E (Mongolic)

E
E
The Mongolian script
Mongolian vowels
Mongolian consonants
Foreign consonants
	Mongolian script multigraphs;
	v; t; e;

E is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages.^[1]^{: 549–551}

Mongolian language

Letter^[2]^{: 17, 18–19}^[3]^: 546
‑e	e	Transliteration^{[note 1]}
—	ᠡ ^{[note 2]}	Alone
	^{[note 3]}	Alone
	ᠡ‍	Initial
	‍ᠡ‍	Medial
	‍ᠡ	Connected final
᠎ᠡ^⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩	—	Separated final

Ligatures^[2]^{: 22–23, 24–25}^[3]^: 546
be	pe	ke, ge	Transliteration
ᠪᠡ ^{[note 4]}	ᠫᠡ	ᠬᠡ ^{[note 5]}	Alone
ᠪᠡ‍	ᠫᠡ‍	ᠬᠡ‍	Initial
‍ᠪᠡ‍	‍ᠫᠡ‍	‍ᠬᠡ‍	Medial
‍ᠪᠡ	‍ᠫᠡ	‍ᠬᠡ	Final

Separated suffixes^{[note 6]}
‑e	Transliteration
ᠡ‍	Initial
ᠡ^⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩	Whole

Transcribes Chakhar /ə/;^[8]^[9] Khalkha /i/, /e/, /ə/, and /∅/.^[10]^: 40–42 Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter э.^[11]^[4]
Medial and final forms may be distinguished from those of other tooth-shaped letters through: vowel harmony (a) and its effect on the shape of a word's consonants (q/k and γ/g), or position in syllable sequence (n, ng, d).^[12]
The final tail extends to the left after bow-shaped consonants (such as b, p, k, and g), and to the right in all other cases.
ᠡ᠋‍ = an Old Mongolian initial form, as in ᠡ᠋ᠨᠡ ene 'this' (otherwise written ᠡᠨᠡ).^[6]^: 316^[10]^: 130
Derived from Old Uyghur aleph (𐽰).^[3]^{: 539–540, 545–546}^[13]^{: 111, 113}^[14]^: 35
Produced with E using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.^[15]
In the Mongolian Unicode block, e comes after a and before i.

Ee

Letter^[14]^: 38–39
ē (é)	Transliteration^{[note 7]}
ᠧ	Alone
ᠧ‍	Initial
‍ᠧ‍	Medial
‍ᠧ	Final

Example ligatures
fē	gē	kē	Transliteration
ᠹᠧ	ᠺᠧ	ᠻᠧ	Alone
ᠹᠧ‍	ᠺᠧ‍	ᠻᠧ‍	Initial
‍ᠹᠧ‍	‍ᠺᠧ‍	‍ᠻᠧ‍	Medial
‍ᠹᠧ	‍ᠺᠧ	‍ᠻᠧ	Final

Stands in for e in loanwords,^[14]^: 38^[9] such as in ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ēüropa (Европ Yevrop).^[11]^: 48^[16] Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter е.^[11]^[4]
Indistinguishable from w, except when inferred by its placement: typically between consonants.^[14]^: 38
Ultimately derived from Old Uyghur bet (𐽱).^[14]^: 38^[3]^{: 539–540, 545–546}^[13]^{: 111, 113}
Produced with ⇧ Shift+E using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.^[15]
In the Mongolian Unicode block, ē comes after ü and before n.

Clear Script

Xibe language

Manchu language

Notes

^ Scholarly transliteration.^[4]
^ As in the exclamation ⟨ᠠ᠋; ⟩ a/e (аа/ээ/оо/өө aa/ee/oo/öö), or interjection ᠡ e (ээ ee) 'oh!'.^[6]^: 1, 284
^ As in the exclamation ⟨ᠠ᠋; ⟩ a/e (аа/ээ/оо/өө aa/ee/oo/öö).^[6]^: 1
^ As in ᠪᠠ ba (ба ba) 'and'.^[6]^: 64^[2]^: 22
^ As in ᠬᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠨ ke/kege/kegen (хээ khee) 'pattern, piping, design, stamp'.^[6]^{: 438, 442}
^ Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter e include:  ᠡ^⟨?⟩ ‑e (vocative or dative-locative),  ᠡᠴᠡ ‑eče (ablative), and  ᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‑ečegen (reflexive+ablative).^[7]
^ Scholarly transliteration, with alternative in parentheses.^[4]

References

^ "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ ^a ^b ^c Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06.
^ "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;^: xii as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.^[5]
^ "PROPOSAL Encode Mongolian Suffix Connector (U+180F) To Replace Narrow Non-Breaking Space (U+202F)" (PDF). UTC Document Register for 2017. 2017-01-15.
^ "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ ^a ^b "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ ^a ^b Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzen, Vivan (2005-02-10). The Phonology of Mongolian. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151461-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.
^ Viklund, Andreas. "Lingua Mongolia - Mongolian Grammar Reference". Lingua Mongolia. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ ^a ^b Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
^ ^a ^b jowilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ "Mongolian State Dictionary". Mongol toli (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[5] Scholarly transliteration.^[4]

[8] As in the exclamation ⟨ᠠ᠋; ⟩ a/e (аа/ээ/оо/өө aa/ee/oo/öö), or interjection ᠡ e (ээ ee) 'oh!'.^[6]^: 1, 284

[9] As in the exclamation ⟨ᠠ᠋; ⟩ a/e (аа/ээ/оо/өө aa/ee/oo/öö).^[6]^: 1

[10] As in ᠪᠠ ba (ба ba) 'and'.^[6]^: 64^[2]^: 22

[11] As in ᠬᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠨ ke/kege/kegen (хээ khee) 'pattern, piping, design, stamp'.^[6]^{: 438, 442}

[13] Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter e include:  ᠡ^⟨?⟩ ‑e (vocative or dative-locative),  ᠡᠴᠡ ‑eče (ablative), and  ᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‑ečegen (reflexive+ablative).^[7]

[22] Scholarly transliteration, with alternative in parentheses.^[4]

[1] "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[Poppe1974-2] Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.

[Daniels1996-3] Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.

[EKIMn2006-4] "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06.

[6] "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.

[Lessing1960-7] Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;^: xii as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.^[5]

[12] "PROPOSAL Encode Mongolian Suffix Connector (U+180F) To Replace Narrow Non-Breaking Space (U+202F)" (PDF). UTC Document Register for 2017. 2017-01-15.

[CJVLang2013-14] "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[StudyMn2013-15] "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[Svantesson2005-16] Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzen, Vivan (2005-02-10). The Phonology of Mongolian. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151461-6.

[Skorodumova2000-17] Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.

[LinguaMnGrammar-18] Viklund, Andreas. "Lingua Mongolia - Mongolian Grammar Reference". Lingua Mongolia. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[Clauson2005-19] Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.

[Janhunen2006-20] Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.

[jowilco-21] wilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[MnToli-23] "Mongolian State Dictionary". Mongol toli (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2022-05-16.

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