Crossed extensor reflex

The crossed extensor reflex or crossed extensor response or crossed extension reflex is a reflex in which the contralateral limb compensates for loss of support when the ipsilateral limb withdraws from painful stimulus in a withdrawal reflex.^[1] During a withdrawal reflex, the flexors in the withdrawing limb contract and the extensors relax, while in the other limb, the opposite occurs as part of the crossed extensor reflex. To provide a more clear explanation, this opposite occurrence means one limb with perform flexion at the hip and knee with the extensors relaxed, while the other limb will perform extension at the hip and knee while flexors are relaxed.^[2] Besides shifting the body weight to the other side, the reflex pathway is also associated with leg coordination when walking by flexing muscle on one side, while extending muscle on the other side.^[1] This crossed extensor response is properly part of the withdrawal reflex.^[3]

An example of this is when a person steps on a nail: The leg that is stepping on the nail pulls away, while the other leg takes the weight of the whole body.^[4]

The crossed extensor reflex is contralateral, meaning the reflex occurs on the opposite side of the body from the stimulus.

To produce this reflex, branches of the afferent nerve fibers cross from the stimulated side of the body to the contralateral side of the spinal cord. There, they synapse with interneurons, which, in turn, excite or inhibit alpha motor neurons to the muscles of the contralateral limb.^[5]

In the ipsilateral leg (the one which steps on the nail), the flexors contract and the extensors relax to lift the leg from the ground. On the contralateral side (the one that bears all the weight), the flexors relax and the extensors contract to stiffen the leg since it must suddenly support the entire weight of the body. At the same time, signals travel up the spinal cord and cause contraction of the contralateral muscles of the hip and abdomen to shift the body’s center of gravity over the extended leg. To a large extent, the coordination of all these muscles and maintenance of equilibrium is mediated by the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b VandenBos, Gary R, ed. (2015). "crossed-extension reflex" (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p. 268. doi:10.1037/14646-000. ISBN 978-1-4338-1944-5. a reflexive action by a contralateral limb to compensate for loss of support when the ipsilateral limb withdraws from a painful stimulus. The reflex, which helps shift the burden of body weight, is also associated with the coordination of legs in walking by flexing muscles on the left side when those on the right are extending, and vice versa. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Seeley, Rod; Stephens, Trent; Philip Tate (1992). "13". In Allen, Deborah (ed.). Anatomy and Physiology (2 ed.). Mosby-Year Book, Inc. p. 405. ISBN 0-8016-4832-7.
^ Barrett, Kim E; Boitano, Scott; Barman, Susan M; Brooks, Heddwen L (2010). "Chapter 9 - Reflexes". Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology (23rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. Polysynaptic Reflexes: the Withdrawal Reflex, pp. 163-164. ISBN 978-0-07-160567-0.
^ Solomon; Schmidt; Adragna (1990). "13". In Carol, Field (ed.). Human Anatomy & physiology (2 ed.). Saunders College Publishing. p. 470. ISBN 0-03-011914-6.
^ ^a ^b Saladin (2018), The Crossed Extension Reflex, pp. 497-498

Other references

Saladin, KS (2018). "Chapter 13 - The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Somatic Reflexes". Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-1-259-27772-6.

[VandenBos2015-1] VandenBos, Gary R, ed. (2015). "crossed-extension reflex" (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p. 268. doi:10.1037/14646-000. ISBN 978-1-4338-1944-5. a reflexive action by a contralateral limb to compensate for loss of support when the ipsilateral limb withdraws from a painful stimulus. The reflex, which helps shift the burden of body weight, is also associated with the coordination of legs in walking by flexing muscles on the left side when those on the right are extending, and vice versa. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[sestta-2] Seeley, Rod; Stephens, Trent; Philip Tate (1992). "13". In Allen, Deborah (ed.). Anatomy and Physiology (2 ed.). Mosby-Year Book, Inc. p. 405. ISBN 0-8016-4832-7.

[3] Barrett, Kim E; Boitano, Scott; Barman, Susan M; Brooks, Heddwen L (2010). "Chapter 9 - Reflexes". Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology (23rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. Polysynaptic Reflexes: the Withdrawal Reflex, pp. 163-164. ISBN 978-0-07-160567-0.

[soscad-4] Solomon; Schmidt; Adragna (1990). "13". In Carol, Field (ed.). Human Anatomy & physiology (2 ed.). Saunders College Publishing. p. 470. ISBN 0-03-011914-6.

[Saladin2018-p497-498-5] Saladin (2018), The Crossed Extension Reflex, pp. 497-498

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v t e Reflexes
Cranial nerve	Pupillary light reflex Accommodation reflex Jaw jerk reflex Corneal reflex Caloric reflex test/Vestibulo-ocular reflex/Oculocephalic reflex Pharyngeal (gag) reflex
Stretch reflexes	Arm Biceps reflex Brachioradialis reflex Triceps reflex Leg Patellar reflex Ankle jerk reflex Plantar reflex
Primitive reflexes	Galant Gastrocolic Grasp Moro Rooting Stepping Sucking Tonic neck Parachute
Superficial reflexes	Abdominal reflex Cremasteric reflex
Cardiovascular	Bainbridge reflex Bezold–Jarisch reflex Coronary reflex Cushing reflex Diving reflex Oculocardiac reflex Baroreflex Reflex bradycardia Reflex tachycardia Respiratory Churchill–Cope reflex
Other	List of reflexes Acoustic reflex H-reflex Golgi tendon reflex Optokinetic Startle response Withdrawal reflex Crossed extensor reflex Symmetrical tonic neck reflex Scratch reflex Escape reflex Escape response Avoidance response Knismesis and gargalesis Ideomotor reflex