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Door County, Wisconsin

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Door County
County
Door County Government Center in Sturgeon Bay
Door County Government Center in Sturgeon Bay
Map of Wisconsin highlighting Door County
Location within the U.S. state of Wisconsin
Map of the United States highlighting Wisconsin
Wisconsin's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 45°01′N 87°01′W / 45.02°N 87.01°W / 45.02; -87.01
Country United States
State Wisconsin
Founded1851
Named forPorte des Morts
SeatSturgeon Bay
Largest citySturgeon Bay
Area
 • Total2,370 sq mi (6,100 km2)
 • Land482 sq mi (1,250 km2)
 • Water1,888 sq mi (4,890 km2)  80%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total30,066
 • Estimate 
(2023)
30,562 Increase
 • Density62.4/sq mi (24.1/km2)
DemonymDoor Countyite[1]
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Area code920
Congressional district8th
Websiteco.door.wi.gov
Wisconsin county code 15
FIPS county code 55029

Door County is the easternmost county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 30,066.[2] Its county seat is Sturgeon Bay.[3]

It is named after the strait between the Door Peninsula and Washington Island. This dangerous passage, known as Death's Door, contains shipwrecks and was known to Native Americans and early French explorers. The county was created in 1851 and organized in 1861.[4]

Nicknamed the "Cape Cod of the Midwest," Door County is a popular Upper Midwest vacation destination.

History

[edit]
Further information: Door Peninsula § Archaeology

Native Americans and French

[edit]
Further information: Door Peninsula § Potawatomi and Menominee

Porte des Morts legend

[edit]

Door County's name came from Porte des Morts ("Death's Door"), the passage between the tip of Door Peninsula and Washington Island.[5] The name "Death's Door" came from Native American tales, heard by early French explorers and published in greatly embellished form by Hjalmar Holand, which described a failed raid by the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) tribe to capture Washington Island from the rival Pottawatomi tribe in the early 1600s. It has become associated with shipwrecks within the passage.[6] The earliest known written reference to the legend is from Emmanuel Crespel [fr], who termed the peninsula "Cap a la Mort" in 1728.[7]

Settlement and development

[edit]

19th–20th century settlement

[edit]
Graves of Increase Claflin and family

The 19th and 20th centuries saw the immigration and settlement of pioneers, mariners, fishermen, loggers, and farmers. The first white settler was Increase Claflin.[8] In 1851, Door County was separated from what had been Brown County.[9] In 1853, Moravians founded Ephraim after Nils Otto Tank resisted attempts at land ownership reform at the old religious colony near Green Bay.[10] An African-American community and congregation worshiping at West Harbor on Washington Island was described in 1854.[11] Also in 1854 the first post office in the county opened, on Washington Island.[12] In the 19th century, a fairly large-scale immigration of Belgian Walloons populated a small region in the southern portion of the county,[13] including the area designated as the Namur Historic District. They built small roadside votive chapels, some still in use today,[14] and brought other traditions over from Europe such as the Kermiss harvest festival.[15]

Shortly after the 1831 Treaty of Washington,[16] the federal government surveyed what is now Door County to determine the value of the timber and to divide up parcels for eventual sale.[17][18] Following the treaty, land in what is now the county was sold or granted to private citizens.[19]

At the time the Homestead Act of 1862 was passed, most of the county's nearly 2,000 farmers were squatters earning most of their revenue from lumber and wood products. The remaining portion of the population consisted of about 1,000 fishermen and their families. Out of the total population of 2,948 people, 170 fought in the Civil War.[20]

When the 1871 Peshtigo fire burned the town of Williamsonville, fifty-nine people were killed. The area of this disaster is now Tornado Memorial County Park, named for a fire whirl which occurred there.[21][22][23] Altogether, 128 people in the county perished in the Peshtigo fire.[9][10]

In 1885 or 1886, what is now the Coast Guard Station was established at Sturgeon Bay.[24][25] The small, seasonally open station on Washington Island was established in 1902.[26]

Excursion party on the Sailor Boy; postmarked 1906 in Sturgeon Bay. The Sailor Boy and other small steamboats stopped at Menominee to take on rail passengers. Since rail service was faster, tourists from Chicago would first take a northbound train in order to board steamboats bound for resort communities.[27]
This 1924 postcard produced by Curt Teich & Company reads, "Cedar Glen, one of the many free tourists' camp sites in Peninsula State Park, Door County Wisconsin."

Early tourism

[edit]

Even after the Ahnapee and Western extended service to Sturgeon Bay in 1894, many tourists continued taking the railroad to Menominee, Michigan[a] to embark on steamships bound for communities in Door County. This route over Green Bay bypassed poor road conditions in the northern part of the county, which persisted until the early 1920s. Only after crushed stone highways were built did motor and horse-drawn coaches become popular for transportation between Sturgeon Bay and the northern part of the peninsula.[28][9] By 1909 at least 1,000 tourists visited per year,[29] a figure which grew to about 125,000 in 1920,[30] 1 million in 1969,[31] 1.25 million in 1978,[32] and 1.9 million in 1995.[33]

20th–21st-century events

[edit]

In 1913, The Old Rugged Cross was first sung at the Friends Church in Sturgeon Bay as a duet by two traveling preachers.[34]

In 2004, the county began a sister cities relationship with Jingdezhen in southeastern China.[35]

Geography

[edit]
See also: Door Peninsula § Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,370 square miles (6,100 km2), of which 482 square miles (1,250 km2) is land and 1,888 square miles (4,890 km2) (80%) is water.[36] It is the largest county in Wisconsin by total area. The county has 298 miles (480 km) of shoreline.[37]

The county covers the majority of the Door Peninsula. With the completion of the Sturgeon Bay Shipping Canal in 1881,[38] the northern half of the peninsula became an artificial island.[39] This canal is believed to have somehow "caused a wonderful increase in the quantity of fish" in nearby waters[40] and also caused a reduction in the sturgeon population in the bay due to changes in the aquatic habitat.[41] The 45th parallel north bisects the "island", and this is commemorated by Meridian County Park.[42][43]

Climate

[edit]
Main article: Climate of Door County, Wisconsin

The county has a humid continental climate (classified as Dfb in Köppen) with warm summers and cold snowy winters. Data from the Peninsular Agricultural Research Station north of the city of Sturgeon Bay gives average monthly temperatures ranging from 68.7 °F (20.4 °C) in the summer down to 18.0 °F (−7.8 °C) in the winter. The moderating effects of nearby bodies of water reduce the likelihood of damaging late spring freezes. Late spring freezes are less likely to occur than in nearby areas, and when they do occur, they tend not to be as severe.[44]

Attractions

[edit]
Road in Shivering Sands wetland complex, January 1

Today, most tourists and summer residents come from the metropolitan areas of Milwaukee, Chicago, Madison, Green Bay, and the Twin Cities,[45] although Illinois residents are the dominant group both in Door County and farther south along the eastern edge of Wisconsin.[46]

Recreational lands

[edit]
View in August from the Potawatomi State Park Observation Tower.

Lands open to public use

[edit]

Door County is home to six state parks:[47][48] Newport State Park, Peninsula State Park, Potawatomi State Park, Whitefish Dunes State Park, Rock Island State Park, and Grand Traverse Island State Park. There are four State Wildlife and Fishery Areas[b] and also State Natural Areas that allow free public access.[49][c] Additionally, Plum Island and Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge are seasonally open for public recreation.[50]

Waters

[edit]
Further information: Door Peninsula § Waters

Lakes and ponds

[edit]
For details about the size and public accessibility of county lakes, see List of lakes of Wisconsin § Door County.

Besides Lake Michigan and Green Bay, there are 26 lakes, ponds, or marshes and 37 rivers, creeks, streams, and springs in the county.[51] The two deepest lakes, Mackaysee Lake at 26 feet (8 m) and Krause Lake at 24 feet (7 m) are on Chambers Island.[52]

Living plant collections

[edit]
This section is about cultivated plants. For wild plants and fungi, see Flora of Door County, Wisconsin.

Living plant collections include the orchid project at The Ridges Sanctuary[53] in Baileys Harbor and the U.S. Potato Genebank and a public garden in Sevastopol.[54][55]

Animals

[edit]

Unique vertebrates

[edit]

Tamias striatus doorsiensis, a subspecies of eastern chipmunk, is only found in Door, Kewaunee, Northeastern Brown, and possibly Manitowoc counties.[56] In 1999, the Wisconsin Natural Heritage Inventory listed 24 aquatic and 21 terrestrial animals in Door County as "rare."[57]

Birds

[edit]

As of 2018, 166 species of birds have been confirmed to live in Door County, excluding birds seen which lack the habitat to nest and must only be passing through.[58]

Other invertebrates

[edit]

Kangaroo Lake State Natural Area has the largest breeding population of the endangered Hine's Emerald Dragonfly in the world.[59]

The Lake Huron locust lives on dunes in the county and is not found anywhere else in the state.[60]

Culture

[edit]

Lighthouses and historical sites

[edit]
Further information: National Register of Historic Places listings in Door County, Wisconsin

Including both Lake Michigan and Green Bay shorelines, there are 50 total lights and lighthouses, besides lighted buoys.[61] Out of these, there are 10 historically significant lighthouse structures and sets of lights still serving as navigational lights. Most of them were built during the 19th century and are listed in the National Register of Historic Places: Baileys Harbor Range Lights, Cana Island Lighthouse,[62] Chambers Island Lighthouse, Eagle Bluff Lighthouse, Pilot Island Lighthouse, Plum Island Range Lights,[63] Pottawatomie Lighthouse, and Sturgeon Bay Canal Lighthouse. Other functioning historic lighthouses in the county include the Sherwood Point Lighthouse and the Sturgeon Bay Canal North Pierhead Light.[64] The Boyer Bluff Light is mounted on an 80-foot skeletal tower.[65] In addition, the Baileys Harbor Light is a non-functioning 19th century lighthouse.[64]

Thirteen historical sites are marked in the state maritime trail for the area[66] in addition to nine roadside historical markers.[67] In Sturgeon Bay, the tugboat John Purves is operated as a museum ship. Including lighthouses, the county has 72 properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There are 214 known confirmed and unconfirmed shipwrecks listed for the county,[68] including the SS Australasia, Christina Nilsson, Fleetwing, SS Frank O'Connor, Grape Shot, Green Bay, Hanover, Iris, SS Joys, SS Lakeland, Meridian, Ocean Wave, and Success. The SS Louisiana sank during the Great Lakes Storm of 1913.[69] Some shipwrecks are used for wreck diving.[70]

Scandinavian heritage

[edit]
Chancel and altarpiece inside the stave church on Washington Island

Scandinavian heritage-related attractions include The Clearing Folk School, two stave churches,[71] structures in Rock Island State Park furnished with rune-inscribed furniture,[72] and Al Johnson's Swedish Restaurant, which features goats on its grassy roof. In Ephraim, the Village Hall, the Moravian and Lutheran churches, and the Peter Peterson House are listed in the National Register of Historic Places, as is the L. A. Larson & Co. Store building in Sturgeon Bay. Although fish boils have been attributed to Scandinavian tradition,[73] several ethnicities present on the peninsula have traditions of boiling fish. The method common in the county is similar to that of Native Americans.[74][d]

Industry

[edit]

In Sturgeon Bay, industrial tourism includes tours of the Bay Shipbuilding Company,[75] CenterPointe Yacht Services[76][77] and other manufacturers.[78]

Radio stations

[edit]

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy of Door County, Wisconsin

Door County's economy is considered a "forestry-related tourism"-based economy.[79] In 2020, the total gross domestic product (GDP) of the county was $1.39 billion, with the $274 million manufacturing industry overtaking real estate and rental and leasing that year to become the leading industry in the county at 19.7% of the overall GDP.[80]

Transportation

[edit]

Land

[edit]

According to the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT), in 2021 Door County had 1,270 miles (2,040 km) of roadways.[81]

WIS 57 in March (here concurrent with the Door County National Scenic Byway)
WIS 42 near Gills Rock in October

The combined WIS 42/WIS 57 separates again at a junction in Sevastapol. Following this separation, WIS 42 continues along the western side of the peninsula and sees more traffic than WIS 57,[82] which continues along the eastern side. The two highways combine again at a junction in Liberty Grove.

There are five rustic roads in the county.[85] In addition to state-recognized rustic roads, Liberty Grove manages a heritage roads program. As of 2019 there were 12 heritage roads in the town.[86]

There are 230.8 miles (371.4 km)[87] of snowmobile trails,[88][89] which are opened as trails are groomed.[90]

Non-motorized

[edit]
  • The Ahnapee State Trail connects Sturgeon Bay to Kewaunee, winter snowmobile access is dependent on weather and trail grooming.[91] Although the Ice Age Trail coincides with most of the Ahnapee State Trail, the Ice Age Trail forks away in the City of Sturgeon Bay and reaches its northern terminus at Potawatomi State Park.[92] Mountain bike trails are located in three of the state parks.[93][94]
  • WIS 42 and WIS 57 are part of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour.[95]
  • Egg Harbor operates a free public bicycle-sharing system, limited to daylight hours within the village during the tourist season.[96]

Bridges across Sturgeon Bay

[edit]
  • Sturgeon Bay Bridge (also called Michigan Street Bridge), truss structure, Scherzer-type, double-leaf, rolling-lift bascule with overhead counter-weights[97]
  • Oregon Street Bridge (reinforced concrete slab, rolling lift bascule girder with mechanical driven center locks)[98]
  • Bayview Bridge (monolithic concrete placed on structural deck with steel girder superstructure, open grating on deck, bascule)[99]

Ground transportation

[edit]

A daily private shuttle service operates between Green Bay–Austin Straubel International Airport and Sturgeon Bay.[100] The nearest intercity bus stop with regular service is in Green Bay.[101] There are multiple private and public ground transportation services within the county, but none with regularly scheduled stops for the general public.[102][103]

Air

[edit]

There are eleven airports in the county, including private or semi-public airports.

Ferry Robert Noble[f] serving Washington Island and Northport

Water

[edit]

Ferries

[edit]
  • Washington Island is served by two ferry routes operating between the Door Peninsula and Detroit Harbor. One route is a 30-minute ride on a freight, automobile, and passenger ferry that departs from the Northport Pier at the northern terminus of WIS 42. This ferry makes approximately 225,000 trips per year.[100] Another route is a 20- minute ride on a passenger-only ferry which departs from the unincorporated community of Gills Rock.[114]
  • Rock Island State Park is reachable by the passenger ferry Karfi from Washington Island.[115] During winter Rock Island is potentially accessible via snowmobile and foot traffic.
  • Although Chambers Island has no regularly scheduled ferry, there are boat operators which transport people to the island on call from Fish Creek.

Boat ramps and marinas

[edit]

Population and its health

[edit]
Population structures,
1930–2010
1930–1960 Census age diagrams
1970 Census Age Pyramid
2000 Census Age Pyramid
2010 Census Age Pyramid

Demographics

[edit]

2020 census

[edit]

As of the census of 2020,[119] the population was 30,066. The population density was 62.4 people per square mile (24.1 people/km2). There were 23,738 housing units at an average density of 49.3 units per square mile (19.0 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 92.3% White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 1.6% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 3.8% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

2000 Census

[edit]

As of the 2000 census,[120] there were 27,961 people, 11,828 households, and 7,995 families residing in the county. The population density was 58 people per square mile (22 people/km2).[121] There were 19,587 housing units at an average density of 41 units per square mile (16 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.84% White, 0.19% Black or African American, 0.65% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. 0.95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 39.4% were of German and 10.3% Belgian ancestry. A small pocket of Walloon speakers forms the only Walloon-language region outside of Wallonia and its immediate neighbors.[122][123]

Out of a total of 11,828 households, 58.10% were married couples living together, 6.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.40% were non-families. 28.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.84.[124]

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18602,948—
18704,91966.9%
188011,645136.7%
189015,08229.5%
190017,58316.6%
191018,7116.4%
192019,0731.9%
193018,182−4.7%
194019,0955.0%
195020,8709.3%
196020,685−0.9%
197020,106−2.8%
198025,02924.5%
199025,6902.6%
200027,9618.8%
201027,785−0.6%
202030,0668.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[125]
1790–1960[126] 1900–1990[127]
1990–2000[128] 2010[129] 2020[2]

For every 100 females there were 97.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.50 males. 22.10% of the population was under the age of 18,[131] a decrease from 25.9% being under the age of 18 in the 1990 census.[132]) Additionally, 6.10% were aged from 18 to 24, 25.40% from 25 to 44, and 27.70% from 45 to 64.[131]

The Jacksonport site of Stella Maris Catholic Parish, a six-point parish in the northern part of the county[133]

Crime

[edit]

In 2020, there were 208 felony cases prosecuted by the county,[87] up from 195 cases in 2019 and 171 in 2018. No trials were held concerning any of the felony cases in 2020.[87] In 2019, 3 cases went to trial, down from 6 in 2018.[134]

The county has been a focus of sex-trafficking enforcement efforts.[135] From 2015 to 2020 there were no reports of sex-trafficking in the county.[136]

In 2014, the voluntary intoxication defense in Wisconsin was repealed due to outcry following its use during a trial in Door County. Initially the trial ended with a hung jury but a retrial resulted in a conviction.[137][138]

Communities

[edit]
Towns in 1915; the borders remain the same today except for annexations by the City of Sturgeon Bay and the four villages.

Incorporated communities

[edit]

City

[edit]

Villages

[edit]

Towns

[edit]

Unincorporated communities

[edit]

Census-designated places

Former communities

[edit]

Absorbed into Sturgeon Bay

[edit]

Sites used as parks

[edit]

Adjacent counties

[edit]
Further information: Green Bay metropolitan area
For a history of county borders, see Door Peninsula § County border adjustments.

By land

[edit]

In Green Bay

[edit]

Along the Rock Island Passage

[edit]

In Lake Michigan

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

Politics

[edit]

The county had voted for the winning candidate in every presidential election since 1996, up until 2024. President Clinton was the last candidate, up until 2024, to win nationally without carrying Door County in the 1992 presidential election. Donald Trump, in the 2024 election, also failed to win Door County, while winning the national election.[152][153]

It is one of only nine counties to have voted for Obama in 2008 and 2012, Trump in 2016, Biden in 2020, and Harris in 2024.[g]

Up until the 2022 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Door County had voted Republican since the 2010 gubernatorial election.

United States presidential election results for Door County, Wisconsin[154]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 9,752 48.48% 10,044 49.93% 321 1.60%
2016 8,580 48.77% 8,014 45.55% 998 5.67%
2012 8,121 45.96% 9,357 52.95% 193 1.09%
2008 7,112 40.68% 10,142 58.02% 227 1.30%
2004 8,910 50.94% 8,367 47.84% 214 1.22%
2000 7,810 51.31% 6,560 43.10% 850 5.58%
1996 4,948 40.39% 5,590 45.63% 1,713 13.98%
1992 5,468 39.69% 4,735 34.37% 3,574 25.94%
1988 6,907 55.60% 5,425 43.67% 90 0.72%
1984 8,264 67.35% 3,916 31.91% 91 0.74%
1980 7,170 55.23% 4,961 38.21% 851 6.56%
1976 6,557 57.43% 4,553 39.88% 307 2.69%
1972 6,503 64.25% 3,430 33.89% 188 1.86%
1968 5,647 63.34% 2,728 30.60% 541 6.07%
1964 4,289 49.22% 4,416 50.68% 9 0.10%
1960 5,790 61.50% 3,610 38.35% 14 0.15%
1956 6,722 77.96% 1,859 21.56% 41 0.48%
1952 7,621 80.82% 1,790 18.98% 19 0.20%
1948 4,911 65.84% 2,440 32.71% 108 1.45%
1944 5,668 68.25% 2,599 31.29% 38 0.46%
1940 5,461 66.11% 2,750 33.29% 49 0.59%
1936 3,146 41.05% 3,952 51.57% 566 7.39%
1932 2,488 36.95% 4,149 61.61% 97 1.44%
1928 3,636 59.28% 2,456 40.04% 42 0.68%
1924 1,891 38.56% 235 4.79% 2,778 56.65%
1920 3,817 88.34% 385 8.91% 119 2.75%
1916 1,656 56.25% 1,204 40.90% 84 2.85%
1912 1,167 41.15% 769 27.12% 900 31.73%
1908 2,463 73.88% 778 23.34% 93 2.79%
1904 2,689 80.51% 515 15.42% 136 4.07%
1900 2,362 76.29% 674 21.77% 60 1.94%
1896 2,402 71.30% 895 26.57% 72 2.14%
1892 1,596 58.18% 1,007 36.71% 140 5.10%
[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ See the 1899 rail map.
  2. ^ Gardner Swamp Wildlife Area, Mud Lake Wildlife Area, Reibolts Creek Public Access, and Schuyler Creek State Fishery Area
  3. ^ Access to SNAs depends on ownership, but most are free and open to the public. Complex ownership complicates a straightforward listing of the parks, as besides the land trust, the Nature Conservancy manages five preserves in the county.
  4. ^ For a description of Belgian acculturation towards Native Americans, see The Walloon Immigrants Of Northeast Wisconsin An Examination Of Ethnic Retention by Jacqueline Tinkler, MA Thesis, UT-Arlington, May 2013, pp. 26–27 (pp. 33–34 of the pdf)
  5. ^ The other five private airports:
    • Forscoro Airport, Forestville
    • Hill Road Airport, Sister Bay[109]
    • Mick Schier Field Airport, Namur[110]
    • Mave's Lakeview Road Airport, Ellison Bay[111]
    • Sunny Slope Runway Airport, Egg Harbor[112]
  6. ^ This ferry is named after Robert Noble, who was a shipwreck survivor and 19th century ferry operator across Sturgeon Bay.[113]
  7. ^ The others are Kent County, Rhode Island; Rensselaer County, New York; Saratoga County, New York; Kent County, Delaware; Montgomery County, Ohio; Chesapeake, Virginia; Hillsborough County, New Hampshire and Clay County, Minnesota.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Robertson, Jim (March 4, 1969). "Our own story: It's here and It's delicious". Door County Advocate. Vol. 107, no. 99. p. 1.
  2. ^ a b "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  3. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  4. ^ "Wisconsin: Individual County Chronologies". Wisconsin Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. The Newberry Library. 2007. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
  5. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 108. Retrieved May 7, 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  6. ^ Kohl, Cris; Forsberg, Joan. Shipwrecks at Death's Door. p. 10.
  7. ^ Eaton, Conan Bryant (1980). Death's Door: The Pursuit of a Legend (Revised ed.). Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin: Bayprint. p. 22.
  8. ^ Holand, Hjalmar (1917). History of Door County Wisconsin, The County Beautiful. Chicago: S. J. Clarke. p. 77.
  9. ^ a b c "Chapter 3: Historical and Cultural Resources". Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030 (PDF). Vol. II, Resource Report. Table 3.1: Timeline of Historic Events in Door County. pp. 19–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020.
  10. ^ a b Historical Records Survey, Division of Women's and Professional Projects (1938). Inventory of the Church Archives of Wisconsin: Moravian Church. Works Progress Administration. p. 21. and Holand, Hjalmar R. (1917). "Chapter XXXIV: Ephraim". History of Door County, Wisconsin. Chicago: S. J. Clarke.
  11. ^ "On Islands, Lighthouses, & The Keeper of the Light on Pilot Island: Martin Nicolai Knudsen; 'A Gleam Across the Wave'". Norbert Blei Door County Times. December 20, 2006. Archived from the original on February 2, 2007.
  12. ^ Hale, James B. (1996). Going For The Mail: A History Of Door County Post Offices. Green Bay, Wisconsin: Brown County Historical Society.
  13. ^ Soucek, G. (2011). Door County Tales: Shipwrecks, Cherries and Goats on the Roof. American Chronicles. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61423-383-1. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  14. ^ Lott, Katie (May 1, 2009). "Southern Door County's Belgian Wayside Chapels". Door County Living. Retrieved January 22, 2019. "Where to Find Belgian Chapels in Door County". Door County Visitor Bureau. Retrieved January 22, 2019. "Wisconsin Belgian Roadside Chapels" (Map). Google Maps.
  15. ^ Holand, Hjalmar Rued (1933). "Chapter VII: Belgian Characteristics and Customs" (PDF). Wisconsin's Belgian community: an account of the early events in the Belgian settlement in northeastern Wisconsin with particular reference to the Belgians in Door County. pp. 82 ff. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. See also the Table of Contents for the entire book.
  16. ^ Powell, J. W.; Royce, Charles C.; Thomas, Cyrus (1899). "Wisconsin 1" (Map). Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology: 1896-97, Part 2. 1:2,217,600. Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission. p. 728.
  17. ^ "Door County Survey Notes". Wisconsin Board of Commissioners of Public Lands.
  18. ^ "Surveys, Door County, Wisconsin". General Land Office Records. United States Bureau of Land Management.
  19. ^ "Fifty Cents an Acre". Door County Advocate. Vol. 76, no. 3. March 26, 1937. p. 4. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  20. ^ Holand, Hjalmar R. (March 26, 1937). "County Had 3,000 people in 1862; Sturgeon Bay, a Settlement of 30 Homes". Door County Advocate. Vol. 76, no. 3. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  21. ^ Moran, Joseph M.; Somerville, E. Lee (1990). Tornadoes of Fire at Williamsonville, Wisconsin, October 8, 1871 (PDF). Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  22. ^ Skiba, Justin (September 2, 2016). "The Fire That Took Williamsonville". Door County Living. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  23. ^ "Tornado Memorial Park" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020. kiosk historical notes, also see "County C Park and Ride lot panel draft" (PDF). p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  24. ^ Transportation Profile Draft (PDF). Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030 Transportation Advisory Workgroup. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020.
  25. ^ "Station Sturgeon Bay Canal, Wisconsin" (PDF). U.S. Coast Guard History Program. United States Coast Guard. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2008. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
  26. ^ "USCG Station Washington Island" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
  27. ^ Wiley, Charles Frederick (1990). Did You Get the Eagle, Mr. Moss? A Memoir of Ephraim Summers. Sister Bay, Wisconsin: Wm Caxton. pp. 34 and 109.
  28. ^ Wiley (1990), pp. 110–115.
  29. ^ Nolen, John (1909). State parks for Wisconsin. Report of John Nolen, Landscape Architect, With Letter of Transmittal by State Park Board. p. 31.
  30. ^ Schuknecht, Roy J. (May–June 1921). "Wisconsin's Wonderland". See America First Magazine. Vol. 7, no. 4. p. 103.
  31. ^ Ellis, William S. (March 1969). "Wisconsin's Door Peninsula 'A Kingdom So Delicious'". National Geographic. p. 350.
  32. ^ Bureau of Environmental Impact (June 1978). "Recreational Demand". Environmental Impact Statement for Proposed Acquisition, Development and Management of Grand Traverse Islands State Park, Door County Wisconsin. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. p. 35.
  33. ^ "Appendix E, Bay Shore County Park 4(f)/6(4) Evaluation, Purpose and Need for Proposed Action, Part C. Need for the Action". Final Environmental Impact Statement, Project I.D. 1480-04/08-00, STH 57, STH 54 - STH 42 Brown, Kewaunee and Door Counties. December 3, 1998. p. 10.
  34. ^ Hodges, Heidi & Steebs, Kathy (2018). Hidden History of Sturgeon Bay. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press. p. 113. ISBN 9781467119702.
  35. ^ "Door County and Jingdezhen, China: Sister Cities". Door County Living. July 1, 2004. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
  36. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
  37. ^ STARR Partners (February 2013). "Appendix F, Kewaunee, Door, and Brown County, Section I.IV.i.7, Shoreline Information" (PDF). Discovery Report. Federal Emergency Management Agency Region V. Shoreline: pp. 18–19; Flood insurance: p. 30.
  38. ^ Wardius, K.; Wardius, B. (2013). Wisconsin Lighthouses: A Photographic and Historical Guide, Revised Edition. Wisconsin Historical Society Press. pp. 100–25. ISBN 978-0-87020-610-8. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  39. ^ Dunphy, Maureen (2016). "Washington Island, Wisconsin". Great Lakes Island Escapes. Wayne State University Press. p. 64.
  40. ^ Bertrand, Gerard; Lang, Jean; Ross, John (January 1976). "Section 6.1: Early History". The Green Bay Watershed: Past/Present/Future. Technical report / University of Wisconsin—Madison Sea Grant Program; no.29. University of Wisconsin Sea Grant College Program. p. 142. Technical Report #229.
  41. ^ "Chapter 2". City of Sturgeon Bay Comprehensive Plan Update (PDF). 2010. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020.
  42. ^ "Meridian County Park". Door County Parks. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  43. ^ "Meridian County Park and Harter-Matter Sanctuary Map and trail guide" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  44. ^ Potter, Brian E.; Cate, Thomas W. (1999). A Climatology of Late-spring Freezes in the Northeastern United States (PDF). United States Forest Service. p. 2. General Technical Report NC - 204. Also see maps on pp. 15 and 29.
  45. ^ Lyttle, Bethany (September 11, 2008). "The Cape Cod of the Midwest". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
  46. ^ Rebecca L. Schewe; Donald R. Field; Deborah J. Frosch; Gregory Clendenning; Dana Jensen (May 15, 2012). Condos in the Woods: The Growth of Seasonal and Retirement Homes in Northern Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 22–. ISBN 978-0-299-28533-3.
  47. ^ Federal lawmakers have spent billions in the wake of the pandemic to get Americans high-speed internet. And they want to spend much more. by Sarah Ewall-Wice, CBS News May 21, 2021
  48. ^ Article posted Thursday, March 6, 2014 10:36am by Jim Lundstrom, Peninsula Pulse, March 6, 2014
  49. ^ Wisconsin DNR. "Door". State natural areas by county. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  50. ^ Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge Hunt, Fish & Public Use Regulations 2021-2022, USFWS (Archived February 23, 2022)
  51. ^ Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (November 27, 2009). "Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030: Chapter 4, Agricultural and Natural Resources; p. 20 of the pdf, Tables 4.15 and 4.16" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2019.; for the 26th lake, see Flora and Vegetation of the Grand Traverse Islands (Lake Michigan), Wisconsin and Michigan by Emmet J. Judziewicz, The Michigan Botanist, Volume 40, Number 4, October 2001, page 127
  52. ^ Before They're Gone by Roy Lukes, Wisconsin Natural Resources, May–June 1986, Volume 10, Number 3, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, page 8
  53. ^ "Orchid Restoration Work at The Ridges". Door County Pulse. January 20, 2017.
  54. ^ Jones, Gary (September 16, 2009). "Door County's Potato Genebank". Door County Pulse. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  55. ^ The Garden Door Fact Sheet by the Door County Master Gardeners Association, Accessed December 18, 2019
  56. ^ Tales of the wild: a year with nature by Roy Lukes (entry on worldcat.org), Egg Harbor, Wisconsin: Nature-Wise, 2000, p. 73
  57. ^ Door County Soil and Water Conservation Department (June 27, 1999). "Figure 11 General Distribution of Rare Species and Habitats in Door County, p. 62 of the pdf" (PDF). Surface Water Inventory of Door County. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  58. ^ Nick Anich (October 2, 2018). "Season 4 Preliminary Results and Stats". UWGB Cofrin Center for Biodiversity. Retrieved January 22, 2019. and "Wisconsin Breeding Bird Atlas". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  59. ^ "Hines Dragonfly". Hinesdragonfly.org. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2007.
  60. ^ Scholtens, Brian G.; Reznik, Joseph; Holland, Janet (2005). "Factors affecting the distribution of the threatened Lake Huron locust (Orthoptera: Acrididae)]" (PDF). Journal of Orthoptera Research. Vol. 14, no. 1. p. 47. doi:10.1665/1082-6467(2005)14[45:FATDOT]2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2020.
  61. ^ Light List, Volume VII: Great Lakes Archived January 31, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, United States Coast Guard, 33 of the lights are listed from pages 187–191 (pages 243–247 of the pdf); 17 of them are listed from pages 195–198 (pages 251–254 of the pdf), 2022
  62. ^ Keeper Of The Light: A Modern Lighthouse Keeper by Patty Murray, September 25, 2017 Wisconsin Originals, PBS
  63. ^ Women Learn Life Skills While Preserving Maritime Landmarks by Joel Waldinger, October 15, 2015, Wisconsin Life, PBS
  64. ^ a b More Door County Lighthouses Archived May 7, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Door County Maritime Museum and Wisconsin Coastal Lighthouses Tour electronic map, Wisconsin Coastal Management Program
  65. ^ Boyer Bluff (Wisconsin), United States Lighthouse Society
  66. ^ Maritime Trail video, July 15, 2011, Explore the Door, Door County Visitor Bureau and also see the Maritime trail markers for Door County listed by the Maritime Preservation Program of the Wisconsin Historical Society
  67. ^ Official List of Wisconsin's State Historic Markers by the Wisconsin Historical Society, June 2019, and Wisconsin Historical Marker, electronic map, Wisconsin Historical Society
  68. ^ "Shipwrecks - Upper Lake Michigan - WI Shipwrecks". www.wisconsinshipwrecks.org.
  69. ^ Photos: The Deadly Great Lakes 'Hurricane' of 1913 by Stephanie Lecci & Mitch Teich, November 7, 2013, WUWM 89.7 Milwaukee's NPR
  70. ^ Guide to Door County Shore Dives by Chuck Larsen and Wisconsin's Door County Full of Treasures for Scuba Divers by Brian E. Clark, July 7, 2012, updated November 9, 2015, Twin Cities Pioneer Press
  71. ^ The Björklunden stave church is called Boynton Chapel and it is just south of Baileys Harbor. The Washington Island Stavkirke is part of and adjacent to Trinity Lutheran Church on Washington Island.
  72. ^ Whisked Away to Rock Island by Benson Gardner, Portal Wisconsin, 2010; the page links to a panoramic tour of the boathouse
  73. ^ In The Upper Midwest, Summertime Means Fish Boils by Amanda Vinicky, The Salt, section on npr.org, August 18, 2015; also see Joy Marquardt. "Fish boils serve up food, fun". Wausau Daily Herald, August 31, 2016.
  74. ^ Sagamité and Booya: French Influence in Defining Great Lakes Culinary Heritage by Janet C. Gilmore in Material History Review 60 (Fall 2004) and "Pretty Hungry For Fish": Fish Foodways Among Commercial Fishing People of the Western Shore of Lake Michigan's Green Bay by Janet C. Gilmore, in Midwestern folklore. v.28–29 2002–2003, p. 46 (page 158 of the pdf)
  75. ^ Wisconsin Life # 701: Headfirst, October 3, 2019, hosted by Angela Fitzgerald, PBS
  76. ^ Duct Tape Guys Tour Palmer Johnson Yacht Company, Ultimate Originals television show pilot
  77. ^ Public offered rare opportunity to tour Sturgeon Bay shipyards, Staff Report, April 25, 2019, Door County Advocate
  78. ^ Industrial Park Opens for Manufacturing Days by Jim Lundstrom, Peninsula Pulse, October 13, 2017
  79. ^ Shields, Martin; Deller, Steven C. (October 1996). "Clustering Wisconsin Counties for Analytical Comparisons". University of Wisconsin-Madison. pp. 11, 16. CCED Staff Paper 96.7.
  80. ^ "CAGDP2: GDP in Current Dollars by County and MSA". Regional Economic Accounts. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 2020.
  81. ^ Door Co. (PDF) (Map). 1:100,000. Madison: Wisconsin Department of Transportation. January 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
  82. ^ Anatomy of Door County: A Traffic Safety Summary (PDF). Wisconsin Traffic Operations and Safety Laboratory. p. 3, fig. 1: Traffic Volume on the State Trunk Network Door County, WI; p. 15, fig. 13: Door County Fatalities and Serious Injuries (2014–2017) with Map of Hospitals.
  83. ^ Door County Coastal Byway Map (PDF) (Map). Door County Visitor Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2016.
  84. ^ Peterson, Eric (June 17, 2021). "Door County Dedicates National Scenic Byway Designation". Green Bay: WLUK-TV.
  85. ^ Rustic Roads Guide (PDF). Wisconsin Department of Transportation. 2018.
  86. ^ "Heritage Road Information". Town of Liberty Grove. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  87. ^ a b c County of Door 2020 Annual Reports. pp. 17, 18, 32, 50.
  88. ^ Map of Snowmobile Trails in Door County (PDF) (Map).
  89. ^ Snowmobile Trails Tour. Explore the Door. Door County Visitor Bureau. July 15, 2011 – via YouTube.
  90. ^ "Door County Winter Snow Report". Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  91. ^ "Wisconsin Snow Report".
  92. ^ Ice Age National Scenic Trail Hiker Resource Map (Map). and Door County (South) Wisconsin Bicycle Map by the Wisconsin Bike Fed and the Wisconsin Department of Transportation, 2020
  93. ^ Wisconsin Bike Fed (2020). Door County (North) Wisconsin Bicycle Map (PDF) (Map). Wisconsin Department of Transportation.
  94. ^ Wisconsin Bike Fed (2020). Door County (South) Wisconsin Bicycle Map (PDF) (Map). Wisconsin Department of Transportation.
  95. ^ "Lake Michigan Circle Tour". Great Lakes Circle Tour.
  96. ^ Green Tier Legacy Community 2018 Annual Report (PDF). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2021.
  97. ^ URS Corporation (July 2007). Feasibility Study for Remote Control of Movable Bridges in Sturgeon Bay (PDF). Wisconsin Department of Transportation. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2022.
  98. ^ "Oregon Street Bridge". BridgeReports.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  99. ^ "Bayview Bridge". BridgeReports.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  100. ^ a b "Chapter 7: Transportation" (PDF). Door County Comprehensive Plan, 2030. Vol. II, Resource Report. October 27, 2009. p. 176, Table 7.6: Transportation Service Providers, Door County. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 10, 2019.
  101. ^ "Bus to Wisconsin". Jefferson Lines. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  102. ^ Door County Transportation Resource Guide (PDF). Door-Tran. November 9, 2021.
  103. ^ Busch, Pam; Goode, Mariah; Kerwin, Rebecca (2020). Door County Coordinated Public Transportation Plan 2021–2024. Door County Transportation and Land Use Services Departments. Table in Appendix B: Door County Transportation Providers and Services, pp. 16–18.
  104. ^ a b c Bureau of Aeronautics (June 2021). "Table: List of Responding Airports". Wisconsin Airports Rates and Charges Survey: 2020 (PDF). Wisconsin Department of Transportation. pp. 31–32.
  105. ^ "Crispy Cedars Private Airfield". 2014.
  106. ^ "Crispy Cedars Airport". Airport-Data.com.
  107. ^ Grota Nordahl, Karen (May 1, 2010). "Changes and Constants in Health Care Delivery". Door County Living.
  108. ^ "Chambers Island Airport". Airport-Data.com.
  109. ^ "Chapter 8" (PDF). Town of Egg Harbor 20-Year Comprehensive Plan. 2009. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 4, 2018.
  110. ^ "Mick Schier Field Airport". AirplaneManager.com.
  111. ^ "Mave's Lakeview Road Airport". Airport-Data.com.
  112. ^ "Sunny Slope Runway Airport". Airport-Data.com.
  113. ^ Jinkins, Ann; Weir, Maggie (2006). Sturgeon Bay. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 9780738540085.
  114. ^ "The Island Clipper & The Viking Train". www.islandclipper.com. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
  115. ^ "Rock Island Ferry". www.wisferry.com. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
  116. ^ Fishing Guide of Door County: Door County Boat Access Sites Map. Archived from the original on August 4, 2016.
  117. ^ Wisconsin DNR interactive boating map (Map).
  118. ^ Wisconsin's Lake Michigan Water Trail Project: Inventory and Analysis of Access Sites in Support of a Lake Michigan Water Trail (PDF). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. December 2011. pp. 13–23. Also see Map 3, Map 4, Map 5, and the electronic Lake Michigan State Water Trail map
  119. ^ "2020 Decennial Census: Door County, Wisconsin". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  120. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  121. ^ Wisconsin: 2000 Summary Population and Housing Characteristics, 2000 Census of Population and Housing, November 2002, US Census Bureau, page 449 (page 462 of the pdf) (Archieved January 19, 2022)
  122. ^ A Forgotten Language Sparks A Love To Remember by Zac Schultz, December 24, 2015, Wisconsin Life, PBS.
  123. ^ "Belgian-American Research Collection" Archived January 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, University of Wisconsin and Quantity-to-Quality Contrast Shift and Phonemic Merger in Wisconsin Walloon High Front Vowels by Kelly Biers and Ellen Osterhaus, Selected Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas (WILA 9), ed. Kelly Biers and Joshua R. Brown, 11-19. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
  124. ^ Wisconsin: 2000 Summary Population and Housing Characteristics, 2000 Census of Population and Housing, November 2002, US Census Bureau, page 267 (page 280 of the pdf) (Archived January 19, 2022)
  125. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
  126. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
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  128. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
  129. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  130. ^ "County Population Totals: 2010-2020". Retrieved June 20, 2021.
  131. ^ a b Wisconsin: 2000 Summary Population and Housing Characteristics, 2000 Census of Population and Housing, November 2002, US Census Bureau, pages 10–11 (pages 23–24 of the pdf)
  132. ^ Table 1. Summary of General Characteristics of Persons: 1990, p. 20 of the pdf
  133. ^ Stella Maris Parish website, About Us: Locations, accessed December 14, 2019
  134. ^ County of Door 2019 Annual Reports. pp. 17, 40.
  135. ^ Levendusky, Roger (September 15, 2017). "Door County Part of Targeted Sex Trafficking Stings". WDOR.
  136. ^ "UCR Offense Data". Wisconsin Department of Justice.
  137. ^ Larson, Storm (February 12, 2019). "Due Process and the Involuntary Intoxication Defense". Wisconsin Lawyer.
  138. ^ Antinori, Shannon (April 17, 2014). "Plainfield Family Wins Fight Against Drunk-Defense Law". Patch.com.
  139. ^ Steebs, Keta (December 30, 1970). "Newport state park has vague but fascinating past". Door County Advocate. p. 4. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
  140. ^ Steebs, Keta (January 5, 1971). "Newport's future hinged on one man's 'maybe' dreams". Door County Advocate. p. 4. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
  141. ^ Steebs, Keta (October 5, 1971). "Unforgettable sights met site's rescue team". Door County Advocate. Vol. 110, no. 57. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
  142. ^ Steebs, Keta (October 7, 1971). "Human spirit perseveres after great fire of 1871". Door County Advocate. Vol. 110, no. 58. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
  143. ^ "Night Appeared Day as Local Residents Watched Great Fire Roar Toward Village". Door County Advocate. Vol. 99, no. 59. October 10, 1960. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
  144. ^ Maps of borders along county waters are available on the Selection Map at data.census.gov
  145. ^ "Robert C. Bassett". Arlington National Cemetery. Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Bassett, who was born in Sturgeon Bay on March 2, 1911
  146. ^ Costello, Rory. "Gene Brabender". Society for American Baseball Research.
  147. ^ Johnson, Robert (November 16, 2018). "Traveling Back: In 2003, Door County Was 'Football Capital of the World'". Green Bay Press-Gazette.
  148. ^ Pajot, Dennis. "Henry Killilea". Society for American Baseball Research.
  149. ^ Christl, Cliff (May 6, 2015). "Five Worst Fires in Packers History". Green Bay Packers.
  150. ^ Uncovering Thomas Minar: A lifetime of achievement destroyed by consequences of hidden life by Isaac Gleitz, The Statehouse File, March 18, 2022
  151. ^ Commemorative biographical record of the counties of Brown, Kewaunee and Door, Wisconsin, and containing biographical sketches of prominent and representative citizens, and of many of the early settled families, Chicago: J. H. Beers, 1895, page 494
  152. ^ "Wisconsin Presidential Election Results". The New York Times. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  153. ^ "Presidential Election Results: Trump Wins". The New York Times. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
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