅ | ཆ | ཇ | ཛྷ | ཉ | ཊ | ཋ | ཌ | ཌྷ | ཎ | ཏ | ཐ | ད | དྷ | ན | པ | ཕ | བ | བྷ | མ | ཡ | ར | ཬ[b] | ལ | ཝ | ཤ | ཥ | ས | ཧ | ||||||
ʼPhags-pa | ꡀ | ꡁ | ꡂ | ꡂꡜ | ꡃ | ꡄ | ꡅ | ꡆ | ꡆꡜ | ꡇ | ꡩ | ꡪ | ꡫ | ꡫꡜ | ꡬ | ꡈ | ꡉ | ꡊ | ꡊꡜ | ꡋ | ꡌ | ꡍ | ꡎ | ꡎꡜ | ꡏ | ꡗ | ꡘ | ꡙ | ꡓ | ꡚ | ꡛ | ꡜ | ||||||||
Meitei Mayek[c] | ꯀ | ꯈ | ꯒ | ꯘ | ꯉ | ꯆ | ꫢ | ꯖ | ꯓ | ꫣ | ꫤ | ꫥ | ꫦ | ꫧ | ꫨ | ꯇ | ꯊ | ꯗ | ꯙ | ꯅ | ꯄ | ꯐ | ꯕ | ꯚ | ꯃ | ꯌ | ꯔ | ꯂ | ꯋ | ꫩ | ꫪ | ꯁ | ꯍ | |||||||
Lepcha | ᰀ | ᰂ | ᰃ | ᰅ | ᰆ | ᰇ | ᰈ | ᰉ | ᱍ | ᱎ | ᱏ | ᰊ | ᰋ | ᰌ | ᰍ | ᰎ | ᰐ | ᰓ | ᰕ | ᰚ | ᰛ | ᰜ | ᰟ | ᰡ | ᰡ᰷ | ᰠ | ᰝ | |||||||||||||
Limbu | ᤁ | ᤂ | ᤃ | ᤄ | ᤅ | ᤆ | ᤇ | ᤈ | ᤉ | ᤊ | ᤋ | ᤌ | ᤍ | ᤎ | ᤏ | ᤐ | ᤑ | ᤒ | ᤓ | ᤔ | ᤕ | ᤖ | ᤗ | ᤘ | ᤙ | ᤚ | ᤛ | ᤜ | ||||||||||||
Tirhuta | 𑒏 | 𑒐 | 𑒑 | 𑒒 | 𑒓 | 𑒔 | 𑒕 | 𑒖 | 𑒗 | 𑒘 | 𑒙 | 𑒚 | 𑒛 | 𑒜 | 𑒝 | 𑒞 | 𑒟 | 𑒠 | 𑒡 | 𑒢 | 𑒣 | 𑒤 | 𑒥 | 𑒦 | 𑒧 | 𑒨 | 𑒩 | 𑒪 | 𑒬 | 𑒭 | 𑒮 | 𑒯 | ||||||||
Kaithi | 𑂍 | 𑂎 | 𑂏 | 𑂐 | 𑂑 | 𑂒 | 𑂓 | 𑂔 | 𑂕 | 𑂖 | 𑂗 | 𑂘 | 𑂙 | 𑂛 | 𑂝 | 𑂞 | 𑂟 | 𑂠 | 𑂡 | 𑂢 | 𑂣 | 𑂤 | 𑂥 | 𑂦 | 𑂧 | 𑂨 | 𑂩 | 𑂪 | 𑂫 | 𑂬 | 𑂭 | 𑂮 | 𑂯 | |||||||
Sylheti Nagari | ꠇ | ꠈ | ꠉ | ꠊ | ꠌ | ꠍ | ꠎ | ꠏ | ꠐ | ꠑ | ꠒ | ꠓ | ꠔ | ꠕ | ꠖ | ꠗ | ꠘ | ꠙ | ꠚ | ꠛ | ꠜ | ꠝ | ꠞ | ꠟ | ꠡ | ꠢ | ||||||||||||||
Chakma[d] | 𑄇 | 𑄈 | 𑄉 | 𑄊 | 𑄋 | 𑄌 | 𑄍 | 𑄎 | 𑄏 | 𑄐 | 𑄑 | 𑄒 | 𑄓 | 𑄔 | 𑄕 | 𑄖 | 𑄗 | 𑄘 | 𑄙 | 𑄚 | 𑄛 | 𑄜 | 𑄝 | 𑄞 | 𑄟 | 𑄠 | 𑄡 | 𑄢 | 𑄣 | 𑅄 | 𑄤 | 𑄥 | 𑄦 | |||||||
Burmese | က | ခ | ဂ | ဃ | င | စ | ဆ | ဇ | ဈ | ဉ / ည | ဋ | ဌ | ဍ | ဎ | ဏ | တ | ထ | ဒ | ဓ | န | ပ | ဖ | ဗ | ဘ | မ | ယ | ရ | လ | ဠ | ဝ | ၐ | ၑ | သ | ဟ | ||||||
Khmer | ក | ខ | គ | ឃ | ង | ច | ឆ | ជ | ឈ | ញ | ដ | ឋ | ឌ | ឍ | ណ | ត | ថ | ទ | ធ | ន | ប | ផ | ព | ភ | ម | យ | រ | ល | ឡ | វ | ឝ | ឞ | ស | ហ | ||||||
Thai | ก | ข,ฃ[e] | ค,ฅ[e] | ฆ | ง | จ | ฉ | ช,ซ[e] | ฌ | ญ | ฎ,[e]ฏ | ฐ | ฑ | ฒ | ณ | ด,[e]ต | ถ | ท | ธ | น | บ,[e]ป | ผ,ฝ[e] | พ,ฟ[e] | ภ | ม | ย | ร | ล | ฬ | ว | ศ | ษ | ส | ห,ฮ[e] | ||||||
Lao | ກ | ຂ | ຄ | ຆ[f] | ງ | ຈ | ຉ[f] | ຊ | ຌ[f] | ຎ[f] | ຏ[f] | ຐ[f] | ຑ[f] | ຒ[f] | ຓ[f] | ດ,ຕ | ຖ | ທ | ຘ[f] | ນ | ບ,ປ | ຜ,ຝ | ພ,ຟ | ຠ[f] | ມ | ຍ | ຣ | ລ | ຬ[f] | ວ | ຨ[f] | ຩ[f] | ສ | ຫ | ||||||
Cham | ꨆ | ꨇ | ꨈ | ꨉ | ꨋ | ꨌ | ꨍ | ꨎ | ꨏ | ꨑ | ꨓ | ꨔ | ꨕ | ꨖ | ꨘ | ꨚ | ꨜ | ꨝ | ꨞ | ꨠ | ꨢ | ꨣ | ꨤ | ꨥ | ꨦ | ꨧ | ꨨ | |||||||||||||
Kawi | 𑼒 | 𑼓 | 𑼔 | 𑼕 | 𑼖 | 𑼗 | 𑼘 | 𑼙 | 𑼚 | 𑼛 | 𑼜 | 𑼝 | 𑼞 | 𑼟 | 𑼠 | 𑼡 | 𑼢 | 𑼣 | 𑼤 | 𑼥 | 𑼳 | 𑼦 | 𑼧 | 𑼨 | 𑼩 | 𑼪 | 𑼫 | 𑼬 | 𑼭 | 𑼮 | 𑼯 | 𑼰 | 𑼱 | 𑼲 | ||||||
Balinese | ᬓ | ᬔ | ᬕ | ᬖ | ᬗ | ᬘ | ᬙ | ᬚ | ᬛ | ᬜ | ᬝ | ᬞ | ᬟ | ᬠ | ᬡ | ᬢ | ᬣ | ᬤ | ᬥ | ᬦ | ᭌ | ᬧ | ᬨ | ᬩ | ᬪ | ᬫ | ᬬ | ᬭ | ᬮ | ᬯ | ᬰ | ᬱ | ᬲ | ᬳ | ||||||
Javanese[g] | ꦏ | ꦑ[g] | ꦒ | ꦓ[g] | ꦔ | ꦕ | ꦖ[g] | ꦗ | ꦙ[g] | ꦚ | ꦛ | ꦜ[g] | ꦝ | ꦞ[g] | ꦟ[g] | ꦠ | ꦡ[g] | ꦢ | ꦣ[g] | ꦤ | ꦘ | ꦥ | ꦦ[g] | ꦧ | ꦨ[g] | ꦩ | ꦪ | ꦫ | ꦭ | ꦮ | ꦯ[g] | ꦰ[g] | ꦱ | ꦲ | ||||||
Sundanese | ᮊ | ᮮ[h] | ᮌ | ᮍ | ᮎ | ᮏ | ᮑ | ᮒ | ᮓ | ᮔ | ᮕ | ᮘ | ᮽ[i] | ᮙ | ᮚ | ᮛ | ᮜ | ᮝ | ᮯ[j] | ᮞ | ᮠ | |||||||||||||||||||
Lontara | ᨀ | ᨁ | ᨂ | ᨌ | ᨍ | ᨎ | ᨈ | ᨉ | ᨊ | ᨄ | ᨅ | ᨆ | ᨐ | ᨑ | ᨒ | ᨓ | ᨔ | ᨕ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Makasar | 𑻠 | 𑻡 | 𑻢 | 𑻩 | 𑻪 | 𑻫 | 𑻦 | 𑻧 | 𑻨 | 𑻣 | 𑻤 | 𑻥 | 𑻬 | 𑻭 | 𑻮 | 𑻯 | 𑻰 | 𑻱 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Rejang | ꤰ | ꤱ | ꤲ | ꤹ | ꤺ | ꤻ | ꤳ | ꤴ | ꤵ | ꤶ | ꤷ | ꤸ | ꤿ | ꤽ | ꤾ | ꥀ | ꤼ | ꥁ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Batak (Toba) | ᯂ | ᯎ | ᯝ | ᯐ | ᯠ/ᯛ | ᯖ | ᯑ | ᯉ | ᯇ | ᯅ | ᯔ | ᯒ | ᯞ | ᯞ | ᯘ | ᯂ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Baybayin | / | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Buhid | ᝃ | ᝄ | ᝅ | ᝆ | ᝇ | ᝈ | ᝉ | ᝊ | ᝋ | ᝌ | ᝍ | ᝎ | ᝏ | ᝐ | ᝑ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hanunuo | ᜣ | ᜤ | ᜥ | ᜦ | ᜧ | ᜨ | ᜩ | ᜪ | ᜫ | ᜬ | ᜭ | ᜮ | ᜯ | ᜰ | ᜱ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tagbanwa | ᝣ | ᝤ | ᝥ | ᝦ | ᝧ | ᝨ | ᝩ | ᝪ | ᝫ | ᝬ | ᝮ | ᝯ | ᝰ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ISO | ka | kha | ga | gha | ṅa | ca | cha | ja | jha | ña | ṭa | ṭha | ḍa | ḍha | ṇa | ta | tha | da | dha | na | ṉa | pa | pha | ba | bha | ma | ya | ẏa | ra | ṟa | la | ḷa | ḻa | va | śa | ṣa | sa | ha | kṣa | ṯa |
Vowels are presented in their independent form on the left of each column, and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel sign) combined with the consonant k on the right. A glyph for ka is an independent consonant letter itself without any vowel sign, where the vowel a is inherent.
ISO | a | ā | ê | ô | i | ī | u | ū | e | ē | ai | o | ō | au | ə | r̥ | r̥̄ [a] | l̥ [a] | l̥̄ [a] | ṁ | ḥ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | ka | ā | kā | ê | kê | ô | kô | i | ki | ī | kī | u | ku | ū | kū | e | ke | ē | kē | ai | kai | o | ko | ō | kō | au | kau | ə | kə | r̥ | kr̥ | r̥̄ | kr̥̄ | l̥ | kl̥ | l̥̄ | kl̥̄ | aṁ | kaṁ | aḥ | kaḥ | k | |
Ashoka Brahmi | 𑀅 | 𑀓 | 𑀆 | 𑀓𑀸 | 𑀇 | 𑀓𑀺 | 𑀈 | 𑀓𑀻 | 𑀉 | 𑀓𑀼 | 𑀊 | 𑀓𑀽 | 𑀏 | 𑀓𑁂 | 𑀐 | 𑀓𑁃 | 𑀑 | 𑀓𑁄 | 𑀒 | 𑀓𑁅 | 𑀋 | 𑀓𑀾 | 𑀌 | 𑀓𑀿 | 𑀍 | 𑀓𑁀 | 𑀎 | 𑀓𑁁 | 𑀅𑀁 | 𑀓𑀁 | 𑀅𑀂 | 𑀓𑀂 | 𑀓𑁆 | ||||||||||
Devanagari | अ | क | आ | का | ॲ | कॅ | ऑ | कॉ | इ | कि | ई | की | उ | कु | ऊ | कू | ऎ | कॆ | ए | के | ऐ | कै | ऒ | कॊ | ओ | को | औ | कौ | ऋ | कृ | ॠ | कॄ | ऌ | कॢ | ॡ | कॣ | अं | कं | अः | कः | क् | ||
Bengali- Assamese |
অ | ক | আ | কা | অ্যা | ক্যা | ই | কি | ঈ | কী | উ | কু | ঊ | কূ | এ | কে | ঐ | কৈ | ও | কো | ঔ | কৌ | ঋ | কৃ | ৠ | কৄ | ঌ | কৢ | ৡ | কৣ | অং | কং | অঃ | কঃ | ক্ | ||||||||
Gujarati | અ | ક | આ | કા | ઍ | કૅ | ઑ | કૉ | ઇ | કિ | ઈ | કી | ઉ | કુ | ઊ | કૂ | એ | કે | ઐ | કૈ | ઓ | કો | ઔ | કૌ | ઋ | કૃ | ૠ | કૄ | ઌ | કૢ | ૡ | કૣ | અં | કં | અઃ | કઃ | ક્,ક્ | ||||||
Odia | ଅ | କ | ଆ | କା | ଇ | କି | ଈ | କୀ | ଉ | କୁ | ଊ | କୂ | ଏ | କେ | ଐ | କୈ | ଓ | କୋ | ଔ | କୌ | ଋ | କୃ | ୠ | କୄ | ଌ | କୢ | ୡ | କୣ | ଅଂ | କଂ | ଅଃ | କଃ | କ୍ | ||||||||||
Gurmukhi | ਅ | ਕ | ਆ | ਕਾ | ਇ | ਕਿ | ਈ | ਕੀ | ਉ | ਕੁ | ਊ | ਕੂ | ਏ | ਕੇ | ਐ | ਕੈ | ਓ | ਕੋ | ਔ | ਕੌ | ਅਂ | ਕਂ | ਅਃ | ਕਃ | ਕ੍ | ||||||||||||||||||
Meitei Mayek[b] | ꯑ | ꯀ | ꯑꯥ | ꯀꯥ | ꯏ | ꯀꯤ | ꯑꫫ | ꯀꫫ | ꯎ | ꯀꯨ | ꯑꫬ | ꯀꫬ | ꯑꯦ | ꯀꯦ | ꯑꯩ | ꯀꯩ | ꯑꯣ | ꯀꯣ | ꯑꯧ | ꯀꯧ | ꯑꯪ | ꯀꯪ | ꯑꫵ | ꯀꫵ | ꯛ | ||||||||||||||||||
Tibetan[c] | ཨ | ཀ | ཨཱ | ཀཱ | ཨི | ཀི | ཨཱི | ཀཱི | ཨུ | ཀུ | ཨཱུ | ཀཱུ | ཨེ | ཀེ | ཨཻ | ཀཻ | ཨོ | ཀོ | ཨཽ | ཀཽ | རྀ | ཀྲྀ | རཱྀ | ཀཷ | ལྀ | ཀླྀ | ལཱྀ | ཀླཱྀ | ཨཾ | ཀཾ | ཨཿ | ཀཿ | ཀ྄ | ||||||||||
Lepcha[c] | ᰣ | ᰀ | ᰣᰦ | ᰀᰦ | ᰣᰧ | ᰀᰧ | ᰣᰧᰶ | ᰀᰧᰶ | ᰣᰪ | ᰀᰪ | ᰣᰫ | ᰀᰫ | ᰣᰬ | ᰀᰬ | ᰣᰨ | ᰀᰨ | ᰣᰩ | ᰀᰩ | ᰣᰴ | ᰀᰴ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Limbu[c] | ᤀ | ᤁ | ᤀᤠ | ᤁᤠ | ᤀᤡ | ᤁᤡ | ᤀᤡ᤺ | ᤁᤡ᤺ | ᤀᤢ | ᤁᤢ | ᤀᤢ᤺ | ᤁᤢ᤺ | ᤀᤧ | ᤁᤧ | ᤀᤣ | ᤁᤣ | ᤀᤤ | ᤁᤤ | ᤀᤨ | ᤁᤨ | ᤀᤥ | ᤁᤥ | ᤀᤦ | ᤁᤦ | ᤀᤲ | ᤁᤲ | ᤁ᤻ | ||||||||||||||||
Tirhuta | 𑒁 | 𑒏 | 𑒂 | 𑒏𑒰 | 𑒃 | 𑒏𑒱 | 𑒄 | 𑒏𑒲 | 𑒅 | 𑒏𑒳 | 𑒆 | 𑒏𑒴 | 𑒏𑒺 | 𑒋 | 𑒏𑒹 | 𑒌 | 𑒏𑒻 | 𑒏𑒽 | 𑒍 | 𑒏𑒼 | 𑒎 | 𑒏𑒾 | 𑒇 | 𑒏𑒵 | 𑒈 | 𑒏𑒶 | 𑒉 | 𑒏𑒷 | 𑒊 | 𑒏𑒸 | 𑒁𑓀 | 𑒏𑓀 | 𑒁𑓁 | 𑒏𑓁 | 𑒏𑓂 | ||||||||
Kaithi | 𑂃 | 𑂍 | 𑂄 | 𑂍𑂰 | 𑂅 | 𑂍𑂱 | 𑂆 | 𑂍𑂲 | 𑂇 | 𑂍𑂳 | 𑂈 | 𑂍𑂴 | 𑂉 | 𑂍𑂵 | 𑂊 | 𑂍𑂶 | 𑂋 | 𑂍𑂷 | 𑂌 | 𑂍𑂸 | 𑂃𑂁 | 𑂍𑂁 | 𑂃𑂂 | 𑂍𑂂 | 𑂍𑂹 | ||||||||||||||||||
Sylheti Nagari | ꠇ | ꠀ | ꠇꠣ | ꠁ | ꠇꠤ | ꠃ | ꠇꠥ | ꠄ | ꠇꠦ | ꠅꠂ | ꠇꠂ | ꠅ | ꠇꠧ | ꠀꠋ | ꠇꠋ | ꠇ꠆ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tamil | அ | க | ஆ | கா | இ | கி | ஈ | கீ | உ | கு | ஊ | கூ | எ | கெ | ஏ | கே | ஐ | கை | ஒ | கொ | ஓ | கோ | ஔ | கௌ | அஂ | கஂ | அஃ | கஃ | க் | ||||||||||||||
Kannada | ಅ | ಕ | ಆ | ಕಾ | ಇ | ಕಿ | ಈ | ಕೀ | ಉ | ಕು | ಊ | ಕೂ | ಎ | ಕೆ | ಏ | ಕೇ | ಐ | ಕೈ | ಒ | ಕೊ | ಓ | ಕೋ | ಔ | ಕೌ | ಋ | ಕೃ | ೠ | ಕೄ | ಌ | ಕೢ | ೡ | ಕೣ | అం | ಕಂ | అః | ಕಃ | ಕ್ | ||||||
Telugu | అ | క | ఆ | కా | ఇ | కి | ఈ | కీ | ఉ | కు | ఊ | కూ | ఎ | కె | ఏ | కే | ఐ | కై | ఒ | కొ | ఓ | కో | ఔ | కౌ | ఋ | కృ | ౠ | కౄ | ఌ | కౢ | ౡ | కౣ | అం | కం | అః | కః | క్ | ||||||
Sinhala | අ | ක | ආ | කා | ඇ | කැ | ඈ | කෑ | ඉ | කි | ඊ | කී | උ | කු | ඌ | කූ | එ | කෙ | ඒ | කේ | ඓ | කෛ | ඔ | කො | ඕ | කෝ | ඖ | කෞ | ඍ | කෘ | ඎ | කෲ | ඏ | කෟ | ඐ | කෳ | අං | කං | අඃ | කඃ | ක් | ||
Malayalam | അ | ക | ആ | കാ | ഇ | കി | ഈ | കീ | ഉ | കു | ഊ | കൂ | എ | കെ | ഏ | കേ | ഐ | കൈ | ഒ | കൊ | ഓ | കോ | ഔ | കൗ | ഋ | കൃ | ൠ | കൄ | ഌ | കൢ | ൡ | കൣ | അം | കം | അഃ | കഃ | ക്,ക് | ||||||
Chakma | 𑄃𑄧 | 𑄇𑄧 | 𑄃 | 𑄇 | 𑄃𑄬𑄬 | 𑄇𑄬𑄬 | 𑄃𑅅 | 𑄇𑅅 | 𑄄, 𑄃𑄨 | 𑄇𑄨 | 𑄃𑄩 | 𑄇𑄩 | 𑄅, 𑄃𑄪 | 𑄇𑄪 | 𑄃𑄫 | 𑄇𑄫 | 𑄆, 𑄃𑄬 | 𑄇𑄬 | 𑄃𑄰 | 𑄇𑄰 | 𑄃𑄮 | 𑄇𑄮 | 𑄃𑄯 | 𑄇𑄯 | 𑄃𑄧𑄁 | 𑄇𑄧𑄁 | 𑄃𑄧𑄂 | 𑄇𑄧𑄂 | 𑄇𑄴 | ||||||||||||||
Burmese | အ | က | အာ | ကာ | ဣ | ကိ | ဤ | ကီ | ဥ | ကု | ဦ | ကူ | ဧ | ကေ | အဲ | ကဲ | ဩ | ကော | အောင် | ကောင် | ၒ | ကၖ | ၓ | ကၗ | ၔ | ကၘ | ၕ | ကၙ | အံ | ကံ | အး | ကး | က် | ||||||||||
Khmer[d] | អ | ក | អា | កា | ឥ | កិ | ឦ | កី | ឧ | កុ | ឩ | កូ | ឯ | កេ | ឰ | កៃ | ឱ | កោ | ឳ | កៅ | ឫ | ក្ឫ | ឬ | ក្ឬ | ឭ | ក្ឭ | ឮ | ក្ឮ | អំ | កំ | អះ | កះ | ក៑ | ||||||||||
Thai[c] | อ (อะ) | ก (กะ) | อา | กา | แอ | แก | (ออ) | (กอ) | อิ | กิ | อี | กี | อุ | กุ | อู | กู | (เอะ) | (เกะ) | เอ | เก | ไอ,ใอ | ไก,ใก | (โอะ) | (โกะ) | โอ | โก | เอา | เกา | ฤ | กฺฤ | ฤๅ | กฺฤๅ | ฦ | กฺฦ | ฦๅ | กฺฦๅ | อํ | กํ | อะ (อะฮฺ) | กะ (กะฮฺ) | กฺ (ก/ก์) | ||
Lao[c] | ອະ | ກະ | ອາ | ກາ | ແອ | ແກ | (ອອ) | (ກອ) | ອິ | ກິ | ອີ | ກີ | ອຸ | ກຸ | ອູ | ກູ | (ແອະ) | (ແກະ) | ເອ | ເກ | ໄອ,ໃອ | ໄກ,ໃກ | (ໂອະ) | (ໂກະ) | ໂອ | ໂກ | ເອົາ,ອາວ | ເກົາ,ກາວ | ອํ | ກํ | ອະ | ກະ | ກ | ||||||||||
Cham | ꨀ | ꨆ | ꨀꨩ | ꨆꨩ | ꨁ | ꨆꨪ | ꨁꨩ | ꨆꨫ | ꨂ | ꨆꨭ | ꨂꨩ | ꨆꨭꨩ | ꨃ | ꨆꨯꨮ | ꨄ | ꨆꨰ | ꨅ | ꨆꨯ | ꨀꨯꨱ | ꨆꨯꨱ | ꨣꨮ | ꨆꨴꨮ | ꨣꨮꨩ | ꨆꨴꨮꨩ | ꨤꨮ | ꨆꨵꨮ | ꨤꨮꨩ | ꨆꨵꨮꨩ | ꨀꩌ | ꨆꩌ | ꨀꩍ | ꨆꩍ | ꩀ | ||||||||||
Kawi | 𑼄 | 𑼒 | 𑼅 | 𑼒𑼴 | 𑼆 | 𑼒𑼶 | 𑼇 | 𑼒𑼷 | 𑼈 | 𑼒𑼸 | 𑼉 | 𑼒𑼹 | 𑼎 | 𑼒𑼾 | 𑼏 | 𑼒𑼿 | 𑼐 | 𑼒𑼾𑼴 | 𑼐𑼴 | 𑼒𑼿𑼴 | 𑼄𑽀 | 𑼒𑽀 | 𑼊 | 𑼒𑼺 | 𑼊𑼴 | 𑼒𑼺𑼴 | 𑼌 | 𑼒𑽂𑼌 | 𑼍 | 𑼒𑽂𑼭𑽀𑼴 | 𑼄𑼁 | 𑼒𑼁 | 𑼄𑼃 | 𑼒𑼃 | 𑼒𑽁 | ||||||||
Balinese | ᬅ | ᬓ | ᬆ | ᬓᬵ | ᬇ | ᬓᬶ | ᬈ | ᬓᬷ | ᬉ | ᬓᬸ | ᬊ | ᬓᬹ | ᬏ | ᬓᬾ | ᬐ | ᬓᬿ | ᬑ | ᬓᭀ | ᬒ | ᬓᭁ | ᬅᭂ | ᬓᭂ | ᬋ | ᬓᬺ | ᬌ | ᬓᬻ | ᬍ | ᬓᬼ | ᬎ | ᬓᬽ | ᬅᬂ | ᬓᬂ | ᬅᬄ | ᬓᬄ | ᬓ᭄ | ||||||||
Javanese | ꦄ | ꦏ | ꦄꦴ | ꦏꦴ | ꦆ | ꦏꦶ | ꦇ | ꦏꦷ | ꦈ | ꦏꦸ | ꦈꦴ | ꦏꦹ | ꦌ | ꦏꦺ | ꦍ | ꦏꦻ | ꦎ | ꦏꦺꦴ | ꦎꦴ | ꦏꦻꦴ | ꦄꦼ | ꦏꦼ | ꦉ | ꦏꦽ | ꦉꦴ | ꦏꦽꦴ | ꦊ | ꦏ꧀ꦊ | ꦋ | ꦏ꧀ꦋ | ꦄꦁ | ꦏꦁ | ꦄꦃ | ꦏꦃ | ꦏ꧀ | ||||||||
Sundanese | ᮃ | ᮊ | ᮄ | ᮊᮤ | ᮅ | ᮊᮥ | ᮆ | ᮊᮦ | ᮇ | ᮊᮧ | ᮈ | ᮊᮨ | ᮻ[e] | ᮊ᮪ᮻ[e] | ᮼ[e] | ᮊ᮪ᮼ[e] | ᮃᮀ | ᮊᮀ | ᮃᮂ | ᮊᮂ | ᮊ᮪ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lontara | ᨕ | ᨀ | ᨕᨗ | ᨀᨗ | ᨕᨘ | ᨀᨘ | ᨕᨙ | ᨀᨙ | ᨕᨚ | ᨀᨚ | ᨕᨛ | ᨀᨛ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Makasar | 𑻱 | 𑻠 | 𑻱𑻳 | 𑻠𑻳 | 𑻱𑻴 | 𑻠𑻴 | 𑻱𑻵 | 𑻠𑻵 | 𑻱𑻶 | 𑻠𑻶 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rejang | ꥆ | ꤰ | ꥆꥎ | ꤰꥎ | ꥆꥍ | ꤰꥍ | ꥆꥇ | ꤰꥇ | ꥆꥈ | ꤰꥈ | ꥆꥉ | ꤰꥉ | ꥆꥊ | ꤰꥊ | ꥆꥋ | ꤰꥋ | ꥆꥌ | ꤰꥌ | ꥆꥏ | ꤰꥏ | ꥆꥒ | ꤰꥒ | ꤰ꥓ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Batak (Toba) | ᯀ | ᯂ | ᯤ | ᯂᯪ | ᯥ | ᯂᯮ | ᯂᯩ | ᯂᯬ | ᯀᯰ | ᯂᯰ | ᯀᯱ | ᯂᯱ | ᯂ᯲ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Baybayin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Buhid | ᝀ | ᝃ | ᝁ | ᝃᝒ | ᝂ | ᝃᝓ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hanunuo | ᜠ | ᜣ | ᜡ | ᜣᜲ | ᜢ | ᜣᜳ | ᜣ᜴ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tagbanwa | ᝠ | ᝣ | ᝡ | ᝣᝲ | ᝢ | ᝣᝳ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ISO | a | ka | ā | kā | ê | kê | ô | kô | i | ki | ī | kī | u | ku | ū | kū | e | ke | ē | kē | ai | kai | o | ko | ō | kō | au | kau | ə | kə | r̥ | kr̥ | r̥̄ | kr̥̄ | l̥ | kl̥ | l̥̄ | kl̥̄ | aṁ | kaṁ | aḥ | kaḥ | k |
a | ā | ê | ô | i | ī | u | ū | e | ē | ai | o | ō | au | ə | r̥ | r̥̄ | l̥ | l̥̄ | ṁ | ḥ |
Notes
Hindu-Arabic | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brahmi numbers | 𑁒 | 𑁓 | 𑁔 | 𑁕 | 𑁖 | 𑁗 | 𑁘 | 𑁙 | 𑁚 | |
Brahmi digits | 𑁦 | 𑁧 | 𑁨 | 𑁩 | 𑁪 | 𑁫 | 𑁬 | 𑁭 | 𑁮 | 𑁯 |
Bengali- Assamese | ০ | ১ | ২ | ৩ | ৪ | ৫ | ৬ | ৭ | ৮ | ৯ |
Tirhuta | 𑓐 | 𑓑 | 𑓒 | 𑓓 | 𑓔 | 𑓕 | 𑓖 | 𑓗 | 𑓘 | 𑓙 |
Odia | ୦ | ୧ | ୨ | ୩ | ୪ | ୫ | ୬ | ୭ | ୮ | ୯ |
Devanagari | ० | १ | २ | ३ | ४ | ५ | ६ | ७ | ८ | ९ |
Gujarati | ૦ | ૧ | ૨ | ૩ | ૪ | ૫ | ૬ | ૭ | ૮ | ૯ |
Modi | 𑙐 | 𑙑 | 𑙒 | 𑙓 | 𑙔 | 𑙕 | 𑙖 | 𑙗 | 𑙘 | 𑙙 |
Sharada | 𑇐 | 𑇑 | 𑇒 | 𑇓 | 𑇔 | 𑇕 | 𑇖 | 𑇗 | 𑇘 | 𑇙 |
Takri | 𑛀 | 𑛁 | 𑛂 | 𑛃 | 𑛄 | 𑛅 | 𑛆 | 𑛇 | 𑛈 | 𑛉 |
Gurmukhi | ੦ | ੧ | ੨ | ੩ | ੪ | ੫ | ੬ | ੭ | ੮ | ੯ |
Khudabadi | 𑋰 | 𑋱 | 𑋲 | 𑋳 | 𑋴 | 𑋵 | 𑋶 | 𑋷 | 𑋸 | 𑋹 |
Meitei (Manipuri) | ꯰ | ꯱ | ꯲ | ꯳ | ꯴ | ꯵ | ꯶ | ꯷ | ꯸ | ꯹ |
Pracalit | 𑑐 | 𑑑 | 𑑒 | 𑑓 | 𑑔 | 𑑕 | 𑑖 | 𑑗 | 𑑘 | 𑑙 |
Tibetan | ༠ | ༡ | ༢ | ༣ | ༤ | ༥ | ༦ | ༧ | ༨ | ༩ |
Mongolian[a] | ᠐ | ᠑ | ᠒ | ᠓ | ᠔ | ᠕ | ᠖ | ᠗ | ᠘ | ᠙ |
Lepcha | ᱀ | ᱁ | ᱂ | ᱃ | ᱄ | ᱅ | ᱆ | ᱇ | ᱈ | ᱉ |
Limbu | ᥆ | ᥇ | ᥈ | ᥉ | ᥊ | ᥋ | ᥌ | ᥍ | ᥎ | ᥏ |
Sinhala astrological numbers | ෦ | ෧ | ෨ | ෩ | ෪ | ෫ | ෬ | ෭ | ෮ | ෯ |
Sinhala archaic numbers | 𑇡 | 𑇢 | 𑇣 | 𑇤 | 𑇥 | 𑇦 | 𑇧 | 𑇨 | 𑇩 | |
Tamil | ೦ | ௧ | ௨ | ௩ | ௪ | ௫ | ௬ | ௭ | ௮ | ௯ |
Telugu | ౦ | ౧ | ౨ | ౩ | ౪ | ౫ | ౬ | ౭ | ౮ | ౯ |
Kannada | ೦ | ೧ | ೨ | ೩ | ೪ | ೫ | ೬ | ೭ | ೮ | ೯ |
Malayalam | ൦ | ൧ | ൨ | ൩ | ൪ | ൫ | ൬ | ൭ | ൮ | ൯ |
Saurashtra | ꣐ | ꣑ | ꣒ | ꣓ | ꣔ | ꣕ | ꣖ | ꣗ | ꣘ | ꣙ |
Ahom | 𑜰 | 𑜱 | 𑜲 | 𑜳 | 𑜴 | 𑜵 | 𑜶 | 𑜷 | 𑜸 | 𑜹 |
Chakma | 𑄶 | 𑄷 | 𑄸 | 𑄹 | 𑄺 | 𑄻 | 𑄼 | 𑄽 | 𑄾 | 𑄿 |
Burmese | ၀ | ၁ | ၂ | ၃ | ၄ | ၅ | ၆ | ၇ | ၈ | ၉ |
Shan | ႐ | ႑ | ႒ | ႓ | ႔ | ႕ | ႖ | ႗ | ႘ | ႙ |
Khmer | ០ | ១ | ២ | ៣ | ៤ | ៥ | ៦ | ៧ | ៨ | ៩ |
Thai | ๐ | ๑ | ๒ | ๓ | ๔ | ๕ | ๖ | ๗ | ๘ | ๙ |
Lao | ໐ | ໑ | ໒ | ໓ | ໔ | ໕ | ໖ | ໗ | ໘ | ໙ |
Cham | ꩐ | ꩑ | ꩒ | ꩓ | ꩔ | ꩕ | ꩖ | ꩗ | ꩘ | ꩙ |
Tai Tham[b] | ᪐ | ᪑ | ᪒ | ᪓ | ᪔ | ᪕ | ᪖ | ᪗ | ᪘ | ᪙ |
Tai Tham Astrological Numbers[c] | ᪀ | ᪁ | ᪂ | ᪃ | ᪄ | ᪅ | ᪆ | ᪇ | ᪈ | ᪉ |
New Tai Lue | ᧐ | ᧑ | ᧒ | ᧓ | ᧔ | ᧕ | ᧖ | ᧗ | ᧘ | ᧙ |
Balinese | ᭐ | ᭑ | ᭒ | ᭓ | ᭔ | ᭕ | ᭖ | ᭗ | ᭘ | ᭙ |
Javanese | ꧐ | ꧑ | ꧒ | ꧓ | ꧔ | ꧕ | ꧖ | ꧗ | ꧘ | ꧙ |
Sundanese | ᮰ | ᮱ | ᮲ | ᮳ | ᮴ | ᮵ | ᮶ | ᮷ | ᮸ | ᮹ |
Hindu-Arabic | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
Notes
The Brahmi script was already divided into regional variants at the time of the earliest surviving epigraphy around the 3rd century BC. Cursives of the Brahmi script began to diversify further from around the 5th century AD and continued to give rise to new scripts throughout the Middle Ages. The main division in antiquity was between northern and southern Brahmi. In the northern group, the Gupta script was very influential, and in the southern group the Vatteluttu and Kadamba/Pallava scripts with the spread of Buddhism sent Brahmic scripts throughout Southeast Asia.[citation needed]
Early Brahmic scripts | |||||||
IAST | Ashoka | Girnar | Chandra -gupta |
Gujarat | Prayagraj | Narbada | Kistna |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | |||||||
ā | |||||||
i | |||||||
ī | |||||||
u | |||||||
ū | |||||||
ṛ | |||||||
e | |||||||
ai | |||||||
o | |||||||
au | |||||||
k | |||||||
kh | |||||||
g | |||||||
gh | |||||||
ṅ | |||||||
c | |||||||
ch | |||||||
j | |||||||
jh | |||||||
ñ | |||||||
ṭ | |||||||
ṭh | |||||||
ḍ | |||||||
ḍh | |||||||
ṇ | |||||||
t | |||||||
th | |||||||
d | |||||||
dh | |||||||
n | |||||||
p | |||||||
ph | |||||||
b | |||||||
bh | |||||||
m | |||||||
y | |||||||
r | |||||||
l | |||||||
v | |||||||
ś | |||||||
ṣ | |||||||
s | |||||||
h |
As of Unicode version 16.0, the following Brahmic scripts have been encoded:
script | derivation | Period of derivation | usage notes | ISO 15924 | Unicode range(s) | sample |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahom | Burmese[5] | 13th century | Extinct Ahom language | Ahom | U+11700–U+1174F | 𑜒𑜠𑜑𑜨𑜉 |
Balinese | Kawi | 11th century | Balinese language | Bali | U+1B00–U+1B7F | ᬅᬓ᭄ᬲᬭᬩᬮᬶ |
Batak | Pallava | 14th century | Batak languages | Batk | U+1BC0–U+1BFF | ᯘᯮᯒᯖ᯲ ᯅᯖᯂ᯲ |
Baybayin | Kawi | 14th century | Tagalog, other Philippine languages | Tglg | U+1700–U+171F | |
Bengali-Assamese (Eastern Nagari) | Siddhaṃ | 11th century | Angika, Assamese language (Assamese script variant), Bengali language (Bengali script variant), Bishnupriya, Maithili, Meitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri")[6] | Beng | U+0980–U+09FF |
|
Bhaiksuki | Gupta | 11th century | Was used around the turn of the first millennium for writing Sanskrit | Bhks | U+11C00–U+11C6F | 𑰥𑰹𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰲𑰎𑰱 |
Buhid | Kawi | 14th century | Buhid language | Buhd | U+1740–U+175F | ᝊᝓᝑᝒᝇ |
Mon-Burmese | Pallava | 11th century | Burmese language, Mon language, numerous modifications for other languages including Chakma, Eastern and Western Pwo Karen, Geba Karen, Kayah, Rumai Palaung, S'gaw Karen, Shan | Mymr | U+1000–U+109F, U+A9E0–U+A9FF, U+AA60–U+AA7F, U+116D0–U116FF | မြန်မာအက္ခရာ |
Chakma | Burmese | 8th century | Chakma language | Cakm | U+11100–U+1114F | 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 |
Cham | Pallava | 8th century | Cham language | Cham | U+AA00–U+AA5F | ꨌꩌ |
Devanagari | Nagari | 13th century | Several Indo-Aryan languages (Konkani, Marathi, Hindi, Sanskrit, Nepali, Bhili, Sindhi, Gujarati etc), Sino-Tibetan languages (Bodo, Nepal Bhasa, Sherpa etc.), Mundari (Austroasiatic language) and others. | Deva | U+0900–U+097F, U+A8E0–U+A8FF, U+11B00–U+11B5F | देवनागरी |
Dhives Akuru | Gupta | Before 6th-8th century | Was used to write the Maldivian language up until the 20th century.[7] | Diak | U+11900–U+1195F | 𑤞𑥂𑤧𑤭𑥂 |
Dogra | Takri | Was used to write Dogri. Dogra script is closely related to Takri.[8] | Dogr | U+11800–U+1184F | 𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠬 | |
Grantha | Pallava | 6th century | Restricted use in traditional Vedic schools to write Sanskrit. Was widely used by Tamil speakers for Sanskrit and the classical language Manipravalam. | Gran | U+11300–U+1137F | 𑌗𑍍𑌰𑌨𑍍𑌥 |
Gujarati | Nagari | 17th century | Gujarati language, Kutchi language | Gujr | U+0A80–U+0AFF | ગુજરાતી લિપિ |
Gunjala Gondi | uncertain | 16th century | Used for writing the Adilabad dialect of the Gondi language.[9] | Gong | U+11D60–U+11DAF | 𑵶𑶍𑶕𑶀𑵵𑶊 𑵶𑶓𑶕𑶂𑶋 |
Gurmukhi | Sharada | 16th century | Punjabi language | Guru | U+0A00–U+0A7F | ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ |
Hanunó'o | Kawi | 14th century | Hanuno'o language | Hano | U+1720–U+173F | ᜱᜨᜳᜨᜳᜢ |
Javanese | Kawi | 16th century | Javanese language, Sundanese language, Madurese language | Java | U+A980–U+A9DF | ꦄꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦗꦮ |
Kaithi | Nagari | 16th century | Historically used for writing legal, administrative, and private records. | Kthi | U+11080–U+110CF | 𑂍𑂶𑂟𑂲 |
Kannada | Telugu-Kannada | Around 4th-6th century | Sanskrit, Kannada, Konkani, Tulu, Badaga, Kodava, Beary, others | Knda | U+0C80–U+0CFF | ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರಮಾಲೆ |
Kawi | Pallava | 8th century | Kawi was found primarily in Java and used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia between the 8th century and the 16th century.[10] | Kawi | U+11F00–U+11F5F | 𑼒𑼮𑼶 |
Khmer | Pallava | 11th century | Khmer language | Khmr | U+1780–U+17FF, U+19E0–U+19FF | អក្សរខ្មែរ |
Khojki | Landa | 16th century | Some use by Ismaili communities. Was used by the Khoja community for Muslim religious literature. | Khoj | U+11200–U+1124F | 𑈉𑈲𑈐𑈈𑈮 |
Khudawadi | Landa | 16th century | Was used by Sindhi communities for correspondence and business records. | Sind | U+112B0–U+112FF | 𑊻𑋩𑋣𑋏𑋠𑋔𑋠𑋏𑋢 |
Lao | Khmer | 14th century | Lao language, others | Laoo | U+0E80–U+0EFF | ອັກສອນລາວ |
Lepcha | Tibetan | 8th century | Lepcha language | Lepc | U+1C00–U+1C4F | ᰛᰩᰴ |
Limbu | Lepcha | 9th century | Limbu language | Limb | U+1900–U+194F | ᤛᤡᤖᤡᤈᤨᤅ |
Lontara | Kawi | 17th century | Buginese language, others | Bugi | U+1A00–U+1A1F | ᨒᨚᨈᨑ |
Mahajani | Landa | 16th century | Historically used in northern India for writing accounts and financial records. | Mahj | U+11150–U+1117F | 𑅬𑅱𑅛𑅧𑅑 |
Makasar | Kawi | 17th century | Was used in South Sulawesi, Indonesia for writing the Makassarese language.[11] Makasar script is also known as "Old Makassarese" or "Makassarese bird script" in English-language scholarly works.[12] | Maka | U+11EE0–U+11EFF | 𑻪𑻢𑻪𑻢 |
Malayalam | Grantha | 12th century | Malayalam | Mlym | U+0D00–U+0D7F | മലയാളലിപി |
Marchen | Tibetan | 7th century | Was used in the Tibetan Bön tradition to write the extinct Zhang-Zhung language | Marc | U+11C70–U+11CBF | 𑱳𑲁𑱽𑱾𑲌𑱵𑲋𑲱𑱴𑱶𑲱𑲅𑲊𑱱 |
Meetei Mayek | Tibetan[verification needed] | 6th century[13] | officially used for Meitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri") in accordance to "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021"[14] | Mtei | U+AAE0–U+AAFF, U+ABC0–U+ABFF | ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ |
Modi | Nāgarī | 17th century | Was used to write the Marathi language | Modi | U+11600–U+1165F | 𑘦𑘻𑘚𑘲 |
Multani | Landa | Was used to write the Multani language | Mult | U+11280–U+112AF | 𑊠𑊣𑊖𑊚 | |
Nandinagari | Nāgarī | 7th century | Historically used to write Sanskrit in southern India | Nand | U+119A0–U+119FF | 𑧁𑧞𑦿𑧒𑧁𑧑𑦰𑧈𑧓 |
New Tai Lue | Tai Tham | 1950s | Tai Lü language | Talu | U+1980–U+19DF | ᦟᦲᧅᦎᦷᦺᦑ |
Odia | Siddhaṃ | 13th century | Odia language | Orya | U+0B00–U+0B7F | ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର |
ʼPhags-pa | Tibetan | 13th century | Historically used during the Mongol Yuan dynasty. | Phag | U+A840–U+A87F | ꡖꡍꡂꡛ ꡌ |
Prachalit (Newa) | Nepal | Has been used for writing the Sanskrit, Nepali, Hindi, Bengali, and Maithili languages | Newa | U+11400–U+1147F | 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐔𑐮𑐶𑐟 | |
Rejang | Kawi | 18th century | Rejang language, mostly obsolete | Rjng | U+A930–U+A95F | ꥆꤰ꥓ꤼꤽ ꤽꥍꤺꥏ |
Saurashtra | Grantha | 20th century | Saurashtra language, mostly obsolete | Saur | U+A880–U+A8DF | ꢱꣃꢬꢵꢰ꣄ꢜ꣄ꢬꢵ |
Sharada | Gupta | 8th century | Was used for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri | Shrd | U+11180–U+111DF | 𑆯𑆳𑆫𑆢𑆳 |
Siddham | Gupta | 7th century | Was used for writing Sanskrit | Sidd | U+11580–U+115FF | 𑖭𑖰𑖟𑖿𑖠𑖽 |
Sinhala | Brahmi[15] | 4th century[16] | Sinhala language | Sinh | U+0D80–U+0DFF, U+111E0–U+111FF | ශුද්ධ සිංහල |
Sundanese | Kawi | 14th century | Sundanese language | Sund | U+1B80–U+1BBF, U+1CC0–U+1CCF | ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ |
Sylheti Nagari | Nagari | 16th century | Historically used for writing the Sylheti language | Sylo | U+A800–U+A82F | ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ |
Tagbanwa | Kawi | 14th century | Various languages of Palawan, nearly extinct | Tagb | U+1760–U+177F | ᝦᝪᝨᝯ |
Tai Le | Mon | 13th century | Tai Nüa language | Tale | U+1950–U+197F | ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ |
Tai Tham | Mon | 13th century | Northern Thai language, Tai Lü language, Khün language | Lana | U+1A20–U+1AAF | ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ |
Tai Viet | Thai | 16th century | Tai Dam language | Tavt | U+AA80–U+AADF | ꪼꪕꪒꪾ |
Takri | Sharada | 16th century | Was used for writing Chambeali, and other languages | Takr | U+11680–U+116CF | 𑚔𑚭𑚊𑚤𑚯 |
Tamil | Pallava | 2nd century | Tamil language | Taml | U+0B80–U+0BFF, U+11FC0–U+11FFF | தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி |
Telugu | Telugu-Kannada | 5th century | Telugu language | Telu | U+0C00–U+0C7F | తెలుగు లిపి |
Thai | Old Khmer | 13th century | Thai language | Thai | U+0E00–U+0E7F | อักษรไทย |
Tibetan | Gupta | 8th century | Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha, Ladakhi language | Tibt | U+0F00–U+0FFF | བོད་ཡིག་ |
Tigalari/Tulu | Grantha | 9th century | Tulu, Kannada, and Sanskrit | Tutg | U+11380–U113FF | |
Tirhuta | Siddham | 13th century | Historically used for the Maithili language | Tirh | U+11480–U+114DF | 𑒞𑒱𑒩𑒯𑒳𑒞𑒰 |
The coins of Urakonthauba (568-653) and Ayangba (821-910) in the Mutua Museum, Imphal bear evidence of early existence of old Manipuri alphabet.