Colorado Springs, Colorado

Colorado Springs
City
Colorado Springs skyline with the Front Range in the background Pikes Peak Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun Colorado Springs Pioneers Museum Glen Eyrie The Broadmoor United States Olympic & Paralympic Museum
Flag Logo
Nicknames:  Olympic City USA,[2] The Springs[3][4]
Location of the City of Colorado Springs in El Paso County, Colorado
Colorado Springs Location of Colorado Springs in Colorado Show map of Colorado Colorado Springs Location of Colorado Springs in the United States Show map of the United States
Coordinates: 38°50′02″N 104°49′31″W / 38.83389°N 104.82528°W / 38.83389; -104.82528
Country	United States
State	Colorado
County	El Paso County[1]
Incorporated	June 19, 1886; 138 years ago (1886-06-19)[5]
Government
• Type	City[6]
• Mayor	Yemi Mobolade (I)[7]
Area [8]
• Total	195.761 sq mi (507.019 km2)
• Land	195.399 sq mi (506.082 km2)
• Water	0.362 sq mi (0.937 km2)
Elevation [9]	6,035 ft (1,839 m)
Population  (2020)[8]
• Total	478,961
• Estimate  (2023)	488,664
• Rank	2nd in Colorado 40th in the United States
• Density	2,400/sq mi (940/km2)
• Urban	632,494 (US: 66th)
• Urban density	3,156.7/sq mi (1,218.8/km2)
• Metro	755,105 (US: 79th)
• Front Range	5,055,344
GDP [10]
• Metro	$47.905 billion (2022)
Time zone	UTC– 07:00 (MST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC– 06:00 (MDT)
ZIP codes[11]	80901–80951, 80960, 80962, 80970, 80977, 80995, 80997
Area code	719
FIPS code	08-16000
GNIS feature ID	2410198[9]
Website	coloradosprings.gov

Colorado Springs is a city in and the county seat of El Paso County, Colorado, United States.^[6] It is the most populous city in El Paso County, with a population of 478,961 at the 2020 census, a 15.02% increase since 2010.^[8][12] Colorado Springs is the second-most populous city and the most extensive city in the state of Colorado, and the 40th-most-populous city in the United States.^[13] It is the principal city of the Colorado Springs metropolitan area, which had 755,105 residents in 2020, and the second-most prominent city of the Front Range Urban Corridor. It is located in east-central Colorado on Fountain Creek, 70 miles (113 km) south of Denver.

At 6,035 feet (1,839 m)^[9] the city stands over 1 mile (1.6 km) above sea level. Colorado Springs is near the base of Pikes Peak, which rises 14,115 feet (4,302.31 m) above sea level on the eastern edge of the Southern Rocky Mountains. The city is the largest city north of Mexico above 6000 feet in elevation.

The Ute, Arapaho and Cheyenne peoples were the first recorded inhabiting the area which would become Colorado Springs.^[14] Part of the territory included in the United States' 1803 Louisiana Purchase, the current city area was designated part of the 1854 Kansas Territory. In 1859, after the first local settlement was established, it became part of the Jefferson Territory on October 24 and of El Paso County on November 28. Colorado City at the Front Range confluence of Fountain and Camp creeks was "formally organized on August 13, 1859"^[15] during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush. It served as the capital of the Colorado Territory from November 5, 1861, until August 14, 1862, when the capital was moved to Golden, before it was finally moved to Denver in 1867.^[16] So many immigrants from England had settled in Colorado Springs by the early 1870s that Colorado Springs was locally referred to as "Little London".^[17] In 1871 the Colorado Springs Company laid out the towns of La Font (later called Manitou Springs) and Fountain Colony, upstream and downstream respectively, of Colorado City.^[18] Within a year, Fountain Colony was renamed Colorado Springs and officially incorporated.^[19] The El Paso County seat shifted from Colorado City in 1873 to the Town of Colorado Springs.^[20] On December 1, 1880, Colorado Springs expanded northward with two annexations.^[21][22]

Mining in Colorado Springs, Colorado

People
Albert E. Carlton J. J. Hagerman Irving Howbert William Jackson Palmer Winfield Scott Stratton Charles L. Tutt Sr.
Coal mining areas
Cheyenne Mountain Cragmor Papeton Pikeview Roswell nearby Franceville
Other mining topics
Colorado Midland Railway Midland Terminal Railway Golden Cycle Mining and Reduction Company Western Museum of Mining & Industry
v t e

The second period of annexations was during 1889–90, and included Seavey's Addition, West Colorado Springs, East End, and another North End addition.^[21] In 1891 the Broadmoor Land Company built the Broadmoor suburb, which included the Broadmoor Casino, and by December 12, 1895, the city had "four Mining Exchanges and 275 mining brokers."^[23] By 1898, the city was designated into quadrants by the north-south Cascade Avenue and the east-west Washington/Pikes Peak avenues.^[22]: 10

From 1899 to 1901 Tesla Experimental Station operated on Knob Hill,^[24] and aircraft flights to the Broadmoor's neighboring fields began in 1919.^[25] Alexander Airport north of the city opened in 1925, and in 1927 the original Colorado Springs Municipal Airport land was purchased east of the city.^[25]

The city's military presence began during World War II, beginning with Camp Carson (now the 135,000-acre Fort Carson base) that was established in 1941.^[26] During the war, the United States Army Air Forces leased land adjacent to the municipal airfield, naming it Peterson Field in December 1942.^[27][28]

In November 1950, Ent Air Force Base was selected as the Cold War headquarters for Air Defense Command (ADC). The former WWII Army Air Base, Peterson Field, which had been inactivated at the end of the war, was re-opened in 1951 as a U.S. Air Force base.^[29]  North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) was established as a hardened command and control center within the Cheyenne Mountain Complex during the Cold War.^[30]

Between 1965 and 1968, the University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Pikes Peak State College and Colorado Technical University were established in or near the city.^[31][32] In 1977 most of the former Ent AFB became a US Olympic training center. The Libertarian Party was founded within the city in the 1970s.^[33]

On October 1, 1981, the Broadmoor Addition,^[21] Cheyenne Canon, Ivywild, Skyway, and Stratton Meadows were annexed after the Colorado Supreme Court "overturned a district court decision that voided the annexation". Further annexations expanding the city include the Nielson Addition and Vineyard Commerce Park Annexation in September 2008.^[21]

On June 23, 2012, the Waldo Canyon fire began 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of the city.^[34] The fire ended up destroying 347 homes and killing two people in the city. In total, over 32,000 residents had to be evacuated.^[35] At the time the fire was the most destructive in state history until it was surpassed by the Black Forest Fire the following year.^{[citation needed]}

The city lies in a semi-arid Steppe climate region^[36] with the Southern Rocky Mountains to the west, the Palmer Divide to the north, high plains further east, and high desert lands to the south when leaving Fountain and approaching Pueblo.^[37] Colorado Springs is 69 miles (111 km) or one hour and five minutes south of Denver by car using I-25.^[38]

Colorado Springs has the greatest total area of any municipality in Colorado. At the 2020 United States Census, the city had a total area of 195.761 square miles (507.019 km²) including 0.362 square miles (0.937 km²) of water.^[8]

Colorado Springs has a cooler, dry-winter semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), and its location just east of the Rocky Mountains affords it the rapid warming influence from chinook winds during winter but also subjects it to drastic day-to-day variability in weather conditions.^[39] The city has abundant sunshine year-round, averaging 243 sunny days per year,^[40][41] and receives approximately 16.5 inches (419 mm) of annual precipitation. Due to unusually low precipitation for several years after flooding in 1999, Colorado Springs enacted lawn water restrictions in 2002. These were lifted in 2005^[37] but permanently reinstated in December 2019.^[42]

Colorado Springs is one of the most active lightning strike areas in the United States.^[36] This natural phenomenon led Nikola Tesla to select Colorado Springs as the preferred location to build his lab and study electricity.^[43]

December is typically the coldest month, averaging 30.8 °F (−0.7 °C). Historically, January had been the coldest month, but, in recent years, December has had both lower daily maxima and minima.^[44] Typically, there are 5.2 nights with sub-0 °F (−18 °C) lows and 23.6 days where the high does not rise above freezing.^[45]

Snowfall is usually moderate and remains on the ground briefly because of direct sun, with the city receiving 38 inches (97 cm) per season, although the mountains to the west often receive in excess of triple that amount; March is the snowiest month in the region, both by total accumulation and number of days with measurable snowfall. In addition, 8 of the top 10 heaviest 24-hour snowfalls have occurred from March to May.^[45] Summers are warm, with July, the warmest month, averaging 70.9 °F (21.6 °C), and 18 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs annually. Due to the high elevation and aridity, nights are usually relatively cool and rarely does the low remain above 70 °F (21 °C).^[45] Dry weather generally prevails, but brief afternoon thunderstorms are common, especially in July and August when the city receives the majority of its annual rainfall, due to the North American monsoon.^[46]

The first autumn freeze and the last freeze in the spring, on average, occur on October 2 and May 6, respectively; the average window for measurable snowfall (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) is October 21 through April 25. Extreme temperatures range from 101 °F (38 °C) on June 26, 2012 and most recently on June 21, 2016, down to −27 °F (−33 °C) on February 1, 1951, and December 9, 1919.^[47]

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1880	4,226		—
1890	11,140		163.6%
1900	21,085		89.3%
1910	29,078		37.9%
1920	30,105		3.5%
1930	33,237		10.4%
1940	36,789		10.7%
1950	45,472		23.6%
1960	70,194		54.4%
1970	135,517		93.1%
1980	215,105		58.7%
1990	281,140		30.7%
2000	360,890		28.4%
2010	416,427		15.4%
2020	478,961		15.0%
2023 (est.)	488,664		2.0%
U.S. Decennial Census

As of the 2020 United States Census, the population of the City of Colorado Springs was 478,961 (40th most populous U.S. city), the population of the Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area was 755,105 (79th most populous MSA), and the population of the Front Range Urban Corridor was 5,055,344.^[8]

Colorado Springs, Colorado – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.

Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)	Pop 2000[53]	Pop 2010[54]	Pop 2020[55]	% 2000	% 2010	% 2020
White alone (NH)	271,734	294,598	312,752	75.30%	70.74%	65.30%
Black or African American alone (NH)	22,760	24,391	26,368	6.31%	5.86%	5.51%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)	2,095	2,403	2,504	0.58%	0.58%	0.52%
Asian alone (NH)	9,956	12,206	15,672	2.76%	2.93%	3.27%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)	681	1,092	1,392	0.19%	0.26%	0.29%
Other race alone (NH)	651	768	2,831	0.18%	0.18%	0.59%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH)	9,683	14,103	29,545	2.68%	3.39%	6.17%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	43,330	66,866	87,897	12.01%	16.06%	18.35%
Total	360,890	416,427	478,961	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%

As of the April 2010 census,^[56] 78.8% of the population of the city was White (non-Hispanic Whites were 70.7% of the population,^[57] compared with 86.6% in 1970^[58]), 16.1% Hispanic or Latino of any race (compared with 7.4% in 1970), 6.3% Black or African American, 3.0% Asian, 1.0% descended from indigenous peoples of the Americas, 0.3% descended from indigenous Hawaiians and other Pacific islanders, 5.5% of some other race, and 5.1% of two or more races. Mexican Americans made up 14.6% of the city's population, compared with 9.1% in 1990. The median age in the city was 35 years.^[59][b]

Colorado Springs's economy is driven primarily by the military, the high-tech industry, and tourism, in that order. The city is experiencing growth in the service sectors. In June 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic, the unemployment rate was 3.3%.^[61] The state's unemployment rate in June 2022 was 3.4%^[62] compared to 3.6% for the nation.^[63]

As of 2021^[update], there are nearly 45,000 active-duty troops in Colorado Springs. There are more than 100,000 veterans and thousands of reservists.^[26] The military and defense contractors supply more than 40% of the Pikes Peak region's economy.^[26]

Colorado Springs is home to the Peterson Space Force Base, Schriever Space Force Base, Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station, U.S. Space Command, and Space Operations Command— the largest contingent of space service military installations. They are responsible for intelligence gathering, space operations, and cyber missions.^[64]

Peterson Space Force Base is responsible for the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and the United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) headquarters,^[30] Space Operations Command, and Space Deltas 2, 3, and 7.^[64] Located at Peterson is the 302nd Airlift Wing, an Air Force Reserve unit, that transports passengers and cargo and fights wildfires.^[64]

Schriever Space Force Base is responsible for Joint Task Force-Space Defense and Space Deltas 6, 8, and 9.^[64] The NORAD and USNORTHCOM Alternate Command Center is located at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex.^[30] Within the mountain complex, the Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station has been operated by Space Operations Command.^[30] On January 13, 2021, the Air Force announced a new permanent home for Space Command, moving it from Colorado Springs to Huntsville, Alabama in 2026, but the decision could be reversed by Congress.^[26][65][c]

Army divisions are trained and stationed at Fort Carson. The United States Air Force Academy was established after World War II, on land donated by the City of Colorado Springs.^[26]

The defense industry forms a significant part of the Colorado Springs economy, with some of the city's largest employers being defense contractors.^[69] Some defense corporations have left or downsized city campuses, but slight growth has been recorded. Significant defense corporations in the city include Northrop Grumman, Boeing, General Dynamics, L3Harris Technologies, SAIC, ITT, Lockheed Martin, and Bluestaq.^{[70][71][72][73]} The Space Foundation is based in Colorado Springs.^[74]

A large percentage of Colorado Springs's economy is still based on manufacturing high-tech and complex electronic equipment. The high-tech sector in the Colorado Springs area has decreased its overall presence from 2000 to 2006 (from around 21,000 to around 8,000), with notable reductions in information technology and complex electronic equipment.^[75] Current trends project the high-tech employment ratio will continue to decrease.^{[76][77][78][79][needs update]}

High-tech corporations offering fibre-optics to the premises connections within the city include: Lumen Technologies, Comcast and other providers as of 2023.^[80] Hewlett-Packard still has some sales, support, and SAN storage engineering center for the computer industry.^[81][82][83] Storage Networking Industry Association is the home of the SNIA Technology Center.^[84] Keysight Technologies, spun off in 2014 from Agilent,^[85] which was itself spun off from HP in 1999 as an independent, publicly traded company,^[86] has its oscilloscope research and development division based in Colorado Springs. Intel had 250 employees in 2009.^[87] The Intel facility is now used for the centralized unemployment offices, social services, El Paso county offices, and a bitcoin mining facility.^[88] Microchip Technology (formerly Atmel), is a chip fabrication organization.^[89] The Apple Inc. facility was sold to Sanmina-SCI in 1996.^[90]

Almost immediately following the arrival of railroads beginning in 1871, the city's location at the base of Pikes Peak and the Rocky Mountains made it a popular tourism destination. Tourism is the third largest employer in the Pikes Peak region, accounting for more than 16,000 jobs.^[91] In 2018, 23 million day and overnight visitors came to the area, contributing $2.4 billion in revenue.^[92]

Colorado Springs has more than 55 attractions and activities in the area,^[93] including Garden of the Gods park, United States Air Force Academy, the ANA Money Museum, Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center at Colorado College, Old Colorado City, The National Museum of World War II Aviation, and the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Training Center.^[94] In 2020, the United States Olympic & Paralympic Museum opened;^[95] the Flying W Ranch Chuckwagon Dinner & Western Show reopened in 2020.^[96] A new Pikes Peak Summit Complex opened at the 14,115-foot summit in 2021.^[97] The Manitou and Pikes Peak Railway also reopened in 2021.^[98]

The downtown Colorado Springs Visitor Information Center offers free area information to leisure and business travelers.^[93] The Cultural Office of the Pikes Peak Region (COPPeR), also downtown, supports and advocates for the arts throughout the Pikes Peak Region. It operates the PeakRadar website to communicate city events.^[99]

Colorado Springs is home to the annual Colorado Springs Labor Day Lift Off, a hot air balloon festival that takes place over Labor Day weekend at the city's Memorial Park.^[100]

Other annual events include: a comic book convention and science fiction convention called GalaxyFest in February,^[101] a pride parade called PrideFest in July,^[102] the Greek Festival, the Pikes Peak Ascent and Marathon, and the Steers & Beers Whiskey and Beer Festival in August,^{[103][104][105]} and the Emma Crawford Coffin Races and Festival in nearby Manitou Springs and Arts Month in October.^[106][107]

The Colorado Springs Festival of Lights Parade is held the first Saturday in December.^[108] The parade is held on Tejon Street in Downtown Colorado Springs.^[109]

In 2017, Colorado had the third-most craft breweries at 348.^[110] Breweries and microbreweries have become popular in Colorado Springs, which hosts over 30 of them.^[111][112]

Although houses of worship of almost every major world religion are within the city, Colorado Springs has in particular attracted a large influx of Evangelical Christians and Christian organizations in recent years. At one time Colorado Springs was the national headquarters for 81 different religious organizations, earning the city the tongue-in-cheek nicknames "the Evangelical Vatican"^[113] and "The Christian Mecca". Religious groups with regional or international headquarters in Colorado Springs include:

Although Colorado voters approved Colorado Amendment 64, a constitutional amendment in 2012 legalizing retail sales of marijuana for recreational purposes, the Colorado Springs city council voted not to permit retail shops in the city, as was allowed in the amendment.^[133] Medical marijuana outlets continue to operate in Colorado Springs.^[134] In 2015, there were 91 medical marijuana clinics in the city, which reported sales of $59.6 million in 2014, up 11 percent from the previous year but without recreational marijuana shops.^[135] On April 26, 2016, Colorado Springs city council decided to extend the current six-month moratorium to eighteen months with no new licenses to be granted until May 2017. A scholarly paper suggested the city would give up $25.4 million in tax revenue and fees if the city continued to thwart the industry from opening within the city limits.^[136][137] As of March 1, 2018, there were 131 medical marijuana centers and no recreational cannabis stores.^[138] As of 2019 Colorado Springs is still one of seven towns that have only allowed for medical marijuana.^[139]

Colorado Springs has been the subject of or setting for many books, films and television shows, and is a frequent backdrop for political thrillers and military-themed stories because of its many military installations and vital importance to the United States' continental defense. Notable television series using the city as a setting include Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Homicide Hunter and the Stargate series Stargate SG-1, as well as the films WarGames, The Prestige, and BlacKkKlansman.^[140]

In a North Korean propaganda video released in April 2013, Colorado Springs was singled out as one of four targets for a missile strike. The video failed to pinpoint Colorado Springs on the map, instead showing a spot somewhere in Louisiana.^[141]

Colorado Springs, dubbed Olympic City USA, is home to the United States Olympic & Paralympic Training Center and the headquarters of the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee and the United States Anti-Doping Agency.^[142]

Further, over 50 national sports organizations (non-Olympic) headquarter in Colorado Springs. These include the National Strength and Conditioning Association, Sports Incubator, a various non-Olympic Sports (such as USA Ultimate), and more.^[143]

Colorado Springs and Denver hosted the 1962 World Ice Hockey Championships.

The city has a long association with the sport of figure skating, having hosted the U.S. Figure Skating Championships six times and the World Figure Skating Championships five times. It is home to the World Figure Skating Museum and Hall of Fame and the Broadmoor Skating Club, a notable training center for the sport. In recent years, the Broadmoor World Arena has hosted skating events such as Skate America and the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships.^[144]

Colorado Springs is home to a professional baseball team, The Rocky Mountain Vibes who are a member of the Pioneer League an MLB Partner League

The Pikes Peak International Hill Climb (PPIHC), also known as The Race to the Clouds, is an annual invitational automobile and motorcycle hill climb to the summit of Pikes Peak, every year on the last Sunday of June.^[145] The highway wasn't completely paved until 2011.^[146]

Name	Sport	Founded	League	Venue	Ref.
Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC	Soccer	2015	USL Championship	Weidner Field	[147]
Rocky Mountain Vibes	Baseball	2019	Pioneer League	UCHealth Park	[148]

The local colleges feature many sports teams. Notable among them are several nationally competitive NCAA Division I teams: United States Air Force Academy (Falcons) Football, Basketball and Hockey^[149] and Colorado College (Tigers) Hockey, and Women's Soccer.^[150]

Colorado Springs was the original headquarters of the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) from its founding in 1992 until 2005, when the organization was moved to Pueblo.^[151]

The city's Parks, Recreation and Cultural Services manage 136 neighborhood parks, eight community parks, seven regional parks, and five sports complexes, totaling 9,000 acres (3,600 ha). They also manage 500 acres (200 ha) of trails, of which 160 miles (260 km) are park trails and 105 miles (169 km) are urban. There are 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of open space in 48 open-space areas.^[152]

Garden of the Gods is on Colorado Springs's western edge. It is a National Natural Landmark, with 300 foot (91 m) red/orange sandstone rock formations often viewed against a backdrop of the snow-capped Pikes Peak. This park is free to the public and offers many recreational opportunities, such as hiking, rock climbing, cycling, horseback riding and tours.^[154] It offers a variety of annual events, one of the most popular of which is the Starlight Spectacular, a recreational bike ride held every summer to benefit the Trails and Open Space Coalition of Colorado Springs.^[155]

Colorado Springs has several major city parks, such as Palmer Park, America the Beautiful Park in downtown, Memorial Park, which includes many sports fields, an indoor swimming pool and skating rink, a skateboard bowl and two half-pipes, and Monument Valley Park, which has walking and biking paths, an outdoor swimming pool and pickleball courts.^[156] Monument Valley Park also has Tahama Spring, the original spring in Colorado Springs.^[157][158] Austin Bluffs Park affords a place of recreation in eastern Colorado Springs. El Paso County Regional Parks include Bear Creek Regional Park, Bear Creek Dog Park, Fox Run Regional Park and Fountain Creek Regional Park and Nature Center.^[159] Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa),^[160][161] Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii),^[162][163] narrowleaf yucca (Yucca angustissima, syn. Yucca glauca)^[164] and prickly pear cactus (Opuntia macrorhiza).^[165]

Three trails, the New Santa Fe Regional Trail, Pikes Peak Greenway and Fountain Creek Regional Trail, form a continuous path from Palmer Lake, through Colorado Springs, to Fountain, Colorado. The majority of the trail between Palmer Lake and Fountain is a soft surface breeze gravel trail. A major segment of the trail within the Colorado Springs city limits is paved. The trails, except Monument Valley Park trails, may be used for equestrian traffic. Motorized vehicles are not allowed on the trails. Many of the trails are interconnected, having main spine trails, like the Pikes Peak Greenway, that lead to secondary trails.^{[166][167][168]}

On November 2, 2010, Colorado Springs voters adopted a council-strong mayor form of government. The City of Colorado Springs transitioned to the new system of government in 2011. Under the council-strong mayor system of government, the mayor is the chief executive and the city council is the legislative branch. The mayor is a full-time elected position and not a member of the council. The council has nine members, six of whom represent one of six equally populated districts each. The remaining three members are elected at-large.^[169]

Colorado Springs City Hall was built from 1902 to 1904 on land donated by W. S. Stratton.^[170]

The Colorado Springs City Council consists of nine elected officials, six of whom represent districts and three of whom represent the city at-large.^[171]

• District 1 – Dave Donelson
• District 2 – Randy Helms – Council President
• District 3 – Michelle Talarico
• District 4 – Yolanda Avila
• District 5 – Nancy Henjum
• District 6 – Mike O'Malley
• At-large – Lynette Crow-Iverson – Council President Pro Tem
• At-large – David Leinweber
• At-large – Brian Risley

In 2017 Caleb Hannan wrote in Politico that Colorado Springs was "staunchly Republican", "a right-wing counterweight to liberal Boulder", and that a study ranked it "the fourth most conservative city in America".^[172] In 2016 Hannan wrote that downtown Colorado Springs had a different political vibe from the overall area's and that there were "superficial signs of changing demographics".^[172] Since 2020, Colorado Springs has continued to shift towards the political center. In 2022, Governor Jared Polis won the city in his bid for reelection.^[173] In the 2023 mayoral election, independent candidate Yemi Mobolade handily won the race and became the first elected non-Republican mayor of the city.^[174]

In addition the state of Colorado runs the Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind, a residential school for people up to age 21 and established in 1874, in the city.^[185]

State institutions offering bachelors and graduate degree programs in Colorado Springs include the University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS) with more than 12,000 students^[186] and Pikes Peak State College which offers mostly two-year degree associate degrees.^[187] The United States Air Force Academy is a federal institution offering bachelor's degrees for officer candidates.^[188]

Private non-profit institutions include Colorado College established in 1874 with about 2,000 undergraduates.^[189] Colorado Christian University has its Colorado Springs Center in the city.^[190]

Private for-profit institutions include Colorado Technical University whose main campus is in Colorado Springs and IntelliTec College a technical training school.

Colorado Springs is primarily served by one interstate highway. I-25 runs north and south through Colorado, and traverses the city for nearly 18 miles (29 km), entering the city south of Circle Drive and exiting north of North Gate Boulevard. In El Paso County it is known as Ronald Reagan Highway.^[d]

A number of state and U.S. highways serve the city. State Highway 21 is a major east side semi-expressway from Black Forest to Fountain, known locally and co-signed as Powers Boulevard. State Highway 83 runs north–south from central Denver to northern Colorado Springs. State Highway 94 runs east–west from western Cheyenne County to eastern Colorado Springs where it terminates at US 24. US 24 is a major route through the city and county, providing access to Woodland Park via Ute Pass to the west and downtown, Nob Hill and numerous suburbs to the east. It is co-signed with Platte Ave after SH 21 and originally carried local traffic through town. The Martin Luther King Jr Bypass runs from I-25 near Circle Drive along Fountain Blvd to SH 21, then east again. State Highway 115 begins in Cañon City, traveling north along the western edge of Fort Carson; when it reaches the city limits it merges with Nevada Avenue, a signed Business Route of US 85. US 85 and SH 115 are concurrent between Lake Avenue and I-25. US 85 enters the city at Fountain and was signed at Venetucci Blvd, Lake Avenue, and Nevada Avenue^[e] at various points in history; however most of US 85 is concurrent with I-25 and is not signed.

In November 2015, voters in Colorado Springs overwhelmingly passed ballot measure 2C, dedicating funds from a temporary sales tax increase to much needed road and infrastructure improvements over five years. This temporary increase is estimated to bring in approximately $50 million annually, which will be used solely to improve roads and infrastructure. The ballot measure passed by a margin of approximately 65–35%.^[195]

In 2004, the voters of Colorado Springs and El Paso County established the Pikes Peak Rural Transportation Authority.^[196]

In early 2010, the city of Colorado Springs approved an expansion of the northernmost part of Powers Boulevard to create an Interstate 25 bypass commonly referred to as the Copper Ridge Expansion.^[197][f]

Colorado Springs Airport (COS; ICAO: KCOS) has been in operation since 1925. It is the second-largest commercial airport in the state, after Denver International Airport (DEN; ICAO: KDEN). It covers 7,200 acres (2,900 ha) of land at an elevation of approximately 6,200 feet (1,900 m). COS is considered to be a joint-use civilian and military airport, as Peterson Space Force Base is a tenant of the airport.^[199] It has three paved runways: 17L/35R is 13,501 by 150 feet (4,115 by 46 m), the runway 17R/35L is 11,022 by 150 feet (3,360 by 46 m) and the runway 13/31 is 8,270 by 150 feet (2,521 by 46 m).^[200] The airport handled 2,134,618 passengers in 2022,^[201] and is served by American, Avelo, Delta, Southwest, Sun Country, and United.^[202]

Freight service is provided by Union Pacific and BNSF.

Once an important hub, the city was once served by four Class 1 railroads, as well as a number of smaller operators, some of which were narrow gauge,^[203] and an extensive streetcar system, the Colorado Springs and Interurban Railway.

Currently there is no intercity passenger service; the last remaining services connecting the Front Range cities ceased with the formation of Amtrak in 1971.^[g] Front Range Passenger Rail is a current proposal (as of 2023) to link the cities from Pueblo in the south, north to Fort Collins and possibly Cheyenne, Wyoming.^[204]

As of 2017, Colorado Springs has 121 miles of bike lanes and 82 miles of paved trails.^[205] PikeRide is a local electric bike-share program that operates in urban core, Old Colorado City, and Manitou Springs.

In April 2018, the Colorado Springs City Council approved a Bike Master Plan.^[206] The vision of the city's Bike Master Plan is "a healthy and vibrant Colorado Springs where bicycling is one of many transportation options for a large portion of the population, and where a well-connected and well-maintained network of urban trails, single-track, and on-street infrastructure offers a bicycling experience for present and future generations that is safe, convenient, and fun for getting around, getting in shape, or getting away."

Bike lanes in Colorado Springs have not been deployed without controversy. According to The Gazette, their readers "have mixed feelings for new bike lanes."^[207] In December 2016, the City removed a bike lane along Research Parkway due to overwhelming opposition; an online survey found that 80.5% of respondents opposed the bike lane.^[208] The Gazette has stated that since the Bike Master Plan was adopted by city council, "no issue has elicited more argument in The Gazette pages," and due to this immense public interest, on February 25, 2019, The Gazette hosted a town hall meeting called "Battle of the Bike Lanes".^[209][210]

A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Colorado Springs 34th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.^[211]

Mountain Metropolitan Transit (commonly referred to as MMT) is the primary public transportation provider for the Colorado Springs metropolitan region. MMT operates thirty-four bus routes, providing service for Colorado Springs, Manitou Springs, and Security-Widefield. The Downtown Terminal is the system's main hub, with the Citadel Mall, PPSC, and Chapel Hills Mall acting as secondary transfer stations.

Mountain Metro Mobility is an Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) federally mandated complementary ADA paratransit service, which provides demand-response service for individuals with mobility needs that prevent them from using the fixed-route bus system.^[212][213]

Intercity bus service is available through the state-ran Bustang service and Greyhound. Bustang runs frequent trips to Denver, and daily trips to Lamar via Pueblo.

See also National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Springs, Colorado

Colorado Springs' sister cities are:^[215]

• Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan (1962)
• Kaohsiung, Taiwan (1983)
• Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (1994)
• Nuevo Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico (1996)
• Canterbury-Bankstown, Sydney, Australia (1999)
• Olympia, Peloponnese, Greece (2014)
• Kranj, Slovenia (2022)

Suspended sistership

• Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast, Russia (1993–2022)^[216]

Colorado Springs's sister city organization began when it became partners with Fujiyoshida. The torii gate erected to commemorate the relationship stands at the corner of Bijou Street and Nevada Avenue, and is one of the city's most recognizable landmarks. The torii gate, crisscrossed bridge and shrine, in the median between Platte and Bijou Streets downtown, were a gift to Colorado Springs, erected in 1966 by the Rotary Club of Colorado Springs to celebrate the friendship between the two communities. A plaque near the torii gate states that "the purpose of the sister city relationship is to promote understanding between the people of our two countries and cities". The Fujiyoshida Student exchange program has become an annual event.^[217]

In 2006 and 2010, the Bankstown TAP (Talent Advancement Program) performed with the Youth Symphony and the Colorado Springs Children's Chorale as part of the annual "In Harmony" program.^[217] A notable similarity between Colorado Springs and its sister cities is their geographic positions: three of the seven cities are near the foot of a major mountain or mountain range, as is Colorado Springs.^[218]

• Colorado Springs, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area
• Media in Colorado Springs, Colorado
• Tuberculosis treatment in Colorado Springs

• Official website
• CDOT map of the City of Colorado Springs
• Visit Colorado Springs official website