Demographics of Ukraine

Demographics of Ukraine
Demographics of Ukraine
	Ukraine's population pyramid, 2024
Population	Including Russian occupied territory: 41,130,432 (State Statistics Service of Ukraine) Excluding Russian occupied territory: 36,744,636 (UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs) 33,443,000 estimate in 2024 (International monetary fund)
Growth rate	−6.6 people/1,000 population (2023)
Birth rate	8.6 births/1,000 population (2023)
Death rate	15.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023)
Life expectancy	71.76 years (2018)
• male	66.69 years
• female	76.72 years
Fertility rate	0.7 children born/woman (2023)
Infant mortality rate	7.0 deaths/1,000 infants (2019)
Net migration rate	−5.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015)
Age structure
0–14 years	15.4%
15–64 years	68.4%
65 and over	16.2% (2017)
Sex ratio
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female
Under 15	1.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years	0.92 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.51 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Ukrainian(s) adjective: Ukrainian
Major ethnic	Ukrainians (77.8%) 2001
Minor ethnic	Russians (17.3%) 2001, Other (4.9%) 2001
Language
Official	Ukrainian
Spoken	Ukrainian, Russian, others

According to the United Nations, Ukraine has a population of 37.9 million as of 2024.^[5]

In July 2023, Reuters reported that due to refugee outflows, the population of Ukrainian-controlled areas may have decreased to 28 million,^[6] a steep decline from Ukraine's 2020 population of almost 42 million.^[7]^[8] This drop is in large part due to the ongoing Ukrainian refugee crisis and loss of territory caused by Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The most recent (and only) census of post-Soviet Ukraine occurred in 2001, and much of the information presented is potentially inaccurate and/or outdated.

History

The majority of the historical information is sourced from Demoscope.ru.^[9]

The territory of Ukraine has shifted greatly throughout history. Until 1939, Western Ukraine, west of the Zbruch River, had mostly been part of the Kingdom of Galicia and later the Polish Republic. Detailed information for those territories is missing (for more information, see Demographics of Poland). Crimea changed hands as well; in 1897 it was a part of the Taurida Governorate, but after the October Revolution became part of the Russian SFSR, and in 1954 was brought under the administration of the Ukrainian SSR. The territory of Budjak (southern Bessarabia) became a part of the Ukrainian SSR in June 1940.

There were roughly four million Ukrainians at the end of the 17th century.^[10]

The censuses of 1926 through 1989 were conducted in the Ukrainian SSR. The 1897 census is drawn from the statistics of nine governorates located in present-day Ukraine. The 1906 records are taken from Statoids.com, which provides a broad degree of historical context on imperial Russia. The 1931 census statistics were estimated by Professor Zenon Kuzelia, ^[11] whose calculations are as of 1 January 1931. The Encyclopedia of Ukraine mentions Kuzelia as one of the only ethnographic sources available, due to the lack of an official census.^[12]^[13]

^{[nb 1]}

Famines and migration

The Ukrainian famines of the 1930s, followed by the devastation of World War II, created a demographic disaster for the country. In 1933, life expectancy at birth fell to levels as low as ten years of age for females and seven for males, and plateaued around 25 for females and 15 for males between 1941 and 1944.^[14] According to The Oxford companion to World War II, "Over 7 million inhabitants of Ukraine, more than one-sixth of the pre-war population, were killed during the Second World War."^[15]

Significant migration took place in the first years of Ukrainian independence. More than one million people moved into Ukraine in 1991–92, mostly from other former Soviet republics. Between 1991 and 2004, a total of 2.2 million immigrated to Ukraine (2 million of these from other former Soviet Union states), and 2.5 million emigrated from Ukraine (1.9 million of these to other former Soviet Union republics).^[16] As of 2015, immigrants in Ukraine constituted an estimated 11.4% of the total population, or 4.8 million people.^[17] In 2006, there were an estimated 1.2 million Canadians of Ukrainian ancestry,^[18] giving Canada the world's third-largest Ukrainian population, behind Ukraine and Russia. Outside of these, there are also large Ukrainian diaspora communities in Poland, the United States, Brazil, Kazakhstan, and Argentina.

Since about 2015, a growing number of Ukrainians have worked in the European Union, particularly Poland. Eurostat reported that 662,000 Ukrainians received EU residence permits in 2017, 585,439 of them in Poland. In 2019, World Bank statistics showed that money remittances back to Ukraine roughly doubled from 2015 to 2018, and amounted to approximately 4% of Ukraine's GDP.^[19]^[20] Ukraine only keeps records of its citizens who apply for foreign citizenship, not foreign residency^[21]

With the Russian invasion of Ukraine, eight million people fled during the ensuing Ukrainian refugee crisis, Europe's biggest since World War II. Most have gone to Central Europe.

Population decline

According to estimates by the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the population of Ukraine (excluding Crimea) on 1 May 2021 was 41,442,615.^[1]

The country's population has been declining since the 1990s because of a high emigration rate, coupled with high death rates and low birth rates. The population has been shrinking by an average of over 300,000 annually since 1993.

In 2007, the country's rate of population decline was the fourth highest in the world.^[24] But between 2008 and 2010, over 1.5 million children were born in Ukraine, compared with fewer than 1.2 million in 1999–2001. In 2008, Ukraine posted record-breaking birth rates not seen since its 1991 independence. Infant mortality rates also dropped from 10.4 deaths to 8.3 per 1,000 children under one year of age, a lower rate than in 153 other countries.^[25]

In 2019, the Ukrainian government conducted an electronic census using multiple sources, including mobile phone and pension data, and estimated that Ukraine's population, excluding Crimea and parts of the Donbas, to be 37.3 million. About 20 million were of active working age.^[26]^[27]

The Russian invasion considerably deepened the country's demographic crisis due to the illegal annexation of multiple oblasts, numerous civilians fleeing the country, and high casualties. A July 2023 study by the Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies stated the following:

"Regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching."

The study examined different scenarios, from a "best case", in which the war ended in 2023 without significant further escalation, to a "worst case", ending in 2025 after further escalation. Flight from war particularly affects the southern and eastern regions and especially educated women of child-bearing age and their children. With an estimate of more than 20% of refugees not returning, study author Maryna Tverdostup concludes that this will lead to long-term shrinking and will significantly impair the conditions for reconstruction.^[28]

Fertility and natalist policies

As of 2020, the birth rate in Ukraine was 8.1 live births/1,000 population, and the death rate 14.7 deaths/1,000 population.^[4]

Lowest-low fertility, defined as total fertility below 1.3, is being encountered across Europe, attributed by many to postponement of the initiation of childbearing. Ukraine, where total fertility (1.1 in 2001), was one of the world's lowest, shows that there is more than one pathway to lowest-low fertility. Although Ukraine underwent immense political and economic transformations from 1991 to 2004, it maintained a young age at first birth and nearly universal childbearing. Analysis of official national statistics and the Ukrainian Reproductive Health Survey show that fertility declined to very low levels without a transition to a later pattern of childbearing. Findings from focus group interviews suggest that the early fertility pattern was explained by the persistence of traditional norms for childbearing and the roles of men and women, concerns about medical complications and infertility at a later age, and the link between early fertility and early marriage.^[29] Ukraine subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with an average age of 40.8 years.^[30]

To help mitigate population decline, the government increased child support payments, providing one-time payments of 12,250 hryvnias for the first child, 25,000 hryvnias for the second and 50,000 hryvnias for the third and fourth, along with monthly payments of 154 hryvnias per child.^[31]^[32] The demographic trend showed signs of improvement as the birth rate grew steadily from 2001 to 2013.^[33] Five of the country's 24 provinces showed net population growth over the first nine months of 2007, and nationwide population decline showed signs of stabilization. In 2007, the highest birth rates were in the western oblasts.^[34] In 2008, Ukraine emerged from lowest-low fertility, and the upward trend continued to 2012, with population decline slowing year after year. If early 2010s trends had persisted, the population could have returned to positive growth later that decade. Similar trends occurred in Russia and Belarus, which experienced population growth in the 2010's.

In 2014, the strong drop in births returned, and 2018 saw fewer than half the number of births of 1989 (see demographic tables). In 2020, the number of births decreased to 293,000, reaching rates not seen in a quarter century.

Mass emigration and property destruction caused by the Russian invasion led Ukraine's birth to drop still further: it was 28% lower in the first half of 2023 than the first half of 2021.^[35] However, a small but meaningful increase in births may have occurred, with a potential fertility rate increase to 1.60 children per woman, higher than the 2012 peak of 1.53.^[36]

Population

Life expectancy

total population: 71.37 years
male: 66.34 years
female: 76.22 years (2013 official)

Average life expectancy at birth of the total population.^[37]

Period	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	61.83
1955–1960	67.11
1960–1965	69.69
1965–1970	70.66
1970–1975	70.57
1975–1980	69.65
1980–1985	69.15
1985–1990	70.55
1990–1995	68.72
1995–2000	67.36
2000–2005	67.46
2005–2010	67.89
2010–2015	71.12

Total fertility rate

1.12 children born/woman (2000)

1.44 children born/woman (2010)
1.22 children born/women (2020)

Vital statistics

Notable events in Ukrainian demographics:

1932-33 – South Soviet Famine in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1939 – Addition of western oblasts to Ukraine with the end of the Second Polish Republic due to German–Soviet invasion of Poland at the beginning of Second World War
1991 – Independence from the USSR
2004-2005 – Orange Revolution
2014 – Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
2022 – Russian invasion of Ukraine

Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire

The figures below refer to the nine governorates of the Russian Empire (Volhynia, Katerynoslav, Kyiv, Podilia, Poltava, Tauryda, Kharkiv, Kherson and Chernihiv) with a Ukrainian majority.^[41]

	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Crude death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)	Total fertility rates
1900	24,969,000	1,203,334	660,723	542,611	48.2	26.5	21.7
1901	25,505,000	1,123,519	657,883	465,636	44.1	25.8	18.3
1902	25,935,000	1,207,512	681,580	525,932	46.6	26.3	20.3
1903	26,449,000	1,188,404	663,067	525,337	44.9	25.1	19.9
1904	26,961,000	1,228,116	682,068	546,048	45.6	25.3	20.3
1905	27,210,000	1,160,308	779,107	381,201	41.1	27.6	14.0
1906	27,949,000	1,225,951	724,045	501,906	43.9	25.9	18.0
1907	28,418,000	1,279,027	701,451	577,576	45.0	24.7	20.3
1908	29,069,000	1,232,862	692,624	540,238	42.4	23.8	18.6
1909	29,700,000	1,226,155	744,818	481,337	41.3	25.1	16.2
1910	30,297,000	1,225,658	839,491	386,167	40.5	27.7	12.7
1911	30,858,000	1,240,985	670,742	570,243	40.2	21.7	18.5
1912	30,580,000	1,245,358	654,157	591,201	40.7	21.4	19.3
1913	31,142,000	1,222,277	715,924	506,353	39.2	23.0	16.3	6.00
1914	30,973,000	1,240,114	716,875	523,239	40.0	23.1	16.9

Between WWI and WWII

^[42]	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Crude death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)	Fertility rates	Life Expectancy (male)	Life Expectancy (female)
1924	27,400,000	1,211,000	484,880	726,120	43.3	17.3	25.9
1925	28,000,000	1,246,000	531,819	714,181	43.4	18.5	24.9	5.39
1926	28,700,000	1,258,000	518,656	739,344	42.5	17.5	25.0
1927	29,589,000	1,228,000	579,000	649,000	40.6	19.1	21.5		43.3	46.8
1928	30,251,000	1,178,000	575,000	603,000	38.1	18.6	19.5		44.6	48.7
1929	30,894,000	1,115,000	585,000	530,000	35.5	18.6	16.9		42.8	46.7
1930	31,436,000	1,053,000	580,000	473,000	33.0	18.2	14.8		42.5	46.9
1931	31,882,000	1,001,000	553,000	448,000	31.0	17.1	13.9		43.5	47.9
1932	32,342,000	801,000	746,000	55,000	24.7	23.0	1.7		34.5	39.4
1933	32,456,000	564,000	2,104,000	-1,540,000	17.4	64.8	-47.4
1934	30,916,000	562,000	508,000	54,000	18.1	16.4	1.7		37.6	42.1
1935	31,006,000	770,000	381,000	389,000	24.5	12.1	12.4		46.3	52.7
1936	31,423,000	905,000	403,000	502,000	28.3	12.6	15.7		47.6	53.0
1937	31,957,000	1,227,000	450,000	777,000	37.5	13.7	23.7		46.2	51.9
1938	32,742,000	1,123,000	451,000	672,000	33.6	13.5	20.1		47.9	52.7
1939	33,425,000	1,080,000	412,600	667,400	31.7	12.1	19.6		47.7	52.5
1940(b)	40,649,000	1,243,000			30.6			3.80	47.4	52.4

(a) Information is given for Ukraine's territory within its old boundaries up to 17 September 1939 (b) Information is given for Ukraine's territory within its present-day boundaries, after the Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia in September 1939

After WWII

Source: State Statistics Service of Ukraine^[43]

	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Crude death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)	Fertility rates	Urban fertility	Rural fertility	Abortions, reported
1945		435,230
1946		753,493
1947		712,994
1948		757,783
1949		911,641
1950	36,905,000	844,585	315,300	529,300	22.9	8.5	14.3	2.81
1951	37,569,000	858,052	327,500	530,600	22.8	8.7	14.1	2.76
1952	38,141,000	846,434	325,700	520,700	22.2	8.5	13.7	2.64
1953	38,678,000	795,652	326,800	468,900	20.6	8.4	12.1	2.41
1954	39,131,000	845,128	318,500	526,600	21.6	8.1	13.5	2.48
1955	39,506,000	792,696	296,200	496,500	20.1	7.5	12.6	2.70
1956	40,082,000	822,569	293,000	529,600	20.5	7.3	13.2	2.29
1957	40,800,000	847,781	304,800	543,000	20.8	7.5	13.3	2.29
1958	41,512,000	873,483	286,700	586,800	21.0	6.9	14.1	2.30
1959	42,155,000	880,552	316,800	563,800	20.9	7.5	13.4	2.29
1960	42,469,000	878,768	296,171	582,597	20.7	7.0	13.7	2.24
1961	43,097,000	843,482	304,346	539,136	19.6	7.1	12.5	2.17
1962	43,559,000	823,151	331,454	491,697	18.9	7.6	11.3	2.14
1963	44,088,000	794,969	323,556	471,413	17.9	7.3	10.6	2.06
1964	44,664,000	741,668	315,340	426,328	16.5	7.0	9.5	1.96
1965	45,133,000	692,153	342,717	349,436	15.3	7.6	7.7	1.99
1966	45,548,000	713,492	344,850	368,642	15.6	7.5	8.1	2.02
1967	45,997,000	699,381	368,573	330,808	15.1	8.0	7.2	2.01
1968	46,408,000	693,064	374,440	318,624	14.9	8.0	6.9	1.99
1969	46,778,000	687,991	404,151	283,840	14.7	8.6	6.1	2.04
1970	47,127,000	719,213	418,679	300,534	15.2	8.9	6.4	2.10			1,130,315
1971	47,507,000	736,691	424,717	311,974	15.4	8.9	6.6	2.12
1972	47,903,000	745,696	443,038	302,658	15.5	9.2	6.3	2.08
1973	48,274,000	719,560	449,351	270,209	14.9	9.3	5.6	2.04
1974	48,571,000	736,616	455,970	280,646	15.1	9.4	5.8	2.04
1975	48,881,000	738,857	489,550	249,307	15.1	10.0	5.1	2.02			1,110,223
1976	49,151,000	747,069	500,584	246,485	15.2	10.2	5.0	1.99
1977	49,388,000	726,217	517,967	208,250	14.7	10.5	4.2	1.94
1978	49,578,000	732,187	529,681	202,506	14.7	10.7	4.1	1.96
1979	49,755,000	735,188	552,019	183,169	14.7	11.1	3.7	1.96
1980	50,044,000	742,489	568,243	174,246	14.8	11.4	3.5	1.95			1,197,000
1981	50,222,000	733,183	568,789	164,394	14.6	11.3	3.3	1.93			1,112,734
1982	50,388,000	745,591	568,231	177,360	14.8	11.3	3.5	1.94			1,131,437
1983	50,573,000	807,111	583,496	223,615	16.0	11.6	4.4	2.11			1,125,686
1984	50,768,000	792,035	610,338	181,697	15.6	12.0	3.6	2.08			1,127,627
1985	50,941,000	762,775	617,548	145,227	15.0	12.1	2.9	2.02			1,179,000
1986	51,143,000	792,574	565,150	227,424	15.5	11.1	4.4	2.13			1,166,039
1987	51,373,000	760,851	586,387	174,464	14.8	11.4	3.4	2.07			1,168,136
1988	51,593,000	744,056	600,725	143,331	14.4	11.6	2.8	2.04			1,080,029
1989	51,770,000	690,981	600,590	90,391	13.3	11.6	1.7	1.92	1.78	2.33	1,058,414
1990	51,838,500	657,202	629,602	27,600	12.7	12.1	0.5	1.84	1.69	2.27	1,019,038
1991	51,944,400	630,813	669,960	-39,147	12.1	12.9	-0.8	1.78	1.60	2.29	957,022
1992	52,056,600	596,785	697,110	-100,325	11.4	13.4	-1.9	1.67	1.48	2.23	932,272
1993	52,244,100	557,467	741,662	-184,195	10.7	14.2	-3.5	1.56	1.37	2.08	860,996
1994	52,114,400	521,545	764,669	-243,124	10.0	14.7	-4.7	1.47	1.28	1.98	798,538
1995	51,728,400	492,861	792,587	-299,726	9.6	15.4	-5.8	1.40	1.21	1.88	740,172
1996	51,297,100	467,211	776,717	-309,506	9.2	15.2	-6.0	1.34	1.16	1.79	687,035
1997	50,818,400	442,581	754,151	-311,570	8.7	14.9	-6.1	1.27	1.10	1.70	596,740
1998	50,370,800	419,238	719,954	-300,716	8.4	14.4	-6.0	1.21	1.05	1.64	525,329
1999	49,918,100	389,208	739,170	-349,962	7.8	14.9	-7.0	1.13	0.97	1.53	495,760
2000	49,429,800	385,126	758,082	-372,956	7.8	15.4	-7.6	1.12	0.97	1.51	434,223
2001	48,923,200	376,478	745,952	-369,474	7.7	15.3	-7.6	1.08	0.95	1.41	369,750
2002	48,457,102	390,688	754,911	-364,223	8.1	15.7	-7.6	1.10	0.97	1.43	345,967
2003	48,003,463	408,589	765,408	-356,819	8.5	16.0	-7.4	1.17	1.07	1.45	315,835
2004	47,622,434	427,259	761,261	-334,002	9.0	16.0	-7.0	1.22	1.13	1.46	289,065
2005	47,280,817	426,086	781,961	-355,875	9.0	16.6	-7.5	1.21	1.12	1.46	263,950
2006	46,929,525	460,368	758,092	-297,724	9.8	16.2	-6.3	1.31	1.21	1.59	229,618
2007	46,646,046	472,657	762,877	-290,220	10.2	16.4	-6.2	1.35	1.24	1.63	210,454
2008	46,372,664	510,589	754,460	-243,871	11.0	16.3	-5.3	1.46	1.35	1.75	217,413
2009	46,143,714	512,525	706,739	-194,214	11.1	15.3	-4.2	1.47	1.35	1.78	194,845
2010	45,962,947	497,689	698,235	-200,546	10.8	15.2	-4.4	1.44	1.31	1.77	176,774
2011	45,778,534	502,595	664,588	-161,993	11.0	14.5	-3.5	1.46	1.32	1.80	169,131
2012	45,633,637	520,705	663,139	-142,434	11.4	14.5	-3.1	1.53	1.39	1.87	153,147
2013	45,553,047	503,657	662,368	-158,711	11.1	14.6	-3.5	1.51	1.37	1.83	147,736
2014	45,426,249	465,882	632,296	-166,414	10.3	14.0	-3.7	1.50	1.35	1.83	116,104
2015	42,929,298	411,781	594,796	-183,015	9.6	13.9	-4.3	1.51	1.39	1.71	106,357
2016	42,760,516	397,037	583,631	-186,594	9.3	13.6	-4.3	1.47	1.36	1.64	101,121
2017	42,584,542	363,987	574,123	-210,136	8.5	13.5	-5.0	1.37	1.28	1.52	94,665
2018	42,386,403	335,874	587,665	-251,791	7.9	13.9	-6.0	1.30	1.22	1.43	46,552
2019	42,153,201	308,817	581,114	-272,297	7.3	13.8	-6.5	1.23	1.16	1.34	74,606
2020	41,902,416	293,457	616,835	-323,378	7.0	14.7	-7.7	1.22	1.13	1.36
2021	41,167,336	271,983	714,263	-442,280	6.6	17.4	-10.8	1.16	1.08	1.29
2022^[44]	35,100,000(e)	206,032	541,739	-335,707	6.0	15.4	-9.4
2023	32,544,634	187,387	496,200	-308,813	5.4	15.2	-9.8	1.00
2024	31,293,500

	Urban live births	Urban deaths	Urban natural change	Urban crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Urban crude death rate (per 1,000)	Urban natural change (per 1,000)	Rural live births	Rural deaths	Rural natural change	Rural crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Rural crude death rate (per 1,000)	Rural natural change (per 1,000)
1990	442,869	357,114	85,755	12.7	10.2	2.5	214,333	272,488	−58,155	12.7	16.1	−3.4
1991	419,205	380,988	38,217	11.9	10.8	1.1	211,608	288,972	−77,364	12.6	17.2	−4.6
1992	387,696	401,849	−14,153	11.0	11.4	−0.4	209,089	295,261	−86,172	12.5	17.6	−5.1
1993	356,833	432,462	−75,629	10.1	12.2	−2.1	200,634	309,200	−108,566	12.0	18.5	−6.5
1994	328,522	450,823	−122,301	9.3	12.8	−3.5	193,023	313,846	−120,823	11.6	18.8	−7.2
1995	308,408	476,434	−168,026	8.8	13.6	−4.8	184,453	316,153	−131,700	11.1	19.1	−8.0
1996	291,121	460,805	−169,684	8.4	13.3	−4.9	176,090	315,912	−139,822	10.7	19.2	−8.5
1997	274,961	444,446	−169,485	8.0	13.0	−5.0	167,620	309,705	−142,085	10.2	18.9	−8.7
1998	258,724	425,521	−166,797	7.6	12.6	−5.0	160,514	294,433	−133,919	9.9	18.1	−8.2
1999	239,408	439,986	−200,578	7.1	13.1	−6.0	149,800	299,184	−149,384	9.3	18.5	−9.2
2000	238,014	457,069	−219,055	7.2	13.8	−6.6	147,112	301,013	−153,901	9.2	18.8	−9.6
2001	237,228	450,329	−213,101	7.2	13.8	−6.6	139,250	295,623	−156,373	8.7	18.6	−9.9
2002	248,877	454,406	−205,529	7.7	14.0	−6.3	141,811	300,505	−158,694	9.0	19.1	−10.1
2003	266,415	459,965	−193,550	8.3	14.3	−6.0	142,174	305,443	−163,269	9.1	19.6	−10.5
2004	284,361	460,492	−176,131	8.9	14.4	−5.5	142,898	300,769	−157,871	9.3	19.6	−10.3
2005	284,257	471,561	−187,304	8.9	14.8	−5.9	141,829	310,400	−168,571	9.4	20.5	−11.1
2006	306,635	461,774	−155,139	9.6	14.5	−4.9	153,733	296,318	−142,585	10.3	19.8	−9.5
2007	314,065	466,253	−152,188	9.9	14.7	−4.8	158,592	296,624	−138,032	10.7	20.1	−9.4
2008	340,594	462,897	−122,303	10.8	14.6	−3.8	169,995	291,563	−121,568	11.6	19.9	−8.3
2009	339,497	432,294	−92,797	10.8	13.7	−2.9	173,028	274,445	−101,417	11.9	18.9	−7.0
2010	326,587	431,130	−104,543	10.4	13.7	−3.3	171,102	267,105	−96,003	11.9	18.6	−6.7
2011	328,934	411,025	−82,091	10.5	13.1	−2.6	173,661	253,563	−79,902	12.1	17.7	−5.6
2012	341,599	411,787	−70,188	10.9	13.1	−2.2	179,106	251,352	−72,246	12.6	17.7	−5.1
2013	330,284	412,553	−82,269	10.5	13.2	−2.7	173,373	249,815	−76,442	12.3	17.7	−5.4
2014	304,190	391,739	−87,549	10.2	13.2	−3.0	161,692	240,557	−78,865	12.2	18.1	−5.9
2015	266,082	358,749	−92,667	10.4	13.2	−2.8	145,699	236,047	−90,348	11.3	18.0	−6.7
2016	258,688	354,634	−95,946	10.0	13.2	−3.2	138,349	228,997	−90,648	10.8	17.6	−6.8
2017	237,874	350,549	−112,675	9.2	13.0	−3.8	126,113	223,574	−97,461	9.9	17.3	−7.4
2018	220,102	363,732	−143,630	8.5	13.4	−4.9	115,772	223,933	−108,161	9.2	17.5	−8.3
2019	202,646	362,660	−160,014	7.9	13.4	−5.5	106,171	218,454	−112,283	8.5	17.2	−8.7

Note: Data excludes Crimea starting in 2014.^[45]

Current vital statistics

^[43]


Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January-June 2023	96,755	258,055	-161,300
January-June 2024	87,600	250,972	-163,372
Difference	−9,155 (-9.4%)	-7,083 (-2.7%)	-2,072

Note: Russia occupied and later annexed the Crimean Peninsula in 2014. The annexation is internationally recognized only by a small number of nations. Following the occupation, the Ukrainian statistics service could no longer provide accurate data on Crimea. Thus, as of 2014, the territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol are not included in the Demographics of Ukraine but in the Demographics of Russia. All data from State Statistics Service of Ukraine.

Structure of the population

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021) (The government of Ukraine has informed the United Nations that it is not in a position to provide statistical data on the Autonomous Republic of Crimea or the city of Sevastopol.): ^[46]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	19 195 376	22 223 341	41 418 717	100
0–4	871 807	817 549	1 689 356	4.08
5–9	1 184 223	1 113 485	2 297 708	5.55
10–14	1 179 905	1 112 800	2 292 705	5.54
15–19	978 279	923 149	1 901 428	4.59
20–24	1 029 297	969 836	1 999 133	4.83
25–29	1 323 862	1 255 946	2 579 808	6.23
30–34	1 705 251	1 646 672	3 351 923	8.09
35–39	1 758 922	1 739 010	3 497 932	8.45
40–44	1 533 807	1 583 673	3 117 480	7.53
45–49	1 420 874	1 541 601	2 962 475	7.15
50–54	1 269 395	1 447 927	2 717 322	6.56
55–59	1 285 999	1 603 824	2 889 823	6.98
60–64	1 225 350	1 685 084	2 910 434	7.03
65-69	921 671	1 454 610	2 376 281	5.74
70-74	656 532	1 190 134	1 846 666	4.46
75-79	323 037	740 699	1 063 736	2.57
80-84	335 863	874 371	1 210 234	2.92
85-89	113 869	308 482	422 351	1.02
90-94	54 945	164 392	219 337	0.53
95-99	15 892	37 973	53 865	0.13
100+	6 596	12 124	18 720	0.05
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	3 235 935	3 043 834	6 279 769	15.16
15–64	13 531 036	14 396 722	27 927 758	67.43
65+	2 428 405	4 782 785	7 211 190	17.41

Regional data

Population by oblast

Name of Oblast	Population as of Dec 2021
Donetsk Oblast	4,062,839
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast	3,100,320
Kyiv City	2,952,577
Kharkiv Oblast	2,602,207
Lviv Oblast	2,480,137
Odesa Oblast	2,352,648
Luhansk Oblast	2,104,531
Kyiv Oblast	1,795,099
Zaporizhzhia Oblast	1,640,876
Vinnytsia Oblast	1,511,574
Poltava Oblast	1,354,444
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast	1,352,973
Zakarpattia Oblast	1,245,491
Khmelnytskyi Oblast	1,230,507
Zhytomyr Oblast	1,180,638
Cherkasy Oblast	1,162,439
Rivne Oblast	1,142,599
Mykolaiv Oblast	1,093,492
Sumy Oblast	1,037,237
Ternopil Oblast	1,022,625
Volyn Oblast	1,022,107
Kherson Oblast	1,002,923
Chernihiv Oblast	961,054
Kirovohrad Oblast	905,715
Chernivtsi Oblast	891,054
Ukraine	41,208,106

Birth data by oblast

Note: Recent data for Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts have been affected by the war in Donbas, and may only include births within the government-held parts of the oblasts.^[47]

Number of births by oblast for January–November	Birth/2016	Birth/2015	Death/2016	Death/2015
Kyiv City	33416	32382	27772	27767
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast	28473	30620	47934	49258
Lviv Oblast	25708	25007	29247	30010
Odesa Oblast	24246	25182	30479	31512
Kharkiv Oblast	21992	22864	38502	38965
Donetsk Oblast	17772	15608	33464	36883
Kyiv Oblast	17559	18485	25623	26046
Zakarpattia Oblast	14862	15525	13880	14164
Rivne Oblast	14454	14809	13261	13426
Zaporizhzhia Oblast	14430	15140	25533	25657
Vinnytsia Oblast	14153	15126	22521	23237
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast	13547	14412	15616	16144
Volyn Oblast	12047	12307	12311	12602
Zhytomyr Oblast	11958	12526	18301	19085
Khmelnytskyi Oblast	11793	12768	18097	18702
Poltava Oblast	11503	12381	22084	22440
Mykolaiv Oblast	9904	10626	15834	16316
Kherson Oblast	9877	10476	14891	15055
Cherkasy Oblast	9721	10560	18437	18315
Chernivtsi Oblast	9461	9851	10399	10738
Ternopil Oblast	9177	9912	13584	13962
Kirovohrad Oblast	8189	8662	14810	14809
Sumy Oblast	8169	8959	16982	17322
Chernihiv Oblast	7816	8359	17515	18199
Luhansk Oblast	5960	4978	12689	13401

Number of births by oblast	Birth/2014	Birth/2013	Birth/2012	Birth/2011	Death/2014	Death/2013	Death/2012	Death/2011
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast	36497	36134	37087	36116	52722	51134	51486	52106
Donetsk Oblast	35595	41034	42839	41720	71799	69345	70496	71042
Kyiv City	34821	33305	33887	32068	29992	28003	27840	27050
Lviv Oblast	30270	29542	30220	28904	32450	31666	31667	31162
Odesa Oblast	29465	29075	30384	29225	34155	33523	33648	33688
Kharkiv Oblast	27690	26700	27244	26317	41891	39465	40130	40079
Kyiv Oblast	20900	20511	20966	20083	28264	27198	27161	26847
Zaporizhzhia Oblast	18713	18134	18882	18198	27773	26498	26406	27033
Zakarpattia Oblast	18377	18490	18968	18460	14808	14801	14813	14588
Vinnytsia Oblast	17547	17437	18339	17894	25567	25453	25158	25376
Rivne Oblast	17169	17445	18316	17697	14714	14556	14302	14168
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast	16886	16716	17101	16497	17670	17358	16801	16657
Zhytomyr Oblast	15115	15001	15486	15154	21185	20859	20685	20417
Volyn Oblast	14668	14700	15346	14620	13748	13666	13710	13842
Khmelnytskyi Oblast	14631	14548	14881	14492	20408	20581	20362	20116
Poltava Oblast	14504	14296	14635	14167	24784	24358	24223	24384
Mykolaiv Oblast	13076	13043	13515	13029	17750	17353	17277	17441
Cherkasy Oblast	12351	12100	12798	12473	20800	20477	20667	20848
Kherson Oblast	12308	12300	12643	12085	16141	16048	15904	15828
Ternopil Oblast	11717	11807	12202	11964	15180	14682	14838	14829
Chernivtsi Oblast	11679	11465	11592	11281	11619	11520	11321	11192
Luhansk Oblast	11442	20531	21743	21320	22755	35822	36316	37256
Kirovohrad Oblast	10576	10562	11029	10578	16716	16513	16521	16697
Sumy Oblast	10344	10411	11093	10473	19452	19219	19002	18833
Chernihiv Oblast	9552	9852	10222	10134	20324	19909	20208	20179

Birth rate by oblast	Birth/2014	Birth/2013	Birth/2012	Birth/2011	Death/2014	Death/2013	Death/2012	Death/2011
Rivne Oblast	14.8	15.1	15.9	15.3	12.7	12.6	12.4	12.3
Zakarpattia Oblast	14.6	14.7	15.1	14.8	11.8	11.8	11.8	11.7
Volyn Oblast	14.1	14.1	14.8	14.1	13.2	13.1	13.2	13.3
Chernivtsi Oblast	12.9	12.6	12.8	12.5	12.8	12.7	12.5	12.4
Odesa Oblast	12.3	12.1	12.7	12.2	14.3	14.0	14.1	14.1
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast	12.2	12.1	12.4	12.0	12.8	12.6	12.2	12.1
Kyiv Oblast	12.1	11.9	12.2	11.7	16.4	15.8	15.8	15.6
Kyiv City	12.1	11.7	12.0	11.4	10.4	9.8	9.8	9.6
Zhytomyr Oblast	12.0	11.9	12.2	11.9	16.8	16.5	16.3	16.0
Lviv Oblast	11.9	11.6	11.9	11.4	12.8	12.4	12.5	12.3
Kherson Oblast	11.5	11.4	11.7	11.1	15.1	14.9	14.7	14.6
Mykolaiv Oblast	11.2	11.1	11.5	11.0	15.2	14.8	14.7	14.8
Khmelnytskyi Oblast	11.2	11.1	11.3	11.0	15.6	15.7	15.5	15.2
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast	11.1	11.0	11.2	10.9	16.0	15.5	15.5	15.7
Vinnytsia Oblast	10.9	10.8	11.2	10.9	15.9	15.7	15.4	15.5
Ternopil Oblast	10.9	11.0	11.3	11.1	14.2	13.7	13.8	13.7
Kirovohrad Oblast	10.8	10.7	11.0	10.5	17.0	16.7	16.5	16.6
Zaporizhzhia Oblast	10.6	10.2	10.6	10.1	15.7	14.9	14.8	15.0
Kharkiv Oblast	10.1	9.8	9.9	9.6	15.3	14.4	14.6	14.6
Poltava Oblast	10.0	9.8	9.9	9.5	17.1	16.7	16.5	16.4
Cherkasy Oblast	9.8	9.6	10.1	9.8	16.5	16.2	16.2	16.3
Sumy Oblast	9.2	9.2	9.7	9.1	17.2	16.9	16.6	16.3
Chernihiv Oblast	9.0	9.2	9.4	9.3	19.2	18.6	18.7	18.5
Donetsk Oblast	8.2	9.4	9.8	9.5	16.6	15.9	16.1	16.1
Luhansk Oblast	5.1	9.1	9.6	9.3	10.2	15.9	16.0	16.3

Year in review 2013

Compared to 2012, the amount of attrition increased in 2013 by 16,278 persons, or 3.1 to 3.5 persons per 1,000 inhabitants (real). Natural decreases were observed in 23 oblasts of the country, while natural increases were recorded only in Kyiv and in the Zakarpattya, Rivne and Volyn oblasts (5,302, 3,689, 2,889 and 1,034 people, respectively).

Some regions registered a low natural decline, such as Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, Sevastopol, Lviv, Ternopil, Crimea, Kherson and Odesa (−55, −642, −863, −2,124, −2,875, −2,974, −3,748 and −4,448 people, respectively). The largest declines were recorded in Donetsk, Luhansk, Dnipro, Kharkiv, Poltava and Chernihiv (−28,311, −15,291, −15,007, −12,765, −10,062 and −10,057, respectively), regions which share a low birth rate and high mortality of a large urban population and rapid aging of the rural population.

Net migration rate

-5.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015).

Infant mortality rate

9.1 deaths/1,000 infants live births for 4,564 deaths (2010)
9.0 deaths/1,000 infants live births for 4,511 deaths (2011)
8.4 deaths/1,000 infants live births for 4,371 deaths (2012)
8.0 deaths/1,000 infants live births for 4,030 deaths (2013)
8.9 deaths/1,000 infants live births for 2,193 death for January–June 2011
8.6 deaths/1,000 infants live births for 2,190 death for January–June 2012
7.8 deaths/1,000 infants live births for 1,993 deaths for January–June 2013^[48]

Infant mortality by oblast	Death/2012	Death/2011	Death/2010	Death/2009
Donetsk Oblast	540	473	497	533
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast	370	343	347	329
Odesa Oblast	267	268	263	280
Kyiv City	262	255	233	244
Lviv Oblast	233	272	266	238
Kharkiv Oblast	203	234	243	252
Zakarpattia Oblast	168	195	199	238
Vinnytsia Oblast	166	186	148	149
Luhansk Oblast	165	188	199	252
Zaporizhzhia Oblast	154	169	182	174
Rivne Oblast	147	156	158	164
Khmelnytskyi Oblast	134	89	109	174
Zhytomyr Oblast	124	134	135	127
Cherkasy Oblast	122	101	125	132
Kyiv Oblast	119	143	140	146
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast	109	145	170	157
Volyn Oblast	106	116	123	118
Kirovohrad Oblast	103	139	112	119
Kherson Oblast	100	120	116	136
Mykolaiv Oblast	97	97	104	112
Ternopil Oblast	97	96	98	93
Chernihiv Oblast	94	80	82	103
Chernivtsi Oblast	92	96	90	91
Poltava Oblast	85	86	87	105
Sumy Oblast	76	78	97	91

Infant mortality per 1,000 by Oblast	Death/2012	Death/2011	Death/2010	Death/2009
Donetsk Oblast	12.7	11.4	12.0	12.3
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast	10.0	9.5	9.7	8.8
Cherkasy Oblast	9.6	8.1	10.0	10.5
Kirovohrad Oblast	9.4	13.2	10.6	10.9
Chernihiv Oblast	9.2	7.9	8.1	9.9
Vinnytsia Oblast	9.1	10.4	8.4	8.3
Khmelnytskyi Oblast	9.0	6.2	7.5	11.8
Zakarpattia Oblast	8.9	10.6	10.9	13.1
Odesa Oblast	8.8	9.2	9.2	9.7
Zaporizhzhia Oblast	8.2	9.3	10.1	9.4
Rivne Oblast	8.1	8.9	9.2	9.4
Kherson Oblast	8.0	9.9	9.4	11.0
Zhytomyr Oblast	8.0	8.9	9.1	8.5
Chernivtsi Oblast	8.0	8.5	8.2	8.2
Ternopil Oblast	8.0	8.0	8.2	7.5
Lviv Oblast	7.8	9.4	9.2	8.0
Kyiv City	7.8	8.0	7.3	7.5
Luhansk Oblast	7.6	8.8	9.4	11.6
Kharkiv Oblast	7.5	8.9	9.2	9.3
Mykolaiv Oblast	7.3	7.5	8.1	8.5
Volyn Oblast	7.0	7.9	8.2	7.7
Sumy Oblast	6.9	7.5	9.3	8.5
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast	6.4	8.8	10.3	9.1
Poltava Oblast	5.8	6.1	6.1	7.1
Kyiv Oblast	5.7	7.2	7.0	7.1

Total fertility rate by oblast

Fertility rate in Ukraine by oblast in 2011

None of the oblasts in 2013 recorded a higher fertility rate than 2.10 children per woman, though rural areas saw higher rates in the Rivne Oblast (2.50) and Volyn Oblast (2.20). While close-to-generational renewal rates were achieved in the Odesa (2.04), Zakarpattia (2.00), Mykolaiv (1.95), Chernivtsi (1.93) and Zhytomyr (1.91) oblasts, they were weaker in the Luhansk (1.41), Sumy (1.47) and Cherkasy (1.53) oblasts.

The highest urban fertility rates were recorded in the Zakarpattia Oblast (1.80), city of Sevastopol (1.57), Volyn Oblast (1.56), Kyiv Oblast (1.56) and Rivne Oblast (1.54). The lowest were in the Sumy (1.23), Kharkiv (1.26), Cherkasy (1.28), Chernihiv (1.28), Chernivtsi (1.28), Luhansk (1.28), Poltava (1.29), Donetsk (1.29) and Zaporizhzhia (1.32) oblasts.

Children born per woman by oblast	Total fertility rate/2020	Total fertility rate/2012	Total fertility rate/2011	Total fertility rate/2010
Rivne Oblast	1.54	2.08	1.99	1.93
Zakarpattia Oblast	1.60	1.95	1.90	1.83
Volyn Oblast	1.51	1.92	1.81	1.85
Zhytomyr Oblast	1.20	1.71	1.65	1.61
Odesa Oblast	1.34	1.71	1.62	1.58
Kyiv Oblast	1.18	1.67	1.58	1.58
Chernivtsi Oblast	1.30	1.64	1.58	1.53
Khmelnytskyi Oblast	1.26	1.62	1.56	1.55
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast	1.27	1.63	1.55	1.58
Kherson Oblast	1.20	1.61	1.51	1.51
Kirovohrad Oblast	1.10	1.61	1.51	1.50
Lviv Oblast	1.24	1.58	1.49	1.50
Mykolaiv Oblast	1.11	1.57	1.47	1.44
Vinnytsia Oblast	1.20	1.59	1.53	1.50
Ukraine	1.22	1.53	1.46	1.45
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast	1.09	1.52	1.44	1.43
Ternopil Oblast	1.13	1.50	1.45	1.46
Zaporizhzhia Oblast	1.03	1.46	1.37	1.34
Poltava Oblast	1.04	1.41	1.33	1.34
Cherkasy Oblast	1.01	1.43	1.37	1.36
Chernihiv Oblast	1.02	1.40	1.36	1.36
Kyiv City	1.44	1.38	1.29	1.30
Donetsk Oblast		1.34	1.27	1.26
Kharkiv Oblast	0.98	1.32	1.25	1.24
Sumy Oblast	0.93	1.36	1.25	1.23
Luhansk Oblast		1.33	1.27	1.23

Other demographics statistics

Population change of urban settlements, 1970–1989

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019^[49]

One birth every 1 minute
One death every 48 seconds
Net loss of one person every 2 minutes
One net migrant every 30 minutes

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated^[30]

Age structure:

0-14 years: 15.95% (male 3,609,386/female 3,400,349)

15-24 years: 9.57% (male 2,156,338/female 2,047,821)

25-54 years: 44.03% (male 9,522,108/female 9,831,924)

55-64 years: 13.96% (male 2,638,173/female 3,499,718)

65 years and over: 16.49% (male 2,433,718/female 4,812,764) (2018 est.)

0-14 years: 15.76% (male 3,571,358/female 3,366,380)

15-24 years: 9.86% (male 2,226,142/female 2,114,853)

25-54 years: 44.29% (male 9,579,149/female 9,921,387)

55-64 years: 13.8% (male 2,605,849/female 3,469,246)

65 years and over: 16.3% (male 2,409,049/female 4,770,461) (2017 est.)

0–14 years: 15.1% = 6,449,171 (2015 official)

15–64 years: 69.3% = 29,634,710

65 years and over: 15.6% = 6,675,780

0–14 years: 14.8% = 6,989,802

15–64 years: 69.2% = 32,603,475

65 years and over: 16.0% = 7,507,185 (2005 official)

0–14 years: 21.6% = 11,101,469

15–64 years: 66.7% = 34,320,742

65 years and over: 11.7% = 6,022,934 (1989 official)

Median age: total: 40.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 47th; male: 37.7 years; female: 43.9 years (2018 est.)

total: 40.6 years

male: 37.4 years

female: 43.7 years (2017 est.)

total: 39.8 years

male: 39.7 years

female: 40.1 years (2014 official)

total: 39.7 years

male: 39.5 years

female: 40.1 years (2013 official)

total: 34.8 years

male: 31.9 years

female: 37.7 years (1989 official)

Birth rate: 10.1 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 190th; 10.3 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Death rate: 14.3 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 6th; 14.4 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.55 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 190th; 1.54 children born/woman (2017 est.)

Net migration rate: 4.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 29th; 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth: 24.9 years (2014 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.04% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 187th; -0.41% (2017 est.)

Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.4 years. Country comparison to the world: 148th; male: 67.7 years; female: 77.4 years (2018 est.)

Ethnic groups

Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 est.)

Languages

Ukrainian (official) 67.5%, Russian (regional language) 29.6%, other (includes small Crimean Tatar-, Moldovan/Romanian-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities) 2.9% (2001 est.)
Note: in February 2018, the Constitutional Court ruled that 2012 language legislation entitling a language spoken by at least 10% of an oblast's population to be given the status of "regional language" – allowing for its use in courts, schools, and other government institutions – was unconstitutional, thus making the law invalid; Ukrainian remains the country's only official nationwide language.

Religions

Orthodox (includes Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox (UAOC), Ukrainian Orthodox – Kyiv Patriarchate (UOC-KP), Ukrainian Orthodox – Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP)), Ukrainian Greek Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, Jewish
Note: Ukraine's population is overwhelmingly Christian; the vast majority – up to two-thirds – identify themselves as Orthodox, but many do not specify a particular branch; the UOC-KP and the UOC-MP each represent less than a quarter of the country's population, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church accounts for 8–10%, and the UAOC accounts for 1–2%; Muslim and Jewish adherents each compose less than 1% of the total population (2013 est.).

Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 44.8 (2015 est.); youth dependency ratio: 21.8 (2015 est.); elderly dependency ratio: 23 (2015 est.); potential support ratio: 4.3 (2015 est.); Note: data include Crimea

Urbanization: urban population: 69.4% of total population (2018); rate of urbanization: -0.33% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

total population: 99.8%

male: 99.8%

female: 99.7% (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 15 years; male: 15 years; female: 16 years (2014)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24: total: 23%. Country comparison to the world: 53rd; male: 24%; female: 21.5% (2016 est.)

Birth and death rates of regional capitals

Birth rate in regional centers	Birth/2012	Birth/2011	Birth/2010	Birth/2009	Birth/2007	Birth/2005	Birth/2003
Simferopol	13.6	12.8	11.8	11.8	11.0	9.5	9.2
Lutsk	12.6	12.3	12.6	13.9	12.6	11.7	10.0
Rivne	12.6	12.0	11.8	12.3	10.9	10.1	9.4
Uzhhorod	12.1	11.9	12.0	12.4	12.8	12.6	10.8
Kyiv	12.0	11.4	11.5	11.7	10.4	9.8	8.8
Khmelnytskyi	12.0	11.2	11.8	11.5	10.4	10.2	9.2
Sevastopol	12.0	11.1	11.0	11.2	10.5	9.6	8.7
Kherson	11.9	11.1	10.1	10.5	9.6	8.6	8.5
Ternopil	11.8	12.2	11.7	12.3	11.9	11.6	10.4
Ivano-Frankivsk	11.6	11.6	10.1	10.8	11.3	10.7	9.3
Vinnytsia	11.5	11.2	10.9	11.1	10.1	9.4	9.1
Kropyvnytskyi	11.5	11.1	10.5	11.3	10.5	8.9	8.4
Zhytomyr	11.4	11.5	10.8	11.7	10.6	9.5	8.7
Sumy	11.3	10.3	10.0	10.3	9.6	8.2	7.8
Lviv	11.0	10.4	10.0	10.5	9.7	9.3	9.0
Ukraine Urban	10.9	10.5	10.4	10.8	9.9	8.9	8.3
Dnipro	10.5	10.2	10.0	10.5	9.4	8.5	7.9
Luhansk	10.5	9.8	8.8	9.2	8.2	7.4	6.8
Chernivtsi	10.2	10.3	10.1	10.2	9.2	9.6	8.3
Odesa	10.1	9.8	9.6	9.9	9.0	8.3	7.5
Cherkasy	9.9	9.4	9.4	9.4	8.7	7.8	7.4
Poltava	9.9	9.1	8.8	9.7	8.4	7.8	7.3
Zaporizhzhia	9.5	9.2	9.2	9.3	8.9	8.2	7.5
Mykolaiv	9.4	9.3	9.1	9.4	8.7	8.0	7.9
Chernihiv	9.3	9.2	9.1	9.6	8.4	8.0	7.6
Kharkiv	9.2	8.9	8.8	9.2	8.4	7.6	7.1
Donetsk	9.1	8.7	8.6	9.0	8.2	7.5	6.6

Death rate in regional centers	Death/2012	Death/2011	Death/2010	Death/2009	Death/2007	Death/2005	Death/2003
Kherson	15.2	15.6	14.0	14.2	14.9	14.8	14.5
Luhansk	14.2	14.3	13.6	13.4	13.8	14.2	14.1
Simferopol	14.0	14.8	13.6	13.8	15.3	15.3	15.2
Sevastopol	13.7	14.1	14.7	14.5	15.5	15.4	14.1
Kropyvnytskyi	13.7	13.7	13.8	14.0	14.4	14.1	14.1
Dnipro	13.5	13.7	14.1	13.8	15.1	15.1	16.0
Donetsk	13.4	13.5	14.0	13.9	15.2	15.4	14.7
Zaporizhzhia	13.2	13.4	14.2	13.8	15.0	14.7	14.2
Ukraine Urban	13.1	13.1	13.7	13.7	14.7	14.8	14.3
Mykolaiv	12.8	12.8	13.8	13.8	14.5	14.5	14.9
Poltava	12.8	12.6	13.2	13.0	13.7	13.6	13.6
Sumy	12.1	11.9	12.4	12.6	13.0	13.1	11.9
Kharkiv	12.0	11.8	12.4	12.2	13.1	13.1	13.0
Odesa	11.9	12.2	13.0	12.5	13.9	14.1	14.0
Cherkasy	11.2	10.7	11.3	11.2	11.7	11.7	11.0
Chernihiv	11.4	11.1	12.0	11.8	12.5	12.4	12.0
Lviv	11.0	10.8	10.5	10.8	11.5	11.4	11.5
Zhytomyr	10.7	10.9	11.2	11.1	12.0	12.2	11.4
Uzhhorod	10.3	10.2	10.5	11.3	12.0	12.4	10.3
Kyiv	9.8	9.6	10.3	10.2	11.4	11.2	10.7
Lutsk	9.6	9.4	9.6	9.1	10.4	10.2	10.5
Chernivtsi	9.5	9.4	9.9	10.3	11.0	11.0	10.8
Khmelnytskyi	9.4	8.8	9.0	9.5	9.8	9.8	9.2
Vinnytsia	9.1	9.0	9.2	9.2	10.2	10.2	10.0
Ivano-Frankivsk	9.1	8.7	8.2	8.5	9.1	9.3	9.3
Ternopil	8.1	7.6	8.1	7.7	8.5	8.5	7.7
Rivne	7.9	7.8	8.7	8.6	9.0	9.2	8.8

Ethnic groups

In 2001, the ethnic composition of Ukraine was: Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Romanian 1.1% (including Moldovan 0.8%), Belarusian 0.6%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 1.0%, Pontic Greek 0.2% and other 1.6% (including Armenians, Germans, Romas, Georgians, Slovaks, Albanians, Crimean Karaites, as well as Muslim Bulgarians, otherwise known as Torbesh, and a microcosm of Swedes of Gammalsvenskby).^[50] It is also estimated that there are about 49,817 ethnic Koreans (0.12%) in Ukraine that belong to the Koryo-saram group. Their number may be as high as 100,000 as many ethnic Koreans were assimilated into the majority population.^[51]^[52] Rusyns are also not recognised by the Ukrainian government as a distinct ethnic group and are instead treated as a sub-group of Ukrainians.^[53]

According to the 2021 law “On the Indigenous Peoples of Ukraine”, the Crimean Tatars, Crimean Karaites and Krymchaks are the indigenous peoples of Ukraine.^[54]

Ethnic Ukrainians in Ukraine by raions (2001 census)

Largest ethnicity in Ukraine's cities and raions, according to 2001 census.

Before World War II

Population of the Ukrainian SSR according to ethnic group 1926–1939
Ethnic group	census 1926¹		census 1939²
Ethnic group	Number	%	Number	%
Ukrainians	23,218,860	80.0	23,667,509	76.5
Russians	2,677,166	9.2	4,175,299	13.5
Jewish	1,574,428	5.4	1,532,776	5.0
Germans	393,924	1.4	392,458	1.3
Polish	476,435	1.6	357,710	1.2
Moldavians / Romanians	257,794	0.9	230,698	0.8
Belarusians	75,842	0.3	158,174	0.5
Pontic Greeks	104,666	0.4	107,047	0.4
Bulgarians	99,278	0.3	83,838	0.3
Tatars	22,281	0.1	55,456	0.2
Roma	13,578	0.0	10,443	0.0
Others	103,935	0.4	174,810	0.6
Total	29,018,187		30,946,218
¹ Source:.^[55]

After World War II

Population of Ukraine according to ethnic group 1959–2001
Ethnic group	census 1959¹		census 1970²		census 1979³		census 1989⁴		census 2001⁵
Ethnic group	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Ukrainians	32,158,493	76.8	35,283,857	74.9	36,488,951	73.6	37,419,053	72.7	37,541,693	77.5
Russians	7,090,813	16.9	9,126,331	19.4	10,471,602	21.1	11,355,582	22.1	8,334,141	17.2
Romanians / Moldovans	391,753	1.1	378,043	1.1	415,371	1.1	459,350	1.2	409,608	1.1
Belarusians	290,890	0.7	385,847	0.8	406,098	0.8	440,045	0.9	275,763	0.6
Crimean Tatars	193	0.0	3,554	0.0	6,636	0.0	46,807	0.1	248,193	0.5
Bulgarians	219,419	0.5	234,390	0.5	238,217	0.5	233,800	0.5	204,574	0.4
Hungarians	149,229	0.4	157,731	0.3	164,373	0.3	163,111	0.3	156,566	0.3
Poles	363,297	0.9	295,107	0.6	258,309	0.5	219,179	0.4	144,130	0.3
Jewish	840,311	2.0	777,126	1.7	634,154	1.3	486,628	1.0	103,591	0.2
Armenians	28,024	0.1	33,439	0.1	38,646	0.1	54,200	0.1	99,894	0.2
Greeks	104,359	0.3	106,909	0.2	104,091	0.2	98,594	0.2	91,548	0.2
Tatars	61,334	0.2	72,658	0.2	83,906	0.2	86,875	0.2	73,304	0.2
Roma	22,515	0.1	30,091	0.1	34,411	0.1	47,917	0.1	47,587	0.1
Azerbaijanis	6,680	0.0	10,769	0.0	17,235	0.0	36,961	0.1	45,176	0.1
Georgians	11,574	0.0	14,650	0.0	16,301	0.0	23,540	0.1	34,199	0.1
Germans	23,243	0.1	29,871	0.1	34,139	0.1	37,849	0.1	33,302	0.1
Gagauz	23,530	0.1	26,464	0.1	29,398	0.1	31,967	0.1	31,923	0.1
Karaites	3,301	0.0	2,596	0.0	1,845	0.0	1,404	0.0	1,196	0.0
Others	129,338	0.3	157,084	0.3	165,650	0.3	209,172	0.4	363,821	1.1
Total	41,869,046		47,126,517		49,609,333		51,452,034		48,240,902
¹ Source:.^[56] ² Source:.^[57] ³ Source:.^[58] ⁴ Source:.^[59] ⁵ Source: [1].

Ethnic Groups in Ukraine, 2001^[60]

Ukrainian (77.8%)

Russian (17.3%)

Belarusian (0.6%)

Moldovan (0.5%)

Crimean Tatar (0.5%)

Bulgarian (0.4%)

Hungarian (0.3%)

Romanian (0.3%)

Polish (0.3%)

Jewish (0.2%)

Other (1.8%)

Languages

According to the 2001 census, the following languages are common in Ukraine: Ukrainian 67.5%, Russian 29.6%, Crimean Tatar, Urum (Turkic Greeks), Bulgarian, Moldovan/Romanian, Polish, Hungarian. The table below lists the total population of various ethnic groups in Ukraine and their primary language, according to the 2001 census.^[50]

Primary language by ethnic group
Ethnic group	Population	Native	Ukrainian	Russian	Other
Ukrainians	37,541,693	31,970,728	–	5,544,729	532
Russians	8,334,141	7,993,832	328,152	–	402
Moldovans	258,619	181,124	27,775	45,607	1242
Belarusians	275,763	54,573	48,202	172,251
Crimean Tatars	248,193	228,373	184	15,208	43
Bulgarians	204,574	131,237	10,277	62,067	9
Hungarians	156,566	149,431	5,367	1,513	14
Romanians	150,989	138,522	9,367	2,297	170
Polish	144,130	18,660	102,268	22,495	390
Hebrew	103,591	3,213	13,924	85,964	16
Armenians	99,894	50,363	5,798	43,105	11
Greeks	91,548	5,829	4,359	80,992	9
Tatars	73,304	25,770	3,310	43,060	6
Koreans	49,817	2,223	37,932	9,662	0
Roma	47,587	21,266	10,039	6,378	6
Azerbaijanis	45,176	23,958	3,224	16,968	36
Georgians	34,199	12,539	2,818	18,589	15
Germans	33,302	4,056	7,360	21,549	20
Gagauz	31,923	22,822	1,102	7,232	2
Uzbeks	12,353	3,604	1,818	5,996	0
Chuvash	10,593	2,268	564	7,636	1
Mordvinians	9,331	1,473	646	7,168	0
Turks	8,844	7,923	133	567	0
Lithuanians	7,207	1,932	1,029	4,182	4
Arabs	6,575	4,071	897	1,235	0
Slovaks	6,397	2,633	2,665	335	0
Czechs	5,917	1,190	2,503	2,144	2
Kazakhs	5,526	1,041	822	3,470	11
Latvians	5,079	957	872	3,188	1
Ossetians	4,834	1,150	401	3,110	4
Udmurts	4,712	729	380	3,515	0
Lezghinians	4,349	1,507	330	2,341	4
Tadjiks	4,255	1,521	488	1,983	0
Bashkirs	4,253	843	336	2,920	0
Mari people	4,130	1,059	264	2,758	7
Thai	3,850	3,641	29	164	0
Turkmens	3,709	719	1,079	1,392	0
Albanians	3,308	1,740	301	1,181	0
Assyrians	3,143	883	408	1,730	0
Chechens	2,877	1,581	212	977	0
Estonians	2,868	416	321	2,107	4
Chinese people	2,213	1,817	73	307	0
Kurds	2,088	1,173	236	396	0
Darghins	1,610	409	199	955	0
Komis	1,545	330	127	1,046	0
Karelians	1,522	96	145	1,244	1
Avars	1,496	582	121	761	0
Peoples of India and Pakistan	1,483	1,092	26	192	0
Abkhazians	1,458	317	268	797	0
Karaites	1,196	72	160	931	0
Komi-Permians	1,165	160	79	898	1
Kyrgyz people	1,128	208	221	617	19
Laks	1,019	199	271	514	13
Afghans	1,008	551	60	213	0
other	3,228	1,027	144	790	0
NA	188,639	0	1,108	1,844	1

Native languages according to 2001 census

Ukrainian		Russian		Romanian and Moldovan



Crimean Tatar		Bulgarian		Hungarian

Religion

A 2018 survey conducted by the Razumkov Centre found that 71.7% of the population declared themselves believers in any religion, while 4.7% declared themselves non-believers, and 3.0% declared themselves atheists.^[61] Of the total Ukrainian population, 87.4% declared they were Christians, comprising 67.3% who declared themselves Eastern Orthodox, 10.2% Catholics (split into 9.4% Ukrainian Greek Catholics and 0.8% Latin Catholics), 7.7% "Christians", and 2.2% Protestants. Judaism comprises 0.4% of the population. In earlier surveys, between 1 and 2% of the population stated that it adhered to Islam.

According to data from 2018, among those Ukrainians declaring themselves Orthodox Christians, 28.7% said they were members of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate (incorporated as of 5 January 2019 into the Orthodox Church of Ukraine), while 12.8% said they were members of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscovian Patriarchate (an autonomous Eastern Orthodox church under the Russian Orthodox Church). A further 0.3% said they were members of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, which, like the Kyivan Patriarchate, was incorporated in 2019 into the Orthodox Church of Ukraine. Among the remaining Orthodox Ukrainians, 23.4% declared themselves "simply Orthodox", without affiliation to any patriarchate, while a further 1.9% declared that they "did not know" which patriarchate or Orthodox church they belonged to.^[61]

Regional differences

Regional differences in population change

Between the Soviet census of 1989 and the Ukrainian census of 2001, Ukraine's population declined from 51,706,600 to 48,457,020,^[62] a loss of 2,926,700 people, or 5.7% of the 1989 population. However, this trend was quite uneven and subject to regional variation. Two oblasts in western Ukraine, Rivne and Zakarpattia, saw slight population increases of 0.3% and 0.5%, respectively. A third western Ukrainian oblast, Volyn, lost less than 0.1% of its population between 1989 and 2001.^[62] Collectively, between 1989 and 2001, the seven westernmost Ukrainian oblasts lost 167,500 people, or 1.7% of their 1989 population. The total population of these oblasts in 2001 was 9,593,800.^[62]

Between 1989 and 2001, the population of Kyiv City increased by 0.3%^[62] due to positive net migration.^{[citation needed]} Outside Kyiv, the central, southern and eastern oblasts experienced a severe population declines. Between 1989 and 2001, the Donetsk Oblast lost 491,300 people, or 9.2% of its 1989 population, while the neighbouring Luhansk Oblast lost 11% of its population.^[62] Chernihiv Obast, in central Ukraine (northeast of Kyiv), lost 170,600 people, or 12% of its 1989 population, the highest percentage loss in of any Ukrainian oblast. In southern Ukraine, Odesa Oblast lost 173,600 people, or 6.6% of its 1989 population.

By 2001, Crimea's population declined by 29,900, representing only a 1.4% loss of its 1989 population.^[62] This however was due to the influx of approximately 200,000 Crimean Tatars – equivalent to approximately 10% of Crimea's 1989 population – who arrived in Crimea after 1989 and whose population in that region increased by a factor of 6.4 (from 38,000 to 243,400 between 1989 and 2001).^[63] Collectively, the net population loss in Ukraine outside the westernmost oblasts was 2,759,200, or 6.6% of the 1989 population. The total population of these regions in 2001 was 39,186,100.^[62]

Overall in 1989–2001, the pattern of population change was one of slight growth in Kyiv, slight declines in western Ukraine, large declines in eastern, central and southern Ukraine, and a relatively small decline in Crimea due to a large influx of Crimean Tatars.

Natural population growth

All population, 2012		Urban population, 2009		Rural population, 2009

Regional differences in birth and fertility rates

Ukraine's total fertility rate is one of the lowest in Europe.^[64]^[65] However, significant regional differences in birth rates may account for some of the demographic differences. In the third quarter of 2007, for instance, the highest birth rate among Ukrainian oblasts occurred in Volyn Oblast, with a birth rate of 13.4/1,000 people, compared to the Ukrainian countrywide average of 9.6/1,000 people.^[66] Volyn's birthrate was higher than the average birth rate of any European country except Iceland and Albania.^[67]

In 2007, for the first time since 1990, five Ukrainian oblasts (Zakarpattia, Rivne, Volyn, Lviv, and Kyiv oblasts) experienced more births than deaths.^[68] This demonstrated a positive trend of increasing birthrates in the preceeding years throughout Ukraine. The ratio of births to deaths in those oblasts in 2007 was 119%, 117%, 110%, 100.7%, and 108%, respectively.^[68]

With the exception of the Kyiv Oblast, all of the oblasts with more births than deaths were in the less-industrially developed oblasts of western Ukraine. According to a spokesperson for Ukraine's Ministry of Justice, the overall ratio of births to deaths in Ukraine improved from 1 to 1.7 in 2004–2005 to 1 to 1.4 in 2008. However, the worst birth-to-death ratios in the country were in the eastern and central oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Cherkasy and Poltava. These areas saw 2.1 deaths for every birth.^[69]

Notably, western Ukraine never experienced the Holodomor, as Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Romania ruled it at the time, helping to understand the more favorable demographic trends there, as the rural population was never devastated. Specifically, during the Holodomor, Poland ruled Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Rivne, Ternopil, and Volyn oblasts, whereas Zakarpattia Oblast was under Czechoslovak rule, and Romania controlled Chernivtsi Oblast and the Budjak section of Odesa Oblast.

While abortion rates in the North, South, East and Center of Ukraine are relatively homogeneous, the Western region differs greatly. Overall, the abortion rate in western Ukraine is three times lower than in other regions. This is not due to increased use of modern contraceptive methods in the West, but to the fact that pregnant women in the Western regions are more likely to keep their babies.^[70] Donetsk and Dniproptrovsk oblasts in eastern and central Ukraine have the country's highest abortion rate.^[71]

Natural population growth

The birth rate in Ukraine, 2003.		The birth rate in Ukraine, 2010.		The death rate in Ukraine, 2010.

Regional differences in death rates and health

Death rate from suicides per 100.000 people

Death rates also vary widely by region; Eastern and southern Ukraine have the highest death rates in the country, and the life expectancy for children born in Chernihiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Kherson, Kropyvnytskyi, Luhansk, Mikolaiv, and Odesa oblasts is 1.5 years lower than the national average.^[72]

Ukraine had a suicide rate of 16.5 per 100,000 population in 2017, a significant decrease from the suicide rate of 29.6 per 100,000 in 1998. Suicides were more frequent in the central part of the country (the highest suicide rate was in Kirovohrad Oblast; in western Ukraine, the suicide rate was lower than the national average. Lviv Oblast had the lowest suicide rate (5.3).^[73]

Southern and eastern Ukraine also suffered from the highest rates of HIV and AIDS, which impacts life expectancy. In late 2000, 60% of all AIDS cases in Ukraine were concentrated in the Odesa, Dnipropetrovsk, and Donetsk oblasts.^[74] A major reason behind the higher rates was that the urbanized and industrialized oblasts in the East and South of Ukraine suffered most from the economic crisis in the 1990s, leading to the increased spread of unemployment, alcoholism, and drug abuse, setting the conditions for a wider spread of the epidemic.^[75]

Regional differences in income

Average monthly salary by oblast in US dollars, 2019.

The western and central oblasts of Ukraine had lower GDP per capita than Kyiv and the industrialized eastern oblasts of Ukraine. In December 2019, the average monthly salary in Ukraine was 12,264 hryvnias (519 US dollars). Chernihiv Oblast (northern Ukraine) and Kirovohrad Oblast (central Ukraine) had the lowest monthly salary of 8,851 and 9,450 hryvnias, respectively. In contrast, the monthly wage in the city of Kyiv was 18,869 hryvnias per month, and in Kyiv Oblast, 13,259 per month.^[76] In 2013, outside of the capital city of Kyiv, the wealthiest oblast was Donetsk with an annual income of 31,048 hryvnias. But as of 2017, it ranked second poorest after Luhansk Oblast, with annual incomes 25,278 hryvnias and 16,416 hryvnias, respectively.^[77] Both are in eastern Ukraine and sustained direct losses as a consequence of military actions.

Ukraine recorded one of the sharpest declines in poverty of any transition economy in 2001–2016. The poverty rate, measured against an absolute poverty line (below $1.25 per day, based on World Bank numbers) fell from a high of 32 percent in 2001 to 8 percent in 2005. In terms of poverty rates, the central and northern oblasts have the country's highest poverty rates: 10.0%. The western and southern oblasts are 9.1% and 9%, respectively. Kyiv City had the lowest poverty rate: 1.4%.^[78] The percent of the population living under $5.50 a day was 19% in 2005 and dropped to 4.0 percent in 2018.^[79]^[80]

Urbanization



Urbanization rate, 2011		Population density, 2013		Median population of rural settlements, 2011

Migration

Emigration

Ukraine is the major source of migrants for many EU member states. In the 1990s and early 2000s, Ukraine's sputtering economy and political instability contributed to rising emigration, especially to nearby Poland and Hungary, but also to other countries such as Italy, Portugal, Spain, Israel and Canada. Although estimates vary, approximately two to three million Ukrainian citizens were working abroad, in construction, service, housekeeping, and agriculture industries.

Between 1991 and 2004, the government counted 2,537,400 individuals who emigrated; 1,897,500 moved to other post-Soviet states, and 639,900 moved to other, mainly Western, states.^[81]

By the early 2000s, Ukrainian embassies reported that 300,000 Ukrainian citizens were working in Poland, 200,000 in Italy, approximately 200,000 in the Czech Republic, 150,000 in Portugal, 100,000 in Spain, 35,000 in Turkey, 20,000 in the United States and smaller but significant numbers in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The largest number of Ukrainian workers abroad, about one million, were in Russia. Since 1992, 232,072 persons born in Ukraine have emigrated to the United States.

Yet absolute numbers are less relevant to the economic impact on host countries than the volume of immigration as a proportion of the native population. Italy had the highest rate of Ukrainian emigrants as a proportion of the native population, while the far more populous Russia had the largest absolute confirmed number of Ukrainian emigrants (excluding Poland, Portugal and the Czech Republic, for which there was conflicting data).

Immigration

Between 1991 and 2003, about 100,000 illegal immigrants were detained at the western borders of Ukraine.^[82] As of 2005, about 5,000 illegal immigrants were being detained yearly, mostly from China, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.^[82] At the time, about 3,000 officially registered refugees resided in Ukraine, of whom most were Afghans.^[82]

Ukraine accepted some 62,000 refugees from Transnistria following its war in 1992.^[82] That same decade, thousands more were also accepted from other post-Soviet conflict zones in Abkhazia, Chechnya and Tajikistan.^[82]

Between the 1989 Soviet census and the 2001 census, an increased number of former CIS residents moved to Ukraine from war zones. The number of Armenians in Ukraine almost doubled to 99,900 people during this period, while the number of Georgians and Azerbaijanis also increased substantially.^[82]

As of April 2020, 1.4 million Ukrainians were internally displaced due to the war in Donbas.^[83]

Notes

^ Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.

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External links

Media related to Demographics of Ukraine at Wikimedia Commons
State Committee for Statistics of Ukraine, official website at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2002-09-15)
Ukraine Situation Flash Update #47 (19 May 2023) May 2023 updated UNHCR numbers of Ukrainian population (8,240,289) displaced into other countries of the European Union.
Trafficking in and enslavement of women Archived 22 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine Follow-up to the Fourth World Conference on Women, 2–13 March 1998
Migration News, 2001 University of California, Davis
The demographic situation in Ukraine: present state. tendencies, and predictions Archived 23 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Razumkov Centre
On the status of observance and protection of the rights of Ukrainian citizens abroad the Special Report of the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights
News on Trafficking of Ukrainian Women, 2000–01 Trafficking in Women from Ukraine Research Project, University of Rhode Island
Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy By Olena Malynovska, National Institute for International Security Problems, Kyiv, January 2006
Emigration from Ukraine, 23 October 2003 The Economist (subscription required)
Meslé, France; Pison, Gilles; Vallin, Jacques (2005). "France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History" (PDF). Population and Societies (413): 1–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2011.
Vallin, Jacques; Meslé, France; Adamets, Serguei; Pyrozhkov, Serhii (2002). "A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s" (PDF). Population Studies. 56 (3): 249–264. doi:10.1080/00324720215934. PMID 12553326. S2CID 21128795. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
Mortality and Causes of Death in 20th-Century Ukraine MPIDR - Publications
Rapawy, Stephen (August 1997). "ETHNIC REIDENTIFICATION IN UKRAINE" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau.
Pirie, Paul S. (November 1996). "National Identity and Politics in Southern and Eastern Ukraine". Europe-Asia Studies. 48 (7). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 1079–1104. doi:10.1080/09668139608412401. JSTOR 153099.

[14] Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.

[ukrcensus-1] "Population of Ukraine". www.ukrstat.gov.ua. State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 2 January 2022.

[un_desa-population-2] "Total Population by sex - Ukraine - 1990 to 2030". population.un.org/wpp/. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved 21 June 2022.

[3] "World Economic Outlook database". 11 October 2024.

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[7] ttps://www.bpb.de/themen/migration-integration/laenderprofile/english-version-country-profiles/510002/ukraine-emigration-and-displacement-in-past-and-present/

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[:1-10] Ukraine, Orest Subtelny, page 152, 2000

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[12] Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia Vol. 1, Book by Volodymyr Kubiyovych; University of Toronto Press, 1963

[13] "Posted availability of the book".^{[permanent dead link‍]}

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[16] Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell Foot (2001). The Oxford companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. p. 909. ISBN 0-19-860446-7

[MigrationMalynovska-17] Malynovska, Olena (January 2006). "Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy". National Institute for International Security Problems, Kyiv. Retrieved 3 July 2008.

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[bl-20190220-20] Bershidsky, Leonid (20 February 2019). "Eastern Europe Feeds on a Shrinking Ukraine". Bloomberg. Retrieved 24 June 2019.

[wilsoncenter-20190514-21] Kiryukhin, Denys (14 May 2019). "Losing Brains and Brawn: Outmigration from Ukraine". Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Retrieved 24 June 2019.

[voxukraine-20180620-22] Tyshchuk, Tetyana (20 June 2018). "The Great Migration: No One in Ukraine Knows How Many of Our Compatriots Have Moved Abroad". vox ukraine. Retrieved 24 June 2019.

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[culturico.com20211220-55] "The Law on the Indigenous Peoples of Ukraine. What does it bring to national minorities?". Culturico. 20 December 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2023.

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[71] Natalia LEvchuk, Brienna Perelli-Harris. (2009). Declining Fertility in UKraine: What is the role of abortion and contraception? Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research

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