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Comparative officer ranks of World War II

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 17 min

For more detailed rank information, see relevant national rank pages.

The following table shows comparative officer ranks of World War II, with the ranks of Allied powers, the major Axis powers and various other countries and co-belligerents during World War II.

Table

[edit]

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 British Army[1]
Field marshal General Lieutenant-general Major-general Brigadier[a] Colonel Lieutenant-colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second lieutenant
 Royal Air Force[2]
Marshal of the RAF Air chief marshal Air marshal Air vice-marshal Air commodore Group captain Wing commander Squadron leader Flight lieutenant Flying officer Pilot officer/
Acting pilot officer
 Royal Navy[3]
Admiral of the Fleet Admiral Vice admiral Rear admiral Commodore[a] Captain Commander Lieutenant commander Lieutenant Sub lieutenant Midshipman
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Belgian Army & Military Aviation[4]
Luitenant-generaal Generaal-majoor Kolonel Luitenant-kolonel Majoor Kapitein-commandant Kapitein Luitenant Onderluitenant
Belgian Naval Corps[5]
Kolonel Luitenant-kolonel Majoor Kapitein-commandant Kapitein Luitenant Onder­luitenant
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946) Royal Bulgarian Army & Air Force[6][7]
Генерал-полковник
General-pukovnik 		Генерал-лейтенант
General-leytenant 		Генерал-майор
General-mayor 		Полковник
Polkovnik 		Подполковник
Podpolkovnik 		Майор
Mayor 		Капитан
Kapitan 		Старши лейтенант
Starshi leytenant 		Лейтенант
Leytenant 		Офицерски кандидатъ
Ofitserski kandidat
 Royal Bulgarian Navy[8]
Адмирал
Admiral 		Вицеадмирал
Vitse­admiral 		Контраадмирал
Kontra­admiral 		Капитан I ранг
Kapitan I rang 		Капитан II ранг
Kapitan II rang 		Капитан III ранг
Kapitan III rang 		Лейтенант
Leytenant 		Мичман I ранг
Michman I rang 		Мичман II ранг
Michman II rang 		Офицерски кандидатъ
Ofitserski kandidat
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Republic of China National Army[9][10]
特級上將
Teji shangjiang 		一級上將
Yījí shàngjiàng 		二級上將
Èrjí shàngjiàng 		中將
Zhōngjiàng 		少將
Shàojiàng 		上校
Shàngxiào 		中校
Zhōngxiào 		少校
Shàoxiào 		上尉
Shàngwèi 		中尉
Zhōngwèi 		少尉
Shàowèi 		准尉
Zhunwei
Republic of China Air Force[9][11]
中將
Zhōngjiàng 		少將
Shàojiàng 		上校
Shàngxiào 		中校
Zhōngxiào 		少校
Shàoxiào 		上尉
Shàngwèi 		中尉
Zhōngwèi 		少尉
Shàowèi
Taiwan Republic of China Navy[12][13]
一級上將
Yījí shàngjiàng 		二級上將
Èrjí shàngjiàng 		中將
Zhōngjiàng 		少將
Shàojiàng 		代將
Dàijiàng 		上校
Shàngxiào 		中校
Zhōngxiào 		少校
Shàoxiào 		上尉
Shàngwèi 		中尉
Zhōngwèi 		少尉
Shàowèi
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Czechoslovak Army[14]
Armádní generál Divisní generál Brigádní generál Plukovník Podplukovník Major Štábní kapitán Kapitán Nadporučík Poručík Podporučík
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Royal Danish Army[15]
General General­løjtnant General­major Oberst Oberst­løjtnant Kaptajn Kaptajn­løjtnant Premier­løjtnant Løjtnant Sekond­løjtnant
 Royal Danish Navy[15]
Admiral Vice­admiral Kontre­admiral Kommandør Kommandør­kaptajn Orlogs­kaptajn Kaptajn­løjtnant Søløjtnant I Løjtnant Søløjtnant II
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Finland Finnish Army & Air Force[16] Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second Lieutenant
Sotamarsalkka
Fältmarskalk 		Kenraali
General 		Kenraaliluutnantti
Generallöjtnant 		Kenraalimajuri
Generalmajor 		Eversti
Överste 		Everstiluutnantti
Överstelöjtnant 		Majuri
Major 		Kapteeni
Kapten 		Luutnantti
Löjtnant 		Vänrikki
Fänrik
 Finnish Navy[16]
Amiraali
Amiral 		Vara-amiraali
Viceamiral 		Kontra-amiraali
Konteramiral 		Kommodori
Kommodor 		Komentaja
Kommendör 		Komentajakapteeni
Kommendörkapten 		Kapteeniluutnantti
Kaptenlöjtnant 		Luutnantti
Löjtnant 		Aliluutnantti
Underlöjtnant
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
France French Army[17]
Maréchal de France Général d'armée Général de corps d'armée Général de division Général de brigade Colonel Lieutenant-colonel Commandant Capitaine Lieutenant Sous-lieutenant
France French Air Force[17]
Général d'armée aérienne Général de corps aérien Général de division aérienne Général de brigade aérienne Colonel Lieutenant-colonel Commandant Capitaine Lieutenant Sous-lieutenant
 French Navy[18]
Amiral de France Amiral de la Flotte[19] Amiral Vice-amiral d'escadre Vice-amiral Contre-amiral Capitaine de vaisseau Capitaine de frégate Capitaine de corvette Lieutenant de vaisseau Enseigne de vaisseau de 1re classe Enseigne de vaisseau de 2e classe
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 German Army & Luftwaffe[20]
Reichsmarschall
General­feldmarschall General­oberst General der Waffengattung General­leutnant General­major Oberst Oberst­leutnant Major Haupt­mann Ober­leutnant Leutnant
 Kriegsmarine[21]
Groß­admiral General­admiral Admiral Vize­admiral Konter­admiral Kommodore Kapitän zur See Fregatten­kapitän Korvetten­kapitän Kapitän­leutnant Ober­leutnant zur See Leutnant zur See
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Hellenic Army[22]
Στρατάρχης
Stratarches 		Στρατηγός
Stratigos 		Αντιστράτηγος
Antistratigos 		Υποστράτηγος
Ypostratigos 		Συνταγματάρχης
Syntagmatarchis 		Αντισυνταγματάρχης
Antisyntagmatarchis 		Ταγματάρχης
Tagmatarchis 		Λοχαγός
Lochagos 		Υπολοχαγός
Ypolochagos 		Ανθυπολοχαγός
Anthypolochagos
 Royal Hellenic Air Force[23]
Αἰθεράρχης
Aitherárchis 		Πτέραρχος
Ptérarchos 		Ἀντιπτέραρχος
Antiptérarchos 		Ὑποπτέραρχος
Ypoptérarchos 		Σμήναρχος
Smínarchos 		Ἀντισμήναρχος
Antismínarchos 		Ἐπισμηναγός
Episminagós 		Σμηναγός
Sminagós 		Ὑποσμηναγός
Yposminagós 		Ἀνθυποσμηναγός
Anthyposminagós
 Royal Hellenic Navy[23]
Στολάρχης
Stolarchis 		Ναύαρχος
Navarchos 		Αντιναύαρχος
Antinavarchos 		Υποναύαρχος
Yponavarchos 		Πλοίαρχος
Ploiarchos 		Αντιπλοίαρχος
Antiploiarchos 		Πλωτάρχης
Plotarchis 		Υποπλοίαρχος
Ypoploiarchos 		Ανθυποπλοίαρχος
Anthypoploiarchos 		Σημαιοφόρος
Simaioforos
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Royal Hungarian Army[24][25]
Tábornagy Vezérezredes Altábornagy Vezérőrnagy Ezredes Alezredes Őrnagy Százados Főhadnagy Hadnagy
 Royal Hungarian Air Force[26]
Altábornagy Vezérőrnagy Ezredes Alezredes Őrnagy Százados Főhadnagy Hadnagy
 Royal Hungarian River Guard[25]
Vezérfökapitány Vezérkapitány Fötörzskapitány Törzskapitány Törzsalkapitány Kapitány Föhajónagy Hajónagy
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Italy Royal Italian Army[27]
Primo maresciallo dell'Impero
Maresciallo d'Italia Generale d'armata Generale designato d'armata Generale di corpo d'armata Generale di divisione Generale di brigata Colonnello comandante Colonnello Tenente colonnello Maggiore Primo capitano Capitano Primo tenente Tenente Sottotenente
Italy Royal Italian Air Force[28]
Maresciallo dell'Aria Generale d'Armata Aerea Generale designato d'Armata Aerea Generale di Corpo d'Armata Aerea Generale di Divisione Aerea Generale di Brigata Aerea Colonnello Tenente colonnello Maggiore Primo capitano Capitano Tenente Sottotenente
Italy Royal Italian Navy[29]
Grande ammiraglio Ammiraglio d'armata Ammiraglio designato d'armata Ammiraglio di squadra Ammiraglio di divisione Contrammiraglio Capitano di vascello Capitano di fregata Capitano di corvetta Primo tenente di vascello Tenente di vascello Sottotenente di vascello Guardiamarina
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Imperial Japanese Army & Army Air Service[30]
大元帥陸軍大将
Daigensui-rikugun-taishō 		元帥陸軍大将
Gensui-rikugun-taishō 		陸軍大将
Rikugun-taishō 		陸軍中将
Rikugun-chūjō 		陸軍少将
Rikugun-shōshō 		陸軍大佐
Rikugun-taisa 		陸軍中佐
Rikugun-chūsa 		陸軍少佐
Rikugun-shōsa 		陸軍大尉
Rikugun-tai-i 		陸軍中尉
Rikugun-chūi 		陸軍少尉
Rikugun-shōi 		准尉
Jun-i
 Imperial Japanese Navy[31][32]
大元帥海軍大将
Daigensui-kaigun-taishō 		元帥海軍大将
Gensui-kaigun-taishō 		海軍大将
Kaigun-taishō 		海軍中将
Kaigun-chūjō 		海軍少将
Kaigun-shōshō 		海軍大佐
Kaigun-daisa 		海軍中佐
Kaigun-chūsa 		海軍少佐
Kaigun-shōsa 		海軍大尉
Kaigun-dai-i 		海軍中尉
Kaigun-chūi 		海軍少尉
Kaigun-shōi 		兵曹長
Heisōchō
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Manchukuo Imperial Army & Air Force[33][34]
總司令
Zǒng sīlìng 		上将
Shàng jiàng 		中将
Zhōng jiàng 		少将
Shào jiàng 		上校
Shàng xiào 		中校
Zhōng xiào 		少校
Shào xiào 		上尉
Shàng wèi 		中尉
Zhōng wèi 		少尉
Shào wèi 		准尉
Zhǔn wèi
 Manchukuo Imperial Navy[35][36]
總司令
Zǒng sīlìng 		上将
Shàng jiàng 		中将
Zhōng jiàng 		少将
Shào jiàng 		上校
Shàng xiào 		中校
Zhōng xiào 		少校
Shào xiào 		上尉
Shàng wèi 		中尉
Zhōng wèi 		少尉
Shào wèi
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Royal Netherlands Army[37]
Generaal Luitenant-generaal Generaal-majoor Kolonel Luitenant-kolonel Majoor Kapitein/
Ritmeester 		Eerste luitenant Tweede luitenant
 Royal Netherlands Navy[37]
Admiraal Luitenant-admiraal Vice-admiraal Schout-bij-nacht Kapitein ter zee Kapitein-luitenant ter zee Luitenant ter zee der 1ste klasse Luitenant ter zee der 2de klasse oudste categorie Luitenant ter zee der 2de klasse Luitenant ter zee der 3de klasse
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Norwegian Army & Army Air Service[38]
General General­løjtnant General­major Oberst Oberst­løitnant Major Kaptein/
Rittmester 		Premier­løitnant Sekond­løitnant
 Royal Norwegian Navy[39][40]
Admiral Vice­admiral Kontre­admiral Kommandør Kommandør­kaptein Kaptein­løytnant Kaptein Løitnant Sekund­løitnant
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Poland Polish Army & Air Force[41]
Marszałek Polski
Generał broni Generał dywizji Generał brygady Pułkownik Podpułkownik Major Kapitan/
Rotmistrz 		Porucznik Podporucznik Chorąży
 Polish Navy[42]
Admirał Wice­admirał Kontr­admirał Komandor Komandor porucznik Komandor podporucznik Kapitan marynarki Porucznik marynarki Podporucznik marynarki
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Royal Romanian Army[43][44]
Mareșal General de armată General de corp de armată General de divizie General de brigadă Colonel Locotenent-colonel Maior Căpitan Locotenent Sublocotenent
 Royal Romanian Air Force[45][46]
General-locotenent General-maior Comandor Căpitan-comandor Locotenent-comandor Căpitan Locotenent Sublocotenent
Royal Romanian Navy[47]
Amiral Viceamiral Contraamiral Contraamiral de flotilă Comandor Căpitan-comandor Locotenent-comandor Căpitan Locotenent Sublocotenent
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
United States United States Army & Army Air Force[48]
General of the Army General Lieutenant General Major General Brigadier General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant
United States United States Navy[48]
Fleet admiral Admiral Vice admiral Rear admiral Commodore[b] Captain Commander Lieutenant commander Lieutenant Lieutenant (junior grade) Ensign
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Red Army
(Since Oct. 1943)[c][49][50]
Генерали́ссимус Сове́тского Сою́за
Generalíssimus Sovétskogo Soyúza
Ма́ршал Сове́тского Сою́за
Márshal Sovétskogo Soyúza 		Генера́л а́рмии
Generál ármi'i[d] 		Генера́л-полко́вник
Generál-polkóvnik 		Генера́л-лейтена́нт
Generál-leytenánt 		Генера́л-майо́р
Generál-mayór 		Полко́вник
Polkóvnik 		Подполко́вник
Podpolkóvnik 		Майо́р
Majór 		Kапита́н
Kapitán 		Старший лейтена́нт
Stárshiy leytenánt 		Лейтенант
Leytenant 		Mла́дший лейтена́нт
Mládshiy leytenánt
Red Army Air Force[51]
Главный маршал авиации
Glávnyi márshal aviátzi'i 		Маршал авиации
Márshal aviátzi'i 		Генера́л-полко́вник
Generál-polkóvnik 		Генера́л-лейтена́нт
Generál-leytenánt 		Генера́л-майо́р
Generál-mayór 		Полко́вник
Polkóvnik 		Подполко́вник
Podpolkóvnik 		Майо́р
Majór 		Kапита́н
Kapitán 		Старший лейтена́нт
Stárshiy leytenánt 		Лейтенант
Leytenant 		Mла́дший лейтена́нт
Mládshiy leytenánt
 Soviet Navy[52]
Адмирал флота
Admirál flota[e] 		Адмирал
Admirál 		Вице-адмирал
Vitse-admirál 		Контр-адмирал
Contre-admirál 		Капитан 1-го ранга
Kapitan 1-go ránga 		Капитан 2-го ранга
Kapitan 2-go ránga 		Капитан 3-го ранга
Kapitan 3-go ránga 		Капитан-лейтенант
Kapitan-leytenánt 		Старший лейтенант
Starshey leytenánt 		Лейтенант
Leytenánt 		Младший лейтенант
Mladshiy leytenánt
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Royal Yugoslav Army[54]
Бојни војвода
Bojni vojvoda 		Армијски генерал
Armijski general 		Дивизијски генерал
Divizijski general 		Бригадни генерал
Brigadni general[f] 		Пуковник
Pukovnik 		Потпуковник
Potpukovnik 		Мајор
Major 		Капетан прве класе
Kapetan prve klase 		Капетан друге класе
Kapetan druge klase 		Поручник
Poručnik 		Потпоручник
Potporučnik
 Royal Yugoslav Air Force[55]
Армијски генерал
Armijski general 		Дивизијски генерал
Divizijski general 		Бригадни генерал
Brigadni general 		Пуковник
Pukovnik 		Потпуковник
Potpukovnik 		Мајор
Major 		Капетан прве класе
Kapetan prve klase 		Капетан друге класе
Kapetan druge klase 		Поручник
Poručnik 		Потпоручник
Potporučnik
 Royal Yugoslav Navy[55]
Адмирал
Admiral 		Вицеадмирал
Viceadmiral 		Контраадмирал
Kontraadmiral 		Капетан бојног брода
Kapetan bojnog broda 		Капетан фрегате
Kapetan fregate 		Капетан корвете
Kapetan korvete 		Поручник бојног брода прве класе
Poručnik bojnog broda prve klase 		Поручник бојног брода друге класе
Poručnik bojnog broda druge klase 		Поручник фрегате
Poručnik fregate 		Поручник корвете
Poručnik korvete
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Partisans
(after 1943)[56]
Maršal Jugoslavije General-pukovnik General-lajtant General-major Pukovnik Potpukovnik Major Kapetan Poručnik Potporučnik Zastavnik
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b an appointment rather than a substantive rank
  2. ^ Reintroduced in 1943.
  3. ^ For ranks used before 1943, see 1935–1940 ranks and 1940–1943 ranks
  4. ^ Marshal and Chief marshal of the branch awarded to artillery, armored troops, signal troops and engineer officers.
  5. ^ Shoulder insignia was changed to a marshal star on 25 May 1945.[53]
  6. ^ Color on the epaulettes and on the sleeve where different depend on branch (see more Corps colors of Royal Yugoslav Armed Forces)

References

[edit]
Citations
  1. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 121.
  2. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 123.
  3. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 126.
  4. ^ Mollo 2001, pp. 49, 51.
  5. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 51.
  6. ^ Littlejohn 1994b, pp. 62–63.
  7. ^ Mollo 1981, p. 214.
  8. ^ Mollo 1981, p. 215.
  9. ^ a b Mollo 2001, p. 192.
  10. ^ Ping 2009, p. 65.
  11. ^ Ping 2009, p. 93.
  12. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 194.
  13. ^ Ping 2009, pp. 81–83.
  14. ^ Rosignoli 1983, Plate 60.
  15. ^ a b Mollo 2001, p. 39.
  16. ^ a b Mollo 2001, p. 29.
  17. ^ a b Mollo 2001, p. 58.
  18. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 61.
  19. ^ Le Hunsec 2012, pp. 91–107.
  20. ^ Mollo 2001, pp. 11, 16.
  21. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 19.
  22. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 99.
  23. ^ a b Mollo 2001, p. 101.
  24. ^ Littlejohn 1994a, pp. 129–131.
  25. ^ a b Mollo 1981, p. 209.
  26. ^ Mollo 1981, p. 211.
  27. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 86.
  28. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 89.
  29. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 93.
  30. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 180.
  31. ^ Rosignoli 1983, Plate 53–54.
  32. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 187.
  33. ^ Government 1932, p. 117.
  34. ^ Government 1934, p. 145.
  35. ^ Government 1934, p. 152.
  36. ^ Government 1935, pp. 43–44.
  37. ^ a b Mollo 2001, p. 47.
  38. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 41.
  39. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 42.
  40. ^ Rosignoli 1980, pp. 152–153.
  41. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 23.
  42. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 25.
  43. ^ Littlejohn 1994b, pp. 95–96.
  44. ^ Mollo 1981, p. 203.
  45. ^ Littlejohn 1994b, pp. 98–99.
  46. ^ Rosignoli 1983, Plate 76.
  47. ^ Mollo 1981, p. 206.
  48. ^ a b Mollo 2001, p. 161.
  49. ^ Shalito, Savchenkov & Mollo 1993, p. 5.
  50. ^ Rosignoli 1972, Plates 58–62.
  51. ^ Mollo 1981, p. 169.
  52. ^ Mollo 1981, p. 177.
  53. ^ Vedomosti 1945.
  54. ^ Mollo 2001, p. 104.
  55. ^ a b Mollo 2001, p. 105.
  56. ^ Thomas & Abbott 1983, p. 26.
Bibliography
  • Mollo, Andrew (1981). The Armed Forces of World War II: Uniforms, insignia, and organization. New York, N.Y.: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-517-54478-4. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  • Mollo, Andrew (2001). The Armed Forces of World War II: Uniforms, Insignia & Organisation. Leicester: Silverdale books. ISBN 1-85605-603-1.
  • Le Hunsec, Mathieu (2012-03-15). "L'amiral, cet inconnu". Revue historique des armées (in French) (266): 91–107. ISSN 0035-3299.
  • Littlejohn, David (1994a). Foreign Legions of the Third Reich. Volume 3 (2nd ed.). United States of America: R. James Publishing. ISBN 0-912138-29-7.
  • Littlejohn, David (1994b). Foreign Legions of the Third Reich. Volume 4 (2nd ed.). United States of America: R. James Publishing. ISBN 0-912138-36-X.
  • Ping, Xu, ed. (2009). Zhōngguó bǎinián jūnfú (zēngbǔ bǎn) 中国百年军服 (增补版) [China Regimental 100 Years] (2nd ed.). Gold Wall Press. ISBN 978-7-80084-679-3. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  • Shalito, Anton; Savchenkov, Ilya; Mollo, Andrew (1993). Red Army Uniforms of World War II in Colour Photographs. London: Windrow & Greene. ISBN 978-1872004594.
  • Rosignoli, Guido (1972). Army badges and insignia of World War 2: Book 1. MacMillan Colour Series. New York: Blandford Press Ltd. ISBN 9780026050807. LCCN 72-85765.
  • Rosignoli, Guido (1980). Naval and Marine Badges and Insignia of World War 2. Blandford Colour Series. Link House, Dorset: Blandford Press Ltd. ISBN 9780713709193.
  • Rosignoli, Guido (1983). Badges and insignia of World War II: Air Force, Naval, Marine. Blandford Colour Series. New York: Blandford Press Ltd. ISBN 0-671-06008-2.
  • Thomas, Nigel; Abbott, Peter (1983). Windrow, Martin (ed.). Partisan Warfare 1941-45. Men-at-Arms. Hong Kong: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0-85045-513-8.
  • "Указ Президиума ВС СССР от 25.05.1945 об изменении знаков различия – погонов для адмиралов флота" [Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces of 25 May 1945 on changing the insignia – epaulettes for fleet admirals]. wikisource (in Russian). Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. 1945. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  • Manshū-koku seifu kōhō-bi-yaku 満州国政府公報日訳 [Manchurian Government Daily Gazette Translation (No. 71-No. 82)] (in Japanese). December 1932. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  • Manshū-koku seifu kōhō-bi-yaku 満州国政府公報日訳 [Manchurian Government Daily Gazette Translation (No. 227-No. 250)] (in Japanese). December 1934. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  • Manshū-koku seifu kōhō-bi-yaku 満州国政府公報日訳 [Manchurian Government Daily Gazette Translation (No. 292-No. 313)] (in Japanese). March 1935. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II
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