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Christian Democratic Party (Norway)

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 17 min
"KrF" redirects here. For the chemical compound, see Krypton fluoride. For other uses, see KRF (disambiguation).
Christian People's Party
Kristelig Folkeparti
AbbreviationKrF
LeaderDag Inge Ulstein
FoundersNils Lavik[1]
... and c. 25 others
Founded4 September 1933 (1933-09-04) in Bergen
HeadquartersØvre Slottsgate 18–20 0154, Oslo
NewspaperFolkets Framtid (1947-2005)
Youth wingYoung Christian Democrats
Membership (2023)Decrease 15,000[4]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing
ReligionLutheranism
European affiliationEuropean People's Party (observer)
International affiliationCentrist Democrat International
Nordic affiliationCentre Group
Colours
  •   Red
  •   Cream
Storting
3 / 169
County Councils
29 / 664
Municipal Councils
396 / 9,122
Sami Parliament
0 / 39
Website
krf.no Edit this at Wikidata

The Christian Democratic Party (Bokmål: Kristelig Folkeparti, Nynorsk: Kristeleg Folkeparti, lit. 'Christian People's Party', KrF; Northern Sami: Risttalaš Álbmotbellodat) is a Christian political party in Norway that has since 2019 espoused Christian conservatism, right-wing populism and anti-LGBT politics. It was founded in 1933 and its political position has varied over time, as it represented a more liberal form of Christian democracy prior to 2019. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP). It currently holds three seats in the Parliament, having won 3.8% of the vote in the 2021 parliamentary election. The current leader of the party is Dag Inge Ulstein.[5]

The Christian Democrats' leader from 1983 to 1995, Kjell Magne Bondevik, was one of the most prominent political figures in modern Norway, serving as Prime Minister from 1997 to 2000 and 2001 to 2005. Under the old leadership of Bondevik and Valgerd Svarstad Haugland, the party to some extent moved in a more liberal or left-wing direction. Due largely to their poor showing in the 2009 elections, the party has seen a conflict between its conservative and liberal wings.[6] Until 2019, the leader was Knut Arild Hareide, who led the party into a more liberal direction as part of a "renewal" process,[7][8] and introduced climate change and environmentalism as the party's most important issues.[9] Prior to 2019 the party was also referred to as Christian-democratic.[10][11][12][13] However, the liberal turn ended in 2019 and the party has since moved sharply to the right and embraced right-wing populist issues such "anti-woke" politics, as its Christian conservative wing became dominant. Hareide wanted the party to cooperate with the social democrats, but narrowly lost an internal struggle to the faction that wanted to collaborate with the far-right and anti-immigrant Progress Party.[14] Since 2019 the party has opposed LGBT rights and been criticized as "the voice of transphobia" by LGBT rights groups and centre-left parties.[15] As of 2024, the party promotes anti-gender and anti-trans rhetoric, attacking what they refer to as "gender ideology."[16][17]

History

[edit]

The Christian Democratic Party was founded as a reaction to the growing secularism in Norway in the 1930s. Cultural and spiritual values were proposed as an alternative to political parties focusing on material values. The immediate cause of its foundation was the failure of Nils Lavik, a popular figure in the religious community, to be nominated as a candidate for the Liberal Party, for the parliamentary elections in 1933. In reaction to this, Kristelig Folkeparti was set up, with Lavik as their top candidate in the county of Hordaland. He succeeded in being elected to Stortinget, the Norwegian parliament. No other counties were contested. At the next elections, in 1936, the party also ran a common list with the Liberal Party in Bergen, and succeeded in electing two representatives from Hordaland with 20.9% of the local votes.[18] In 1945, at the first elections after the Nazi occupation of Norway, the party was organised on a nationwide basis, and won 8 seats.

The Christian Democrats became part of a short-lived non-socialist coalition government along with the Conservative Party, the Liberal Party and the Centre Party in 1963. At the elections of 1965, these four parties won a majority of seats in Stortinget and ruled in a coalition government from 1965 to 1971.

The Christian Democrats opposed Norwegian membership in the European Community ahead of the referendum in 1972. The referendum gave a no-vote, and when the pro-EC Labour government resigned, a coalition government was formed among the anti-EC parties, the Christian Democrats, the Liberal Party and the Centre Party. Lars Korvald became the Christian Democrats' first prime minister for a year, until the elections of 1973 restored the Labour government.

The party's historic membership numbers peaked with 69,000 members in 1980.[19]

The 1981 elections left the non-socialists with a majority in parliament, but negotiations for a coalition government failed because of disagreement over the abortion issue.[20] However, this issue was later toned down, and from 1983 to 1986 and 1989 to 1990, the Christian Democrats were part of coalitions with the Conservative Party and the Centre Party.

In 1997, the Christian Democrats received 13.7% of the votes, and got 25 seats in the Storting. Kjell Magne Bondevik served as prime minister between 1997 and 2000, in coalition with the Liberal Party and the Centre Party, and then between 2001 and 2005 with the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party.

In the 2005 election, the Christian Democrats received only 6.8%, and the party became part of the opposition in the Storting. In 2013, the Conservative Party and the Progress Party formed a new government based on a political agreement with the Christian Democrats and the Liberal party with confidence and supply. In the 2017 election, the party got only 4.2% and did not sign a new agreement, but got a politically strategic position as the conservative minority government mainly depended on their votes to get a majority.

In late 2018, the Christian Democrats were split over the question of a potential government participation and the future direction of the party. At a party meeting in early November 2018, the delegates were asked whether to stay in opposition or to join either a "red" or a "blue" government coalition with party leader Knut Arild Hareide favouring a centre-left government with Labour and Centre parties, and deputy leaders Olaug Bollestad and Kjell Ingolf Ropstad wanting to join the existing right-leaning cabinet of Erna Solberg. The delegates decided with a narrow majority of eight votes to join the existing Solberg's Cabinet with Conservatives, Liberals and the Progress Party.[21] In January 2019, after successful negotiations with the coalition parties the Christian Democrats eventually joined the government and Hareide resigned as party leader.[22] In April 2019, 33-year-old Minister of Children and Family Kjell Ingolf Ropstad was elected new party leader.[23]

The Christian Democrats failed to pass the 4% election threshold for leveling seats in the 2021 election and won only three seats in parliament.[24] The party leader Ropstad, facing controversy over his use of a parliamentary commuter home, resigned from the cabinet and as party leader on 24 September and Olaug Bollestad assumed leadership of the party.[25]

Ideology

[edit]

The Christian Democratic Party has been described as centrist[26][27][28] and centre-right.[29][30][31] The party holds European Christian democratic positions, including family values. While founded on the basis of advocating moral-cultural Christian issues, the party has broadened its political profile over time, although Christian values remain its core distinction. It is considered an overall centrist party, combining socially conservative views with more left-leaning economic positions.[26]

Religion

[edit]

As a party centred on Christian values, the party draws support from the Christian population. Their policies that support Christian values and oppose same-sex marriage appeal to the more conservative, religious base.[32]

Geographically, the Christian Democrats enjoy their strongest support in the so-called Bible Belt, especially Southern Norway.[citation needed] In the 2005 elections, their best results were in Vest-Agder with 18.9% of the vote, compared to a national average of 6.8%.[33]

Since the party was established, a declaration of Christian faith had been required for a person to be a representative in the party. Membership had no such requirement. The increase of support for the party from other religious groups, such as Muslims,[34] stimulated efforts to abolish this rule.[35] At the 2013 convention the rule was modified. The new rules require that representatives work for Christian values but do not require them to declare a Christian faith.[36] This latter point was considered the "last drop" for some conservative elements of the party, who as a result broke away and founded The Christians Party.[37] It has been claimed that KrF have lost votes to the Christians.[38]

Social values

[edit]

The Christian Democratic Party is generally socially conservative.[39]

The party opposes euthanasia and abortion, except in cases of rape or when the mother's life is at risk. The party supports accessibility to contraception as a way of lowering abortion rates.[40]

KrF wishes to ban research on human foetuses and has expressed scepticism of proposals to liberalise biotechnology laws in Norway.[41] Bondevik's second government made the biotechnology laws of Norway among the strictest in the world, with support from the Socialist Left Party and the Centre Party, but a 2004 case involving a child with thalassemia brought the laws under fire.[42][43]

LGBT rights

[edit]

On LGBT issues, the party supports permitting same-sex couples to live together but opposes same-sex marriage and adoption rights. The party has criticized the Polish government's policy towards LGBT people, and supported the Norwegian government's decision to withdraw financial support to Polish municipalities that have declared themselves as LGBT-free zones.[44] The party's leader at the time, Kjell Ingolf Ropstad, stated: "To not be discriminated against because of one's sexual orientation is a fundamental human right. Therefore, it is important that the government now is clear about the terms of receiving financial support through the EEA funds. We want to support a policy that protects diversity and freedom." The party maintains neutrality on the issue of gay clergy, calling that an issue for the Church.[45]

Foreign policy

[edit]

In foreign policy, the party marks itself as a supporter of NATO and the European Economic Area (EEA) but they oppose Norwegian membership in the European Union (EU). The party supports Norway's signature and ratification of the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons[46] and want stricter rules for Norwegian arms sales abroad.[citation needed]

Development aid

[edit]

Since the turn of the millennium, the Christian Democratic Party has had a major influence on development aid policy in Norway. The first Minister of International Development was Reidun Brusletten (KrF) in 1983. Hilde Frafjord Johnson held the position from 1997 to 2000 and again from 2001 to 2005, during Bondevik's First and Second Cabinet.[citation needed]

Dag Inge Ulstein, the third Christian Democrat to hold the position, addressed the need to take care of vulnerable minorities in foreign policy and by the use of humanitarian aid. He described these group as: women, children, people with disabilities and sexual and religious minorities.[47]

The Christian Democratic Party is a strong supporter of increased development aid and more cooperation with developing countries. They want 1 percent of the GNI to be spent on development aid, and a larger share of the sum to be spent on poverty reduction and climate change adaptation.[citation needed]

COVID-19

[edit]

Ulstein has played a prominent role in the global handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on fair distribution of vaccines to poor and middle income countries.[48] As Minister of International Development, he has been the governments spokesperson regarding Norway's contribution in the global fight against COVID-19, which involves the contribution of 2.2 billion Norwegian kroner to vaccine development through CEPI, in March 2020,[49] and Norway's entry in the global vaccine cooperation COVAX in August 2020, as one of the first European countries.[50]

In March 2021, it became clear that the Norwegian government had donated 700,000 vaccine doses to low income countries in February the previous year.[51] This created big reactions from other parties, who thought Norway instead should have given the doses to the Norwegian population. The Christian Democratic Party received a lot of criticism, from among others, the leaders of the Progress Party and the Centre Party, Sylvi Listhaug and Trygve Slagsvold Vedum, respectively. Party leader, Kjell Ingolf Ropstad, condemned the criticism and stated: "The last thing the world needs now is more egoism and competition between countries. Instead we need to help each other. We will not succeed in the fight against COVID-19 if we only say "Norway first".[52]

Immigration and refugees

[edit]

On questions surrounding immigration, integration and refugee policy, the party has a liberal stance. The Christian Democratic Party wants to base Norway's intake of refugees on the UN High Commissioner for Refugees' recommendations. In 2021, they announced that they want Norway to take in 5,000 refugees annually, plus 500 extra from the Moria refugee camp on Lesbos, Greece.[53]

They have also criticized what they believe is an unfair distribution of refugees fleeing the Syrian civil war due to the fact that Syria's neighbouring countries (Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon) have received a higher number of refugees than many European countries.[54] Therefore, they want Norway, and western European countries at large, to retrieve a larger amount of refugees from Syria.[55]

Climate change

[edit]

The Christian Democratic Party describes climate change and global warming as one of humanity's greatest challenges. They base their climate policy on climate research and the UN's sustainability goals.[citation needed]

The Christian Democratic Party support international climate goals and climate agreements, like the Paris agreement. They want to cut Norwegian emissions of carbon by at least 55% by 2030, compared with 1990 levels, and they aim for a climate-neutral Norway by 2050.[56] They have addressed the need for restructuring in the Norwegian petroleum industry and want to end oil and gas exploration in new areas.[57]

Protection of the vulnerable areas of Lofoten, Vesterålen and Senja from oil drilling, has been an important matter for the Christian Democratic Party. After the 2017 Norwegian parliamentary election, Knut Arild Hareide, party leader at the time, announced that the Christian Democratic Party would withdraw their support of Solberg's Cabinet if they opened the areas for oil drilling.[58] When the Christian Democratic Party became part of Solberg's coalition government in January 2019, it was decided that the areas were to be protected until the next election.[59]

At the national congress in 2021, the party proposed the creation of a Norwegian climate fund.[60] The goal of the fund was to outcompete the use of coal power, by investing in renewable energy in developing countries. The Christian Democrats got the proposal through in the Storting, and a few months later the government decided to establish a climate fund consisting of 1.15 billion dollars. Experts estimated that the fund could result in more than 10 billion dollars in private investment in renewable energy.[61] The deputy leader of the Norwegian environmental organisation ZERO, Dagfrid Froberg, described the fund as: "Maybe the most important Norwegian measurement in order to fight climate change."[62]

The Christian Democratic Party wants increased funding of public transport projects outside Oslo, like the Bergen Light Rail.[63] They want to accomplish this by making the government finance a larger share of the cost of developing local public transport systems, in order to make public transport more accessible and efficient, especially for people with disabilities.[citation needed]

Ideology and factions

[edit]
Faction[64][65] Ideology Political position Leader Members
Right wing non-socialist Right wing and centrist —
99 / 190
Left-wing pro-socialist Left-wing and centrist —
90 / 190

List of party leaders

[edit]
Campaign booth on Karl Johans gate ahead of the 2007 Norwegian local elections.

Dag Inge Ulstein(Acting party leader) (2024-)

Notable people

[edit]

Electoral results

[edit]
Support for KrF in the municipalities of Norway at the Norwegian parliamentary elections of 2017.
Storting
Date Votes Seats Position Size
# % ± pp # ±
1933 10,272 0.8 New
1 / 150
 New Opposition 7th
1936 19,612 1.3 Increase 0.5
2 / 150
 Increase 1 Opposition Increase 5th
1945 117,813 7.9 Increase 6.6
8 / 150
 Increase 6 Opposition Decrease 6th
1949 147,068 8.4 Increase 0.5
9 / 150
 Increase 1 Opposition Increase 5th
1953 186,627 10.5 Increase 2.1
14 / 150
 Increase 5 Opposition Increase 4th
1957 183,243 10.2 Decrease 0.3
12 / 150
 Decrease 2 Opposition Decrease 5th
1961 171,451 9.6[a] Decrease 0.6
15 / 150
 Increase 3 Opposition[b] Increase 4th
1965 160,331 8.1[a] Decrease 1.5
13 / 150
 Decrease 2 Coalition (KrF–V–H–Sp) Decrease 5th
1969 169,303 9.4[a] Increase 1.3
14 / 150
 Increase 1 Coalition (1969–1971, KrF–V–H–Sp) Increase 4th
Opposition (1971–1972)
Coalition (1972–1973, KrF–V–Sp)
1973 255,456 12.3[a] Increase 2.9
20 / 155
 Increase 6 Opposition Steady 4th
1977 224,355 12.4[a] Increase 0.1
22 / 155
 Increase 2 Opposition Increase 3rd
1981 219,179 9.4[a] Decrease 3.0
15 / 155
 Decrease 7 Opposition (1981–1983) Steady 3rd
Coalition (from 1983, H–KrF–Sp)
1985 214,969 8.3 Decrease 1.1
16 / 157
 Increase 1 Coalition (1985–1986, H–KrF–Sp) Steady 3rd
Opposition (from 1986)
1989 224,852 8.5 Increase 0.2
14 / 165
 Decrease 2 Coalition (1989–1990, H–KrF–Sp) Decrease 5th
Opposition (from 1990)
1993 193,885 7.9 Increase 0.6
13 / 165
 Decrease 1 Opposition Steady 5th
1997 353,082 13.7 Increase 5.8
25 / 165
 Increase 12 Coalition (1997–2000, KrF–Sp–V) Increase 3rd
Opposition (from 2000)
2001 312,839 12.4 Decrease 1.3
22 / 165
 Decrease 3 Coalition (2001–2005, H–KrF–V) Decrease 5th
2005 178,885 6.8 Decrease 5.6
11 / 169
 Decrease 11 Opposition Steady 5th
2009 148,748 5.5 Decrease 1.3
10 / 169
 Decrease 1 Opposition Decrease 6th
2013 158,475 5.6 Increase 0.1
10 / 169
 Steady 0 External support Increase 4th
2017 122,688 4.2 Decrease 1.4
8 / 169
 Decrease 2 External support (2017–2019) Decrease 7th
Coalition (2019–2020, V–H–FrP–KrF)
Coalition (from 2020, V–H–KrF)
2021 113,344 3.8 Decrease 0.4
3 / 169
 Decrease 5 Opposition Decrease 9th
Local
Year Vote % Type
1934 1.0 Municipal
1937 1.53 Municipal
1945 7.9 Municipal
1947 7.4 Municipal
1951 7.3 Municipal
1955 7.4 Municipal
1959 7.5 Municipal
1963 6.8 Municipal
1967 7.1 Municipal
1971 8.7 Municipal
1975 11.47
12.26 		Municipal
County
1979 9.84
10.2 		Municipal
County
1983 8.52
8.8 		Municipal
County
1987 7.80
8.1 		Municipal
County
1991 7.81
8.06 		Municipal
County
1995 8.21
8.50 		Municipal
County
1999 9.35
10.07 		Municipal
County
2003 6.42
6.87 		Municipal
County
2007 6.38
6.72 		Municipal
County
2011 5.57
5.79 		Municipal
County
2015 5.4
5.6 		Municipal
County
2019 4.00
4.5 		Municipal
County
2023 3.97
4.45 		Municipal
County

Further reading

[edit]
  • Madeley, John T.S. (2004). Steven Van Hecke; Emmanuel Gerard (eds.). Life at the Northern Margin: Christian Democracy in Scandinavia. Leuven University Press. pp. 217–241. ISBN 90-5867-377-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f The Christian Democratic Party ran on joint lists with other parties in a few constituencies from 1961 to 1981. Vote numbers are from independent Christian Democratic lists only, while vote percentage also includes the Christian Democratic Party's estimated share from joint lists (Statistics Norway estimates).[66]
  2. ^ In government coalition from 28 August 1963 to 25 September 1963, see Lyng's Cabinet.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kristelig folkepartis historie 1933-1983. Valo. 1985. p. 1.
  2. ^ a b Hove, Odd Sverre (1972). Kristen-demokratene. no#: Valo forlag. p. 157.
  3. ^ Hove, Odd Sverre (1972). Kristen-demokratene. no#: Valo forlag. p. 158.
  4. ^ Ertesvåg, Frank (2023-04-21). "Er blitt et gamlis- og miniparti – Ida (30) vil fornye KrF-familien". VG (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  5. ^ "Olaug Bollestad trekker seg som KrF-leder" (in Norwegian). 22 August 2024. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  6. ^ Gjerde, Robert (15 February 2010). "Nestleder vil skrote KrFs Israel-politikk". Aftenposten. Stavanger. Archived from the original on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  7. ^ "Eriksen: – Vi er ein offensiv gjeng". NRK. 30.04.2011. "Den nye leiartrioen skal føre Krf gjennom ei fornyingsfase fram mot stortingsvalet i 2013. Eriksen har leia partiet sitt strategiutval og står bak ei rekkje forslag som vil trekkje KrF i meir liberal retning."
  8. ^ "KrF-Hareide: - Ja, jeg har fått meg kjæreste". VG. 26.04.2011.
  9. ^ "Dropper å gå i regjering – satser på miljø". Archived from the original on 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
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  26. ^ a b Allern, Elin Haugsgjerd (2010). Political Parties and Interest Groups in Norway. ECPR Press. pp. 183–186. ISBN 9780955820366.
  27. ^ "Sentrum – politikk". Store norske leksikon. 10 October 2013.
  28. ^ Van Hecke, Steven; Gerard, Emmanuel (2004). Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. p. 231. ISBN 9789058673770.
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  34. ^ Archer, Else Karine (August 14, 2009). "Tror på Allah, stemmesanker for KrF" (in Norwegian). NRK. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
  35. ^ Sporstøl, Ellen (May 2, 2009). "Høybråten ønsker seg muslimer" (in Norwegian). TV2 nyhetene. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
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  42. ^ Mehmet gets stem-cell dispensation Archived 2008-09-21 at the Wayback Machine Aftenposten, December 10, 2004
  43. ^ Stillheten etter Mehmet (The quiet after Mehmet) VG, September 1, 2005
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  64. ^ Av. "Disse 190 skal avgjøre KrFs skjebnevalg". VG Nett. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  65. ^ 2. november 2018 · Ekstraordinært landsmøte i KrF (in Norwegian Bokmål). 2018-11-02. Retrieved 2024-05-19 – via tv.nrk.no.
  66. ^ "Tabell 25.3 Stortingsvalg. Godkjente stemmer etter parti1. Prosent".
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