Dagesh

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Dagesh" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

The dagesh (Hebrew: דָּגֵשׁ dagésh) is a diacritic that is used in the Hebrew alphabet. It takes the form of a dot placed inside a consonant. A dagesh can either indicate a "hard" plosive version of the consonant (known as dagesh qal, literally 'light dot') or that the consonant is geminated (known as dagesh ḥazaq, literally 'hard dot'), although the latter is rarely used in Modern Hebrew.

The dagesh was added to Hebrew orthography at the same time as the Masoretic system of niqqud (vowel points).

Two other diacritics with different functions, the mappiq and the shuruk, are visually identical to the dagesh but are only used with vowel letters.

The dagesh and mappiq symbols are often omitted when writing niqqud (e.g. בּ‎ is written as ב‎). In these cases, dagesh may be added to help readers resolve the ambiguity.^[2] The use or omission of such marks is usually consistent throughout any given context.

A dagesh kal or dagesh qal (דגש קל, or דגש קשיין, also dagesh lene, weak/light dagesh) may be placed inside the consonants ב‎ bet, ג‎ gimel, ד‎ dalet, כ‎ kaf, פ‎ pe and ת‎ tav. They each have two sounds, the original hard plosive sound (which originally contained no dagesh as it was the only pronunciation), and a soft fricative version produced as such for speech efficiency because of the position in which the mouth is left immediately after a vowel has been produced.

Prior to the Babylonian captivity, the soft sounds of these letters did not exist in Hebrew, but were later differentiated in Hebrew writing as a result of the Aramaic-influenced pronunciation of Hebrew.^{[citation needed]} The Aramaic languages, including Jewish versions of Aramaic, have these same allophonic pronunciations of the letters.

The letters take on their hard sounds when they have no vowel sound before them, and take their soft sounds when a vowel immediately precedes them. In Biblical Hebrew this was the case within a word and also across word boundaries, though in Modern Hebrew there are no longer across word boundaries, since the soft and hard sounds are no longer allophones of each other, but regarded as distinct phonemes.

When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called dagesh, while the soft sounds lack the mark. In Modern Hebrew, however, the dagesh only changes the pronunciation of ב‎ bet, כ‎ kaf, and פ‎ pe. Traditional Ashkenazic pronunciation also varies the pronunciation of ת‎ tav, and some traditional Middle Eastern pronunciations^[which?] carry alternate forms for ד‎ dalet.

In Ashkenazi pronunciation, tav without a dagesh is pronounced [s], while in other traditions^[which?] it is assumed to have been pronounced [θ] at the time niqqud was introduced. In Modern Hebrew, it is always pronounced [t].

The letters gimel (ג‎) and dalet (ד‎) may also contain a dagesh kal. This indicates an allophonic variation of the phonemes /ɡ/ and /d/, a variation which no longer exists in modern Hebrew pronunciation. The variations are believed to have been: גּ‎ pronounced as [ɡ], ג‎ as [ɣ], דּ‎ as [d], and ד‎ as [ð]. The Hebrew spoken by the Jews of Yemen (Yemenite Hebrew) still preserves unique phonemes for these letters with and without a dagesh.^[3]

Among Modern Hebrew speakers, the pronunciation of some of the above letters has become the same as others:

Dagesh ḥazak or dagesh ḥazaq (דגש חזק, lit. 'strong dot', i.e. 'gemination dagesh', or דגש כפלן, also 'dagesh forte') may be placed in almost any letter, indicating a gemination (doubling) of that consonant in the pronunciation of pre-modern Hebrew. This gemination is not adhered to in modern Hebrew and is only used in careful pronunciation, such as the reading of scripture in a synagogue service, recitation of biblical or traditional texts or on ceremonial occasions, and only by very precise readers.

The following letters, the gutturals, almost never have a dagesh: aleph א‎, he ה‎, chet ח‎, ayin ע‎, and resh ר‎. A few instances of resh with dagesh are recorded in the Masoretic Text, as well as a few cases of aleph with dagesh, such as in Leviticus 23:17.

The presence of a dagesh ḥazak or consonant-doubling in a word may be entirely morphological, or, as is often the case, is a lengthening to compensate for a deleted consonant. A dagesh ḥazak may be placed in letters for one of the following reasons:

• The letter follows the definite article, the word "the". For example, שָׁמָיִם (shamayim, 'heaven(s)') in Genesis 1:8^[4] is הַשָּׁמַיִם (hashshamayim, 'the heaven(s)') in Genesis 1:1.^[5] This is because the definite article was originally a stand-alone particle הַל (hal), but at an early stage in ancient Hebrew it contracted into a prefix הַ (ha-), and the loss of the ל‎ 'l' was compensated for by doubling the following letter.^[6] In this situation where the following letter is a guttural, the vowel in 'ha-' becomes long to compensate for the inability to double the next letter - otherwise, this vowel is almost always short. This also happens in words taking the prefix לַ la-, since it is a prefix created by the contraction of לְ le- and הַ ha-. Occasionally, the letter following a he which is used to indicate a question may also receive a dagesh, e.g. Numbers 13:20 הַשְּׁמֵנָה הִוא (Hashshemena hi?, 'whether it is fat').^[7]
• The letter follows the prefix מִ‎ mi- where this prefix is an abbreviation for the word min, meaning 'from'. For example, the phrase "from your hand", if spelled as two words, would be מִן יָדֶךָ (min yadekha). In Genesis 4:11 however, it occurs as one word: מִיָּדֶךָ miyyadekha. This prefix mostly replaces the usage of the particle מִן (min) in modern Hebrew.
• The letter follows the prefix שֶׁ 'she-' in modern Hebrew, which is a prefixed contraction of the relative pronoun אֲשֶׁר (asher), where the first letter is dropped and the last letter disappears and doubles the next letter. This prefix is rare in Biblical texts, and mostly replaces the use of asher in Modern Hebrew.
• It marks the doubling of a letter that is caused by a weak letter losing its vowel. In these situations, the weak letter disappears, and the following letter is doubled to compensate for it. For example, compare Exodus 6:7 לָקַחְתִּי (lakachti) with Numbers 23:28, where the first letter of the root ל‎ has been elided: וַיִּקַּח (vayyikkach).^[8] Lamed only behaves as a weak letter in this particular root word.
• If the letter follows a vav-consecutive imperfect (sometimes referred to as vav conversive, or vav ha'hipuch), which, in Biblical Hebrew, switches a verb between perfect and imperfect. For example, compare Judges 7:4 יֵלֵךְ (yelekh, 'let him go') with Deuteronomy 31:1 וַיֵּלֶך (vayyelekh, 'he went'). A possible reason for this doubling is that the וַ (va-) prefix could be the remains of an auxiliary verb הָוַיַ (hawaya, the ancient form of the verb הָיָה hayah, 'to be') being contracted into a prefix, losing the initial ha, and the final ya syllable disappearing and doubling the next letter.
• In some of the binyan verbal stems, where the pi'el, pu'al and hitpa'el stems themselves cause doubling in the second root letter of a verb. For example:
  • Exodus 15:9 אֲחַלֵּק (achallek, 'I shall divide'), pi'el-stem, first person future tense
  • in the phrase הָלֵּלוּ יַהּ (hallelu yah, 'praise the LORD'), where hallelu is in the pi'el-stem, masculine plural imperative form
  • Genesis 47:31 וַיִּתְחַזֵּק (vayyitchazzek, 'he strengthened himself'), hitpa'el-stem

In Masoretic manuscripts the opposite of a dagesh would be indicated by a rafe, a small line on top of the letter. This is no longer found in Hebrew, but may still sometimes be seen in Yiddish and Ladino.

In computer typography there are two ways to use a dagesh with Hebrew text. The following examples give the Unicode and numeric character references:

• Using combining characters:
  • bet + dagesh: בּ‎ = U+05D1U+05BC or בּ
  • kaf + dagesh: כּ‎ = U+05DBU+05BC or כּ
  • pe + dagesh: פּ‎ = U+05E4U+05BC or פּ
• Using precomposed characters:
  • bet with dagesh: בּ‎ = U+FB31 or בּ
  • kaf with dagesh: כּ‎ = U+FB3B or כּ
  • pe with dagesh: פּ‎ = U+FB44 or פּ

Some fonts, character sets, encodings, and operating systems may support neither, one, or both methods.

• Shadda, analogous to the dagesh hazak in written Arabic
• Hebrew spelling
• Yiddish spelling
• Ladino spelling
• Geresh
• Dakuten and Handakuten (Japanese equivalent)

•  Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §12, §13
• M. Spiegel and J. Volk, 2003. "Hebrew Vowel Restoration with Neural Networks," Proceedings of the Class of 2003 Senior Conference, Computer Science Department, Swarthmore College, pp. 1–7: Open Access Copy

• alanwood.com Hebrew
• alanwood.com Alphabetic presentation