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Capitolias

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Capitolias
Καπιτωλιας
Capitolias, 2004
Capitolias is located in Jordan
Capitolias
Shown within Jordan
Alternative nameBayt Ras
LocationIrbid Governorate, Jordan
RegionMiddle East
Coordinates32°35′55″N 35°51′30″E / 32.59861°N 35.85833°E / 32.59861; 35.85833
TypeSettlement
History
Founded97/98 CE
Site notes
ConditionIn ruins

Capitolias (Ancient Greek: Καπιτωλιάς, romanized: Kapitolias) was an ancient city east of the Jordan River, and is identified with the modern village of Beit Ras in the Irbid Governorate in northern Jordan.[1][2][3] Anciently it was a town of Coele-Syria.[4]

The Peutinger Table placed it between Gadara and Adraha (Daraa), 16 miles from each, and the Antonine Itinerary put it at 36 miles from Neve (Nawa, Syria).[3][5]

The Arabic name, Beit Ras, preserves the Aramaic name, Bet Reisha, mentioned in the 6th-century Talmud.[1][3][5]

Unfortunately, not very many ruins are left behind of the city of Capitolias. However, the main archaeological site remaining is a theatre structure.

History

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Capitolias theatre with Beit Ras in the background. 2004

The town is one of the ten cities of the Decapolis listed by Pliny the Elder.[6] There are many primary sources, including Pliny the Elder that list different variations of the cities of the Decapolis.

Capitolias was founded as a planned Roman city, perhaps for military purposes,[5] under Nerva or Trajan in 97 or 98 CE. This date comes from the coins that were minted within the city.[7] Inscriptions show that local citizens served in the Roman army.[3] It was surrounded by a wall built in the 2nd century and had an area of 12.5 hectares according to one source, 20 acres according to another.[3][5]

The city was named after Jupiter Capitolinus. Evidence shows that the site was extensively settled and grew in importance during the Roman and Byzantine eras. Capitolias also had some importance in the early Islamic (Umayyad) period.[1]

In the rearrangement associated with the creation of the Roman province of Arabia in 106, Capitolias became part of the province of Palaestina Secunda, whose capital was Scythopolis.[1][7] It is mentioned by many geographers, including Hierocles and George of Cyprus in the 6th and 7th centuries.[7]

Hassan ibn Thabit, a 7th-century Arab poet and companion of Muhammad, mentions high-quality wine from Beit Ras, indicating that it was transported by Bedouins to Arabia and was well-known in Medina during this period.[8]

Yaqut al-Hamawi (1179–1229) noted about Beit Ras: "A village of Jerusalem, or, it is said, belonging to the Jordan Province, There are quantities of vines here, from which the celebrated wine is made."[9]

Archaeology

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Capitolias Theatre, 2004

The city wall, with three north-facing gates,[5] can still be traced on the surface[3] Other remains include a temple of the Capitoline Triad, a three-tiered marketplace, a colonnaded street, a 5th-century church that was converted into a mosque in the 8th century, an aqueduct, reservoirs, a Roman military cemetery, and paved roads.[3][5] Although these remains were all excavated, many are quite minimal. The most prominent remains is that of the Roman style theatre.

Although Capitolias was first excavated in the 1960s, systematic archaeological work began in the early 1980s and has continued.[5][10][11]

It seems the citizens of Capitolias wanted to appear very Greek. Tombstones of one family were discovered, and dated to the 2nd century CE. Not only had the deceased adopted Latin names, but the tomb also had a very Greek style scene painted on it. The painting was a scene from the Trojan War with Achilles dragging the body of Hector.[1]

Ample amounts of glass fragments have been discovered at the cite. These fragments were dated to 3rd-5th century CE. Further research has shown that large, primary chunks of glass were produced in the Levantine coastal area and brought to Capitolias for secondary production. So it seems that during the late Roman/early Byzantine eras, Capitolias was a main center for secondary glass production in Jordan.[12]

Further excavation of Capitolias is somewhat difficult because of the modern village, Beit Ras. Researchers want to respectfully work with the locals to further their findings of Capitolias.[10]

Only the part of the site without modern constructions could be studied by archaeologists. The "Beit Ras (Capitolias): an Archaeological Project" was conducted there from 2014 to 2016 by the Department of Antiquities of Jordan in cooperation with the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology and the Institute of Archaeology (both University of Warsaw), under the direction of Prof. Jolanta Młynarczyk. The project consisted of a geophysical prospection (2014) and excavation works (2015–2016).[13]

The Polish-Jordanian excavations covered the northern part of the ancient city, to the west of the Roman theater.[14] Non-invasive research using electrical resistivity scanning revealed remnants of urban architecture. Based on the pottery collected during the survey, it was determined that this area was in use from the 2nd to the 13th century.[15] The excavation works yielded remains of defense walls, a winery, and workshops; the chronological sequence of the site from the Roman to the early medieval period was also established.[14]

In 2018, archaeologists has excavated a tomb dating to the 2nd century AD. Its walls are decorated with many figures of humans, animals, and gods, as well as a large painting illustrating the construction of a rampart along with 60 inscriptions describing what the figures in the painting were doing. In its entirety, the artwork is thought to describe the founding of the city. The captions, written in Aramaic with Greek letters, resemble the speech bubbles in modern comics.[16]

Ruins in Capitolias

Bishopric

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Bishops of Capitolias are mentioned in extant documents:[17][18]

Peter, who was martyred under Muslim rule, is given by Le Quien[17] and Gams[18] as a bishop of Capitolias, but other sources describe him as a priest, not a bishop.[7][19][20]

In the 12th century the see was an independent archbishopric, as appears from a Notitia Episcopatuum of that time.[21] No longer a residential bishopric, Capitolias is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[22]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e C.J. Lenzen, E.A. Knauf, "Capitolias: A Preliminary Evaluation of the Archaeological and Textual Evidence" in Syria, Year 1987, Issue 64–1–2, pp. 21–46
  2. ^ Lenzen, C. J.; Knauf, E. A. (1987). "Beit Ras/Capitolias: A Preliminary Evaluation of the Archaeological and Textual Evidence". Syria. 64 (1/2): 21–46. doi:10.3406/syria.1987.7002. JSTOR 4198595. (same text, not free)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites: "Capitolias (Beit Ras) Jordan"
  4. ^ Public Domain Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Capitolias". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Jewish Virtual Library: "Capitolias"
  6. ^ Pliny's Natural History 5.16.74
  7. ^ a b c d Siméon Vailhé, "Capitolias" in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 3 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908)
  8. ^ Lenzen, C. J., & Knauf, E. A. (1987). Beit Ras/Capitolias. A preliminary evaluation of the archaeological and textual evidence. Syria, 64(Fasc. 1/2), pp. 35–36
  9. ^ le Strange, 1890, p. 415
  10. ^ a b Lenzen, C. J. (1990). "Beit Ras Excavations: 1988 and 1989". Syria. 67 (2): 474–476. JSTOR 4198840.
  11. ^ "The Roman Hideout – News – Ancient Roman city discovered in Beit Ras (Jordan)".
  12. ^ Abd-Allah, Ramadan (1 August 2010). "Chemical characterisation and manufacturing technology of late Roman to early Byzantine glass from Beit Ras/Capitolias, Northern Jordan". Journal of Archaeological Science. 37 (8): 1866–1874. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.02.004.
  13. ^ "Beit Ras". pcma.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  14. ^ a b Młynarczyk, Jolanta (9 July 2018). "Beit Ras (Capitolias): the archaeological project (2014–2016)". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 26 (1): 473–504. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0012.1802. ISSN 1234-5415. S2CID 134249210.
  15. ^ "New Polish–Jordanian archaeological project in Beit Ras". pcma.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  16. ^ 1,800-Year-Old Painted Tomb Discovered in Jordan
  17. ^ a b Le Quien, Michel (1740). Oriens Christianus, in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus: quo exhibentur ecclesiæ, patriarchæ, cæterique præsules totius Orientis. Tomus tertius, Ecclesiam Maronitarum, Patriarchatum Hierosolymitanum, & quotquot fuerunt Ritûs Latini tam Patriarchæ quàm inferiores Præsules in quatuor Patriarchatibus & in Oriente universo, complectens (in Latin). Paris: Ex Typographia Regia. col. 715. OCLC 955922748.
  18. ^ a b Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 454
  19. ^ David Richard Thomas et al. (editors), Christian-Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History (600-900) (BRILL 2009 ISBN 978-90-0416975-3), pp. 419–422
  20. ^ Hugh N. Kennedy, The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East (Ashgate Publishing 2006 ISBN 978-0-75465909-9), p. 333
  21. ^ H. Gelzer, in Byzantin. Zeithschrift, I, 253, cited by Siméon Vailhé in Catholic Encyclopedia
  22. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 857

Bibliography

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