Democratic Psychiatry (Italian: Psichiatria Democratica) is an Italian real society,[1] as well as a movement for liberation of the ill and weak from segregation in mental hospitals,[2]: 61 by pushing for the Italian psychiatric reform.[3]: 95 The movement was political in nature but not antipsychiatric in the sense in which this term is usually used in English.[3]: 95 Democratic Psychiatry called for radical changes in the practice and theory of psychiatry and strongly attacked the way society managed mental illness.[3]: 95 The movement was essential in the birth of the reform Basaglia Law of 1978.[3]: 95
Democratic Psychiatry was created by a group of left-orientated psychiatrists, sociologists, and social workers under direction of Franco Basaglia,[4]: 253 who was its figurehead.[5]: 165 An organizing committee, which constituted in Bologna the first nucleus group called Democratic Psychiatry, consisted of Basaglia, Franca Ongaro (Basaglia's wife), Domenico Casagrande, Franco di Cecco, Tullio Fragiacomo, Vieri Marzi, Gian Franco Minguzzi, Piera Piatti, Agostino Pirella, Michele Risso, Lucio Schittar, and Antonio Slavich.[6]: 119
In 1977, Democratic Psychiatry helped the Radical Party, a political organization principally concerned with the human rights defense, to collect together three-quarter of a million signatories to a petition to improve the mental health law and thus to prohibit hospitalization to psychiatric hospitals.[7]: 5 According to Italian law this petition could have resulted in a national referendum on the issue.[7]: 5 To avoid a referendum which could have forced the government to resign, the government passed Law 180 in May 1978 and thus initiated the dismantling of the psychiatric hospitals.[7]: 6
The 2010 National Congress of Democratic Psychiatry in Rome elected the new directive committee, which consisted of national secretary Emilio Lupo, national president Luigi Attenasio, honorary president Agostino Pirella, and national treasurer Maurizio Caiazzo.[8]
Basaglia and his followers deemed that psychiatry was used as the provider of scientific support for social control to the existing establishment.[9]: 70 The ensuing standards of deviance and normality brought about repressive views of discrete social groups.[9]: 70 This approach was nonmedical and pointed out the role of mental hospitals in the control and medicalization of deviant behaviors and social problems.[9]: 70 According to A. Giannelli, at least in the beginning, Democratic Psychiatry used phenomenological and existential ideas as its ideological and cultural reference point.[2]: 61 According to P. Fusar-Poli with coauthors, Democratic Psychiatry was culturally grounded on Antonio Gramsci's theory of "revolutionary reform" and Michel Foucault's critique of the "medical model".[10]
The objectives of the association were and still are to pool professional initiatives and energies in any part of society that are aimed at closing mental hospitals and restoring the rights of psychiatric patients.[9]: 71
The programme of Democratic Psychiatry stated in Bologna on 8 October 1973 included the following proposals:[6]: 121 [11]
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