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Comparison of free and open-source software licenses

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 17 min

This comparison only covers software licenses which have a linked Wikipedia article for details and which are approved by at least one of the following expert groups: the Free Software Foundation, the Open Source Initiative, the Debian Project and the Fedora Project. For a list of licenses not specifically intended for software, see List of free-content licences.

FOSS licenses

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FOSS stands for "Free and Open Source Software". There is no one universally agreed-upon definition of FOSS software and various groups maintain approved lists of licenses. The Open Source Initiative (OSI) is one such organization keeping a list of open-source licenses.[1] The Free Software Foundation (FSF) maintains a list of what it considers free.[2] FSF's free software and OSI's open-source licenses together are called FOSS licenses. There are licenses accepted by the OSI which are not free as per the Free Software Definition. The Open Source Definition allows for further restrictions like price, type of contribution and origin of the contribution, e.g. the case of the NASA Open Source Agreement, which requires the code to be "original" work.[3][4] The OSI does not endorse FSF license analysis (interpretation) as per their disclaimer.[5]

The FSF's Free Software Definition focuses on the user's unrestricted rights to use a program, to study and modify it, to copy it, and to redistribute it for any purpose, which are considered by the FSF the four essential freedoms.[6][7] The OSI's open-source criteria focuses on the availability of the source code and the advantages of an unrestricted and community driven development model.[8] Yet, many FOSS licenses, like the Apache License, and all Free Software licenses allow commercial use of FOSS components.[9]

General comparison

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For a simpler comparison across the most common licenses see free-software license comparison.

The following table compares various features of each license and is a general guide to the terms and conditions of each license, based on seven subjects or categories. Recent tools like the European Commissions' Joinup Licensing Assistant,[10] makes possible the licenses selection and comparison based on more than 40 subjects or categories, with access to their SPDX identifier and full text. The table below lists the permissions and limitations regarding the following subjects:

  • Linking - linking of the licensed code with code licensed under a different license (e.g. when the code is provided as a library)
  • Distribution - distribution of the code to third parties
  • Modification - modification of the code by a licensee
  • Patent grant - protection of licensees from patent claims made by code contributors regarding their contribution, and protection of contributors from patent claims made by licensees
  • Private use - whether modification to the code must be shared with the community or may be used privately (e.g. internal use by a corporation)
  • Sublicensing - whether modified code may be licensed under a different license (for example a copyright) or must retain the same license under which it was provided
  • TM grant - use of trademarks associated with the licensed code or its contributors by a licensee

In this table, "permissive" means the software has minimal restrictions on how it can be used, modified, and redistributed, usually including a warranty disclaimer. "Copyleft" means the software requires that its source code be made publicly available and that all provisions in the license be preserved in derivative works.

License Author Latest version Publication date Linking Distribution Modification Patent grant Private use Sublicensing TM grant
Academic Free License[11] Lawrence E. Rosen 3.0 2002 Permissive Permissive Permissive Yes Yes Permissive No
Affero General Public License Affero Inc 2.0 2007 Copylefted[12] Copyleft except for the GNU AGPL[12] Copyleft[12] ? Yes[12] ? ?
Apache License Apache Software Foundation 2.0 2004 Permissive[13] Permissive[13] Permissive[13] Yes[13] Yes[13] Permissive[13] No[13]
Apple Public Source License Apple Computer 2.0 2003-08-06August 6, 2003 Permissive ? Limited ? ? ? ?
Artistic License Larry Wall 2.0 2000 With restrictions With restrictions With restrictions No Permissive With restrictions No
Beerware Poul-Henning Kamp 42 1998[a] Permissive Permissive Permissive No Permissive Permissive No
BSD License Regents of the University of California 3.0 ? Permissive[14] Permissive[14] Permissive[14] Manually[14] Yes[14] Permissive[14] Manually[14]
Boost Software License ? 1.0 2003-08-17August 17, 2003 Permissive ? Permissive ? ? ? ?
Creative Commons Zero Creative Commons 1.0 2009 Public Domain[15][16] Public Domain Public Domain No Public Domain Public Domain No
CC BY Creative Commons 4.0 2002 Permissive[17] Permissive Permissive No Yes Permissive No
CC BY-SA Creative Commons 4.0 2002 Copylefted[17] Copylefted Copylefted No Yes Copylefted[18] No
CeCILL CEA / CNRS / INRIA 2.1 2013-06-21June 21, 2013 Permissive Permissive Permissive No Permissive With restrictions No
Common Development and Distribution License Sun Microsystems 1.0 2004-12December 1, 2004 Permissive ? Limited ? ? ? ?
Common Public License IBM 1.0 2001-05May 2001 Permissive ? Copylefted ? ? ? ?
Cryptix General License Cryptix Foundation — 1995 Permissive Permissive Permissive Manually Yes ? Manually
Eclipse Public License Eclipse Foundation 2.0 2017-08-24August 24, 2017 Permissive[19] Copylefted[19][20] Copylefted[19] Yes[19] Yes[19] Copylefted[19] No[19]
Educational Community License Indiana University[21] 1.0 2007 Permissive ? Permissive ? ? ? ?
European Union Public Licence European Commission 1.2 2017-05May 2017 Permissive, according to EU law (Recitals 10 & 15 Directive 2009/24/EC) Copylefted, with an explicit compatibility list[22] Copylefted, with an explicit compatibility list[22] Yes[23] Yes[23] Copylefted, with an explicit compatibility list[22] No[23]
FreeBSD The FreeBSD project — 1999-04April 1999 Permissive[24] Permissive[24] Permissive[24] Manually[24] Permissive[24] Permissive[24] Manually[24]
GNU Affero General Public License Free Software Foundation 3.0 2007 GNU GPLv3 only[25] Copylefted[26] Copylefted[26] Yes[27] Network usage is not considered private use[27] Copylefted[26] Yes[27]
GNU General Public License Free Software Foundation 3.0 2007-06June 2007 GPLv3 compatible only[28][29] Copylefted[26] Copylefted[26] Yes[30] Yes[30] Copylefted[26] Yes[30]
GNU Lesser General Public License Free Software Foundation 3.0 2007-06June 2007 With restrictions[31] Copylefted[26] Copylefted[26] Yes[32] Yes Copylefted[26] Yes[32]
IBM Public License IBM 1.0 1999-08August 1999 Copylefted ? Copylefted ? ? ? ?
ISC license Internet Systems Consortium — 2003-06June 2003 Permissive Permissive Permissive Manually Permissive Permissive Manually
LaTeX Project Public License LaTeX project 1.3c ? Permissive ? Permissive ? ? ? ?
Microsoft Public License Microsoft — ? Copylefted Copylefted Copylefted No Permissive ? No
MIT license / X11 license MIT — 1988 Permissive[33] Permissive[33] Permissive[33] Manually[33] Yes[33] Permissive[33] Manually[33]
Mozilla Public License Mozilla Foundation 2.0 2012-03January 3, 2012 Permissive[34] Copylefted[34] Copylefted[34] Yes[34] Yes[34] Copylefted[34] No[34]
Netscape Public License Netscape 1.1 ? Limited ? Limited ? ? ? ?
Open Software License[11] Lawrence Rosen 3.0 2005 Permissive Copylefted Copylefted Yes Yes Copylefted ?
OpenSSL license OpenSSL Project — ? Permissive ? Permissive ? ? ? ?
PHP License[35] PHP Group 3.01 2019 With restrictions With restrictions With restrictions Yes Yes With restrictions Manually
Python Software Foundation License Python Software Foundation 3.9.1 2020-10-05May 10, 2020 Permissive Permissive Permissive Yes Permissive Permissive No
Q Public License Trolltech ? ? Limited ? Limited ? ? ? ?
Sleepycat License Sleepycat Software — 1996 Permissive With restrictions Permissive No Yes No No
Unlicense unlicense.org 1 2010-12December 2010 Permissive/Public domain Permissive/Public domain Permissive/Public domain ? Permissive/Public domain Permissive/Public domain ?
W3C Software Notice and License W3C 20021231 2002-12-31December 31, 2002 Permissive ? Permissive ? ? ? ?
Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License (WTFPL) Banlu Kemiyatorn, Sam Hocevar 2 2004-12December 2004 Permissive/Public domain Permissive/Public domain Permissive/Public domain No Yes Yes No
XCore Open Source License
also separate "Hardware License Agreement"		 XMOS ? 2011-02February 2011 Permissive Permissive Permissive Manually Yes Permissive ?
XFree86 1.1 License The XFree86 Project, Inc ? ? Permissive ? Permissive ? ? ? ?
zlib/libpng license Jean-Loup Gailly and Mark Adler ? ? Permissive ? Permissive ? ? ? ?

Other licenses that don't have information:

license Author Latest version Publication date
Eiffel Forum License NICE 2 2002
Intel Open Source License Intel Corporation — ?
RealNetworks Public Source License RealNetworks ? ?
Reciprocal Public License Scott Shattuck 1.5 2007
Sun Industry Standards Source License Sun Microsystems ? ?
Sun Public License Sun Microsystems ? ?
Sybase Open Watcom Public License Open Watcom — 2003-01-28
Zope Public License Zope Foundation 2.1 ?
Server Side Public License MongoDB 1.0 2018-10-16

Approvals

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This table lists for each license what organizations from the FOSS community have approved it – be it as a "free software" or as an "open source" license – , how those organizations categorize it, and the license compatibility between them for a combined or mixed derivative work. Organizations usually approve specific versions of software licenses. For instance, a FSF approval means that the Free Software Foundation (FSF) considers a license to be free-software license. The FSF recommends at least "Compatible with GPL" and preferably copyleft. The OSI recommends a mix of permissive and copyleft licenses, the Apache License 2.0, 2- & 3-clause BSD license, GPL, LGPL, MIT license, MPL 2.0, CDDL and EPL.

License and version FSF approval
[36] 		GPL (v3) compatibility
[37][38][39][40][41] 		OSI approval
[42] 		Debian approval
[43][44] 		Fedora approval
[45]
Academic Free License Yes No Yes No Yes
Apache License 1.x Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Apache License 2.0 Yes GPLv3 only[46] Yes Yes Yes
Apple Public Source License 1.x No[47] No Yes No No
Apple Public Source License 2.0 Yes No Yes No Yes
Artistic License 1.0 No[note 1] No Yes Yes No
Artistic License 2.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Beerware License see "Informal license" section[48] see "Informal license" section[48] No No Yes[49]
Original BSD license Yes No No[50] Yes Yes
Revised BSD license Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Simplified BSD license Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Zero-Clause BSD License ? ? Yes[51] ? ?
Boost Software License Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
CeCILL Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Common Development and Distribution License Yes GPLv3 (GPLv2 disputed)[52][53][54][55][56][57] Yes Yes Yes
Common Public License Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Creative Commons Zero Yes[58] Yes[58] No[59] Yes Yes[60]
Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 Yes GPLv3[61] ? Yes ?
Cryptix General License Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Eclipse Public License Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Educational Community License Yes Yes[62] Yes No Yes
Eiffel Forum License 2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
European Union Public Licence Yes Yes[22] Yes Yes Yes
GNU Affero General Public License Yes Yes[25][63] Yes Yes Yes
GNU General Public License v2 Yes No[note 2][64] Yes Yes Yes
GNU General Public License v3 Yes Yes[note 3][64] Yes Yes Yes
GNU Lesser General Public License Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
GNU Free Documentation License Yes No[65] Yes[66] No[67] No
IBM Public License Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Intel Open Source License Yes Yes Yes No No
ISC license Yes[68] Yes Yes Yes Yes
LaTeX Project Public License Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Microsoft Public License Yes No Yes No Yes
Microsoft Reciprocal License Yes No Yes No Yes
MIT license / X11 license Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Mozilla Public License 1.1 Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Mozilla Public License 2.0 Yes Yes[note 4][69] Yes Yes Yes
NASA Open Source Agreement No No Yes ? No
Netscape Public License Yes No No No Yes
Open Software License Yes No Yes No Yes
OpenSSL license Yes No No Yes Yes
PHP License Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Python Software Foundation License 2.0.1; 2.1.1 and newer Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Q Public License Yes No Yes No Yes
Reciprocal Public License 1.5 No No Yes No No
Sleepycat License Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sun Industry Standards Source License Yes No Yes No Yes
Sun Public License Yes No Yes No Yes
Sybase Open Watcom Public License No No Yes No No
Unlicense Yes[70] Yes[58] Yes[71] ? Yes[60]
W3C Software Notice and License Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Do What The Fuck You Want To Public License (WTFPL) Yes[note 5] Yes No[72] Yes Yes
XFree86 1.1 License Yes Yes[73] No No No
zlib/libpng license Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Zope Public License 1.0 Yes No No No Yes
Zope Public License 2.0 Yes Yes Yes No Yes
  1. ^ The original version of the Artistic License is defined as non-free because it is overly vague, not because of the substance of the license. The FSF encourages projects to use the Clarified Artistic License instead.
  2. ^ But can be made compatible by upgrading to GPLv3 via the optional "or later" clause added in most GPLv2 license texts.
  3. ^ But not with GPLv2 without "or later" clause.
  4. ^ MPL 2.0 is GPL compatible unless marked "Incompatible with Secondary Licenses".
  5. ^ Listed as WTFPL.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ See footnote of the Beerware article

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Open source licenses - Licenses by Name on opensource.org
  2. ^ "Various Licenses and Comments about Them". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  3. ^ "Various Licenses and Comments about Them: NASA Open Source Agreement". Free Software Foundation.
  4. ^ "Licenses by Name". Open Source Initiative. 16 September 2022.
  5. ^ "Other Resources & Disclaimer". Open Source Initiative. While the OSI acknowledges these as potentially helpful resources for the community, it does not endorse any content, contributors or license interpretations from these websites.[...]The OSI does not promote or exclusively favor any of the above resources, but instead mentions them as a neutral, separate third-party.
  6. ^ "Relationship between the Free Software movement and Open Source movement", Free Software Foundation, Inc
  7. ^ "What is Free Software", Free Software Foundation, Inc
  8. ^ opensource.org/about "Open source is a development method for software that harnesses the power of distributed peer review and transparency of process. The promise of open source is better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility, lower cost, and an end to predatory vendor lock-in."
  9. ^ Popp, Dr. Karl Michael (2015). Best Practices for commercial use of open source software. Norderstedt, Germany: Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3738619096.
  10. ^ "Joinup Licensing Assistant". Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  11. ^ a b "OSL 3.0 Explained".
  12. ^ a b c d "affero.org: Affero General Public License version 2 (AGPLv2)".
  13. ^ a b c d e f g "the section 4 of the apache license version 2".
  14. ^ a b c d e f g "BSD license". 22 May 2011.
  15. ^ "Using CC0 for public domain software". Creative Commons. April 15, 2011. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
  16. ^ "Various Licenses and Comments about Them". GNU Project. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  17. ^ a b cc-by-4-0-and-cc-by-sa-4-0-added-to-our-list-of-free-licenses (2015)
  18. ^ "Compatible Licenses". Creative Commons.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g "Eclipse Public License - v 2.0".
  20. ^ "How to Use Popular Open Source Licenses, Explained".
  21. ^ Greenstein, Daniel; Wheeler, Brad (1 March 2007). "Open Source Collaboration in Higher Education: Guidelines and Report of the Licensing and Policy Framework Summit for Software Sharing in Higher Education" – via scholarworks.iu.edu.
  22. ^ a b c d "EUPL compatible open source licences".
  23. ^ a b c "EUPL text (1.1 & 1.2)".
  24. ^ a b c d e f g "FreeBSD license".
  25. ^ a b https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl.html : section 13 of the GNU AGPLv3 license
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl-howto.html : GNU licenses copyleft
  27. ^ a b c "the GNU Affero General Public License version 3".
  28. ^ https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#IfLibraryIsGPL : If library is under GPLv3
  29. ^ https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#LinkingWithGPL : Linking with the GNU GPLv3
  30. ^ a b c "the GNU General Public License version 3".
  31. ^ https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html : the section 4 of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3
  32. ^ a b "the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3".
  33. ^ a b c d e f g "MIT License". 31 October 2006.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g "MPL version 2".
  35. ^ "PHP License 3.01".
  36. ^ Free Software Foundation. "Various Licenses and Comments about Them". Licenses. Free Software Foundation.
  37. ^ Free Software Foundation. "To be GPL-Compatible has to be compatible with Licenses GNU GPLv3 and GNU GPLv2 – Free Software Foundation". Software Licenses. Free Software Foundation.
  38. ^ Free Software Foundation. "GPL-Compatible Free Software Licenses – Free Software Foundation". Software Licenses. Free Software Foundation.
  39. ^ Free Software Foundation. "GPL-Incompatible Free Software Licenses – Free Software Foundation". Software Licenses. Free Software Foundation.
  40. ^ Free Software Foundation. "GPL-compatible Definition by FSF – Free Software Foundation". GPL-compatible Definition. Free Software Foundation.
  41. ^ Free Software Foundation. "GPL-compatible Definition previous version by FSF – Free Software Foundation". GPL-compatible Definition. Free Software Foundation.
  42. ^ Open Source Initiative (16 September 2022). "The Approved Licenses". License Information. Open Source Initiative.
  43. ^ Debian. "Debian – License information". Licenses. Debian.
  44. ^ "The DFSG and Software Licenses". Debian wiki.
  45. ^ Fedora. "Licensing – FedoraProject". Licenses. Fedora Project.
  46. ^ Free Software Foundation. "Apache License, Version 2.0". Licenses. Free Software Foundation.
  47. ^ "Apple Public Source License (APSL), version 1.x". Retrieved 2013-08-07.
  48. ^ a b "Various Licenses and Comments about Them". Free Software Foundation. 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  49. ^ "Licensing/Beerware". Fedora Project. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
  50. ^ "The BSD License:Licensing". Open Source Initiative. Archived from the original on 29 November 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  51. ^ "[License-review] Please rename "Free Public License-1.0.0" to 0BSD". Open Source Initiative. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  52. ^ "Various Licenses and Comments About Them - Common Development and Distribution License". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2006-12-31.
  53. ^ Michael Larabel (6 October 2015). "Ubuntu Is Planning To Make The ZFS File-System A "Standard" Offering". Phoronix.
  54. ^ Dustin Kirkland (18 February 2016). "ZFS Licensing and Linux". Ubuntu Insights. Canonical.
  55. ^ Are GPLv2 and CDDL incompatible? on hansenpartnership.com by James E.J. Bottomley "What the above analysis shows is that even though we presumed combination of GPLv2 and CDDL works to be a technical violation, there's no way actually to prosecute such a violation because we can’t develop a convincing theory of harm resulting. Because this makes it impossible to take the case to court, effectively it must be concluded that the combination of GPLv2 and CDDL, provided you’re following a GPLv2 compliance regime for all the code, is allowable." (23 February 2016)
  56. ^ Moglen, Eben; Choudhary, Mishi (26 February 2016). "The Linux Kernel, CDDL and Related Issues".
  57. ^ GPL Violations Related to Combining ZFS and Linux on sfconservancy.org by Bradley M. Kuhn and Karen M. Sandler (February 25, 2016)
  58. ^ a b c "Various Licenses and Comments about Them - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation".
  59. ^ "Frequently Answered Questions". opensource.org. 21 October 2007. CC0 was not explicitly rejected, but the License Review Committee was unable to reach consensus that it should be approved
  60. ^ a b "Licensing:Main".
  61. ^ "Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 declared one-way compatible with GNU GPL version 3 — Free Software Foundation — working together for free software".
  62. ^ Free Software Foundation. "Educational Community License 2.0". Licenses. Free Software Foundation.
  63. ^ https://www.gnu.org/licenses/ : "We use only licenses that are compatible with the GNU GPL for GNU software."
  64. ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses – Is GPLv3 compatible with GPLv2?". gnu.org. Retrieved 3 June 2014. No. Some of the requirements in GPLv3, such as the requirement to provide Installation Information, do not exist in GPLv2. As a result, the licenses are not compatible: if you tried to combine code released under both these licenses, you would violate section 6 of GPLv2. However, if code is released under GPL "version 2 or later," that is compatible with GPLv3 because GPLv3 is one of the options it permits.
  65. ^ "Re: Proposed statement WRT GNU FDL".
  66. ^ "SPDX License List | Software Package Data Exchange (SPDX)".
  67. ^ "General Resolution: Why the GNU Free Documentation License is not suitable for Debian main".
  68. ^ Free Software Foundation. "A Quick Guide to GPLv3". Licenses. Free Software Foundation.
  69. ^ Mozilla Foundation. "MPL 2.0 FAQ". Licenses. Mozilla Foundation.
  70. ^ "Various Licenses and Comments about Them - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation".
  71. ^ "[License-review] Request for legacy approval: The Unlicense".
  72. ^ "OSI Board Meeting Minutes, Wednesday, March 4, 2009". 4 May 2009.
  73. ^ Free Software Foundation. "XFree86 1.1 License". Licenses. Free Software Foundation.
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