Changhsingian

Changhsingian
Changhsingian
254.14 ± 0.07 – 251.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Bellerophon Formation, Dolomites, Italy
Chronology
←	Permian-Triassic mass extinction event
←	end-Capitanian extinction event
←	Olson's Extinction
	Subdivision of the Permian according to the ICS, as of 2022.; Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.;
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Name ratified	1981
Alternate spelling(s)	Changxingian
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Age
Stratigraphic unit	Stage
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	Meishan, Zhejiang, China
Lower boundary GSSP	FAD of the Conodont Clarkina wangi; 31°04′55″N 119°42′23″E / 31.0819°N 119.7064°E
Lower GSSP ratified	2005
Upper boundary definition	FAD of the Conodont Hindeodus parvus.
Upper boundary GSSP	Meishan, Zhejiang, China; 31°04′47″N 119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E
Upper GSSP ratified	2001

In the geologic time scale, the Changhsingian or Changxingian is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Permian. It is also the upper or latest of two subdivisions of the Lopingian Epoch or Series. The Changhsingian lasted from 254.14 to 251.9 Ma ago. It is preceded by the Wuchiapingian age/stage and is followed by the Induan age/stage (Early Triassic epoch).^[4]

The greatest mass extinction in the Phanerozoic eon, the Permian–Triassic extinction event, occurred during this age.

Stratigraphic definitions[edit]

The Changhsingian is named after Changxing (Chinese: 长兴; pinyin: Chángxīng; Wade–Giles: Ch’ang-hsing) in northern Zhejiang, China. The stage was named for the Changhsing Limestone.^[5] The name was first used for a stage in 1970^[6]^[7] and was anchored in the international timescale in 1981.^[2]

The base of the Changhsingian Stage is at the first appearance of the conodont species Clarkina wangi. The global reference profile is profile D at Meishan, in the type area in Changxing.^[2] The top of the Changhsingian (the base of the Induan Stage and the Triassic System is at the first appearance of the conodont species Hindeodus parvus.

The Changhsingian stage contains only one ammonite biozone: that of the genus Iranites.

Changhsingian life[edit]

The Changhsingian ended with the Permian–Triassic extinction event when both global biodiversity and alpha diversity (community-level diversity) were devastated.^[8] The world after the extinction was almost lifeless, deserted, hot, and dry. Ammonoids, fishes, insects, and the tetrapods (cynodonts, amphibians, reptiles, therapsids, etc.) remained rare and terrestrial ecosystems did not recover for 30 million years.^[8]

Among fishes, the bobasatraniiforms Bobasatrania and Ebenaqua are known from Changhsingian deposits of Greenland and Australia, respectively. Another deep-bodied fish, Sinoplatysomus, is known from Zhejiang province of China, along with the elongate saurichthyiform Eosaurichthys. Several fish genera were described from Changhsingian deposits of Russia and South Africa.^[9] The Hambast Formation of Iran yielded chondrichthyan faunas of Wuchiapingian to Changhsingian age.^[10]

The Bellerophon Formation in northern Italy documents a pre-extinction bivalve community with 26 species adapted to stressful conditions (high temperatures, high salinity, shallow water depths, low oxygen and high terrigenous input).^[11]

Changhsingian aged beds of the Tesero Member of the Werfen Formation produced fossils of a crown group echinoid, Eotiaris teseroensis and other taxa.^[12]

Notable formations[edit]

Ali Bashi Formation (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran)
Bellerophon Formation (Italy)
Changxing Formation (Zhejiang, China)
Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone* (South Africa)
Hambast Formation (Iran)
Hopeman Sandstone Formation (Scotland)
Moradi Formation (Niger)
Quartermaster Formation (Texas, USA)
Rangal Coal Measures* (Queensland, Australia)
Schuchert Dal Formation (Greenland)
Tesero Member of the Werfen Formation (Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy)
Lower part of Wordie Creek Formation (Greenland)

* Tentatively assigned to the Changhsingian; age estimated primarily via terrestrial tetrapod biostratigraphy

References[edit]

^ "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
^ ^a ^b ^c Jin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Henderson, C.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Shen, S.; Cao, C. (2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian)" (PDF). Episodes. 29 (3): 175–182. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07..
^ Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (2): 102–114. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
^ Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Smith, A.G. (2004). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press.
^ Grabau, A.W. (1923). "Stratigraphy of China, Part 1: Palaeozoic and lower". Geological Survey of China. p. 529.
^ Furnish, W.M.; Glenister, B.F. (1970). "Permian ammonite Cyclolobus from the Salt Range, West Pakistan". In Kummel, B.; Teichert, G. (eds.). Stratigraphic boundary problems, Permian and Triassic of west Pakistan. Geological Department of Kansas University, Special Publication. Vol. 4. pp. 158–176.
^ Furnish, W.M.; Glenister, B.F (1973). "Permian stages names". In Logan, A.; Hills, L.V. (eds.). The Permian and Triassic systems and their mutual boundary. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir. Vol. 2. pp. 522–548.
^ ^a ^b Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.
^ Romano, Carlo; Koot, Martha B.; Kogan, Ilja; Brayard, Arnaud; Minikh, Alla V.; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo; Kriwet, Jürgen (2016). "Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution". Biological Reviews. 91 (1): 106–147. doi:10.1111/brv.12161. PMID 25431138. S2CID 5332637.
^ Hampe, Oliver; Hairapetian, Vachik; Dorka, Markus; Witzmann, Florian; Akbari, Amir M.; Korn, Dieter (2013). "A first Late Permian fish fauna from Baghuk Mountain (Neo-Tethyan shelf, central Iran)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 88 (1): 1–20. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1357. ISSN 1214-1119.
^ Prinoth, Herwig; Posenato, Renato (2023). "Bivalves from the Changhsingian (upper Permian) Bellerophon Formation of the Dolomites (Italy): ancestors of Lower Triassic post-extinction benthic communities". Papers in Palaeontology. 9 (2): e1486. doi:10.1002/spp2.1486.
^ Thompson, Jeffrey R.; Posenato, Renato; Bottjer, David J.; Petsios, Elizabeth (2019). "Echinoids from the Tesero Member (Werfen Formation) of the Dolomites (Italy): implications for extinction and survival of echinoids in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction". PeerJ. 7: e7361. doi:10.7717/peerj.7361. PMC 6718154. PMID 31531267.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

External links[edit]

GeoWhen Database - Changhsingian
Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic chart at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS

[icstimescale-1] "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.

[Jin2006-2] Jin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Henderson, C.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Shen, S.; Cao, C. (2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian)" (PDF). Episodes. 29 (3): 175–182. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07..

[3] Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (2): 102–114. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.

[4] Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Smith, A.G. (2004). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press.

[5] Grabau, A.W. (1923). "Stratigraphy of China, Part 1: Palaeozoic and lower". Geological Survey of China. p. 529.

[6] Furnish, W.M.; Glenister, B.F. (1970). "Permian ammonite Cyclolobus from the Salt Range, West Pakistan". In Kummel, B.; Teichert, G. (eds.). Stratigraphic boundary problems, Permian and Triassic of west Pakistan. Geological Department of Kansas University, Special Publication. Vol. 4. pp. 158–176.

[7] Furnish, W.M.; Glenister, B.F (1973). "Permian stages names". In Logan, A.; Hills, L.V. (eds.). The Permian and Triassic systems and their mutual boundary. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir. Vol. 2. pp. 522–548.

[SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-8] Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.

[9] Romano, Carlo; Koot, Martha B.; Kogan, Ilja; Brayard, Arnaud; Minikh, Alla V.; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo; Kriwet, Jürgen (2016). "Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution". Biological Reviews. 91 (1): 106–147. doi:10.1111/brv.12161. PMID 25431138. S2CID 5332637.

[10] Hampe, Oliver; Hairapetian, Vachik; Dorka, Markus; Witzmann, Florian; Akbari, Amir M.; Korn, Dieter (2013). "A first Late Permian fish fauna from Baghuk Mountain (Neo-Tethyan shelf, central Iran)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 88 (1): 1–20. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1357. ISSN 1214-1119.

[11] Prinoth, Herwig; Posenato, Renato (2023). "Bivalves from the Changhsingian (upper Permian) Bellerophon Formation of the Dolomites (Italy): ancestors of Lower Triassic post-extinction benthic communities". Papers in Palaeontology. 9 (2): e1486. doi:10.1002/spp2.1486.

[12] Thompson, Jeffrey R.; Posenato, Renato; Bottjer, David J.; Petsios, Elizabeth (2019). "Echinoids from the Tesero Member (Werfen Formation) of the Dolomites (Italy): implications for extinction and survival of echinoids in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction". PeerJ. 7: e7361. doi:10.7717/peerj.7361. PMC 6718154. PMID 31531267.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

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