Categories
  Encyclosphere.org ENCYCLOREADER
  supported by EncyclosphereKSF

European Broadcasting Union

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 30 min
"EBU" redirects here. For other uses, see EBU (disambiguation).

European Broadcasting Union
Union européenne de radio-télévision
PredecessorInternational Broadcasting Union
Formation12 February 1950; 74 years ago (1950-02-12)
TypeUnion of broadcasting organisations
HeadquartersGeneva, Switzerland
Membership
  • 112 member organisations
  • (in 54 countries)
Official language
English, French
President
Delphine Ernotte[1]
Director-General
Noel Curran
Websiteebu.ch Edit this at Wikidata

The European Broadcasting Union (EBU; French: Union européenne de radio-télévision, UER) is an alliance of public service media organisations whose countries are within the European Broadcasting Area or who are members of the Council of Europe. As of 2024, it is made up of 123 member organisations from 56 countries,[2] and 31 associate members from a further 20 countries.[3] It was established in 1950, and has its administrative headquarters in Geneva.

The EBU owns and operates the Eurovision and Euroradio telecommunications networks on which major television and radio broadcasts are distributed live to its members. It also operates the daily Eurovision news exchange in which members share breaking news footage. In 2017, the EBU launched the Eurovision Social Newswire, an eyewitness and video verification service. Led by Head of Social Newsgathering, Derek Bowler, the service provides members of the EBU with verified and cleared-for-use newsworthy eyewitness media emerging on social media.[4]

The EBU, in co-operation with its members, produces programmes and organises events in which its members can participate, such as the Eurovision Song Contest, its best known production, or the Eurovision Debates between candidates for president of the European Commission for the 2014, 2019 and 2024 parliamentary elections.[5] The Director-General is Noel Curran since 2017.

General description

[edit]
The classic opening ident that preceded all Eurovision network transmissions until 1994. The logotypes of both the sending and receiving companies were shown in the middle. This sample shows the 1988-1997 logo of the BBC.
The candidates standing onstage
European Commission presidency candidates at Eurovision Debate (May 2019). Left to right: Zahradil, Cué, Keller, Vestager, Timmermans, Weber.

EBU members are public service media (PSM) broadcasters established by law but are non-partisan, independent and run for the benefit of society as a whole.

EBU members come from as far north as Iceland and as far south as Egypt, from Ireland in the west and Azerbaijan in the east, and almost every nation from geographical Europe in between. Associate members from the United States include ABC, CBS, NBC, CPB, NPR, APM and the only individual station, Chicago-based classical music radio WFMT.[3]

Membership is for media organisations whose countries are within the European Broadcasting Area, as defined by the International Telecommunication Union, or who are members of the Council of Europe.[6]

Members benefit from:

  • Access to content ranging from exclusive sports rights to exchanges for news, music and children's programmes.
  • Representatives in Brussels, and in other international arenas, lobbying for PSM and ensuring the optimal legal and technical framework for broadcasters.
  • Opportunities for sharing, learning and collaborating through conferences, working groups, training, and dedicated advice and guidance.
  • A centre for learning and sharing new technology and innovation with a team of experts providing strategic advice and guidance.

The EBU's highest-profile production is the Eurovision Song Contest. The EBU also organises the Eurovision Dance Contest, the Junior Eurovision Song Contest, the Eurovision Young Dancers competition, and other competitions which are modeled along similar lines.

Radio collaborations include Euroclassic Notturno—an overnight classical music stream, produced by BBC Radio 3 and broadcast in the United Kingdom as Through the Night—and special theme days, such as the annual Christmas music relays from around Europe.[7] The EBU is a member of the International Music Council.

Most EBU broadcasters have group deals to carry major sporting events including the FIFA World Cup and the inaugural European Championships. Another annually recurring event which is broadcast across Europe through the EBU is the Vienna New Year's Concert.[8]

Eurovision Media Services is the business arm of the EBU and provides media services for many media organisations and sports federations around the world.

Ident

[edit]

The theme music played before and after every EBU broadcast is Marc-Antoine Charpentier's Prelude to Te Deum. It is played before and after the Eurovision Song Contest and other important events.[9]

History

[edit]
EBU's previous logo used from 1994 to 17 June 2012
Vienna New Year's Concert

The EBU was a successor to the International Broadcasting Union (IBU) that was founded in 1925 and had its administrative headquarters in Geneva and technical office in Brussels. It fostered programming exchanges between members and mediated technical disputes between members that were mostly concerned with frequency and interference issues. It was in effect taken over by Nazi Germany during the Second World War, and thereafter the Allies viewed it as a compromised organisation that they could not trust.

In the spring of 1946, representatives of the Soviet radio committee proposed forming a new organisation; however, at the same time preparations were being made for an inter-governmental "European Broadcasting Conference" in Copenhagen in 1948 to draw up a new plan for frequency use in the European Broadcasting Area. It was considered necessary to have an organisation that could implement the "Copenhagen Wavelength Plan" but there was disagreement among broadcasters and particularly a fear expressed by the BBC that a new association might be dominated by the USSR and its proposal to give each of its constituent states one vote. France proposed that it would have four votes with the inclusion of its North African colonies. The United Kingdom felt it would have little influence with just one vote.

On 27 June 1946, the alternative International Broadcasting Organisation (IBO) was founded with 26 members and without British participation. The following day the IBU met in General Assembly and an attempt was made to dissolve it but failed; though 18 of its 28 members left to join the IBO.[10] For a period of time in the late 1940s both the IBU and IBO vied for the role of organising frequencies but Britain decided to be in involved in neither. The BBC attempted but failed to find suitable working arrangements with them. However, for practical purposes, the IBO rented the IBU technical centre in Brussels and employed its staff. The BBC then proposed a new solution based on the IBO changing its constitution so there will be only one member per International Telecommunication Union (ITU) country, thus ensuring a Western majority over the USSR and its satellite states. In August 1949 a meeting took place in Stresa, Italy but it resulted in disagreement between delegates on how to resolve the problems. One proposal was for the European Broadcasting Area to be replaced by one that would exclude Eastern Europe, the Levant and North Africa.

After Stresa, a consensus emerged among the Western Europeans to form a new organisation and the BBC proposed it be based in London. Meetings in Paris on 31 October and 1 November 1949 sealed the fate of the IBU and IBO, but it was decided not to allow West Germany to be a founder of the new organisation. On 13 February 1950 the European Broadcasting Union had its first meeting with 23 members from the ITU defined European Broadcasting Area at the Imperial Hotel in Torquay, England, United Kingdom. The first president was Ian Jacob of the BBC who remained at the helm for 10 years while its operation was largely dominated by the BBC due to its financial, technical and staff input. The most important difference between the EBU and its predecessors was that EBU membership was for broadcasters and not governments. Early delegates said EBU meetings were cordial and professional and very different from the abrupt tone of its predecessors. West Germany was admitted in 1951 and a working relationship forged with the USSR's Organisation for International Radio and TV (OIRT) which existed in parallel with the EBU until its merger on 1 January 1993.[10]

In 1967, the first concert in the International Concert Season of the European Broadcasting Union was broadcast from the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London.[11]

Technical activities

[edit]

The objective of the EBU's technical activities is simply to assist EBU Members (see below) in this period of unprecedented technological changes. This includes the provision of technical information to Members via conferences and workshops, as well as in written form (such as the EBU Technical Review, and the EBU tech-i magazine).

The EBU also encourages active collaboration between its Members on the basis that they can freely share their knowledge and experience, thus achieving considerably more than individual Members could achieve by themselves. Much of this collaboration is achieved through Project Groups which study specific technical issues of common interest: for example, EBU Members have long been preparing for the revision of the 1961 Stockholm Plan.

The EBU places great emphasis on the use of open standards. Widespread use of open standards (such as MPEG-2, DAB, DVB, etc.) ensures interoperability between products from different vendors, as well as facilitating the exchange of programme material between EBU Members and promoting "horizontal markets" for the benefit of all consumers.

EBU Members and the EBU Technical Department have long played an important role in the development of many systems used in radio and television broadcasting, such as:

The EBU has also actively encouraged the development and implementation of:

  • Digital radio (DAB) through Eureka Project 147 and the WorldDAB Forum.
  • DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) through the DVB Project and DigiTAG.
  • Digital radio in the bands currently used for AM broadcasting through Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM).
  • Standardisation of PVR systems through the TV-Anytime Forum.
  • Development of other content distribution networks on the internet through P2PTV; EBU Project Group D/P2P, from November 2007 to April 2008, with a trial of selected member channels, thanks to Octoshape's distribution platform.[12] The EBU is also part of the European P2P-Next project.

Controversies

[edit]

Greek state broadcaster (2013)

[edit]

On 11 June 2013, the Greek government shut down the state broadcaster Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) on short notice, citing government spending concerns related to the European debt crisis.[13] In response, the EBU set up a makeshift studio the same day near the former ERT offices in Athens in order to continue providing EBU members with the news-gathering and broadcast relay services which had formerly been provided by ERT.[14] The EBU put out a statement expressing its "profound dismay" at the shutdown, urging the Greek Prime Minister "to use all his powers to immediately reverse this decision" and offered the "advice, assistance and expertise necessary for ERT to be preserved".[15] Starting on 4 May 2014, the new state broadcaster New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television (NERIT) began nationwide transmissions, taking over ERT's vacant active membership slot in the EBU.[16] On 11 June 2015, two years after ERT's closure, NERIT was renamed as Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT),[17][18] which reopened with a comprehensive program in all radio stations (with nineteen regional, two world-range and five pan-Hellenic range radio stations) and three TV channels ERT1, ERT2 and ERT3.

Belarusian state broadcaster (2021)

[edit]

The Belarusian Television and Radio Company (BTRC) has been accused of repressing its own employees, having fired more than 100 people since a wave of anti-Lukashenko protests in 2020 following alleged election fraud. Many of them have also been jailed. Many voices have been raised against the participation of Belarus and the BTRC in the otherwise unpolitical Eurovision Song Contest in 2021, the argument being that the EBU would make a political statement if it did endorse Belarus by essentially and silently saying that democracy is unimportant and so are basic human rights such as freedom of speech.[19]

On 28 May 2021, the EBU suspended the BTRC's membership as they had been "particularly alarmed by the broadcast of interviews apparently obtained under duress". BTRC was given two weeks to respond before the suspension came into effect, but did not do so publicly.[20] The suspension of the broadcaster was made effective on 1 July 2021.[21][22] Although initial reports mentioned that it would expire after three years, in April 2024 the EBU confirmed that the suspension had been made indefinite.[23]

Russian state broadcasters (2022)

[edit]

The three Russian members of the EBU, Channel One Russia, VGTRK, and Radio Dom Ostankino are all controlled by the Russian government.[24] On 21 February 2022, the Russian government recognized the independence of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, disputed territories that are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. Ukraine's public broadcaster Suspilne called on the EBU to terminate the membership of Channel One Russia and VGTRK, and to consider preventing Russia from participating in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, citing the Russian government's use of both outlets to spread disinformation surrounding the Russo-Ukrainian war.[25] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, several other public broadcasters joined UA:PBC in calling for Russia's exclusion from the 2022 Contest; Finland's Yle and Estonia's ERR stated that they would not send a representative if Russia was allowed to participate.[26][27] After initially stating that both Russia and Ukraine would be allowed to compete,[28] the EBU announced on 25 February 2022 that it would ban Russia from participating in the Contest.[29]

The three Russian broadcasters announced, via a statement released by Russian state media, that they would withdraw from the EBU on 26 February, citing increased politicization of the organization.[30] The EBU released a statement saying that it was aware of the reports, but that it had not received any formal confirmation.[31] On 1 March, a further statement from the EBU announced that it had suspended its Russian members from its governance structures.[32] On 26 May, the EBU made effective the suspension of its Russian members indefinitely.[33][34]

In 2023, an extensive investigation by the EBU Investigative Journalism Network uncovered evidence of a Kremlin-sponsored initiative to take Ukrainian children from the war-torn country to Russia, a war crime under international law.[35]

Members

[edit]
Map of EBU members in Europe (as of May 2024)
Countries with active EBU membership coloured in order of accession from 1950

As of June 2024, the list of EBU members comprises the following 77 broadcasting companies from 56 countries.[2]

Current members

[edit]
Country Broadcasting organisation Abbr. Year
 Albania Albanian Radio-Television (Radio Televizioni Shqiptar) RTSH 1999
 Algeria Public Establishment of Television (المؤسّسة العمومية للتلفزيون, Établissement public de télévision) EPTV 1970
National Sound Broadcasting Company (المؤسسة العمومية للبث الإذاعي, Entreprise nationale de radiodiffusion sonore) ENRS
Algerian Broadcasting Company (البث الإذاعي والتلفزي الجزائري, Télédiffusion d'Algérie) TDA
 Andorra Radio and Television of Andorra (Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra) RTVA 2002
 Armenia Public Television Company of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրային Հեռուստաընկերություն, Hayastani Hanrayin Herrustaynkerut'yun) ARMTV
ՀՀՀ 		2005
Public Radio of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրային Ռադիո, Hayastani Hanrayin Radio) ARMR
 Austria Österreichischer Rundfunk ORF 1953
 Azerbaijan İctimai Televiziya və Radio Yayımları Şirkəti: İCTI/İTV 2007
 Belgium Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie VRT 1950
Radio-Télévision Belge de la Communauté Française RTBF
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosanskohercegovačka radiotelevizija) BHRT 1993
 Bulgaria Bulgarian National Radio (Българско национално радио, Bǎlgarsko nacionalno radio) BNR
БНР 		1993
Bulgarian National Television (Българска национална телевизия, Balgarska natsionalna televizia) BNT
БНТ
 Croatia Croatian Radiotelevision (Hrvatska radiotelevizija) HRT 1993
 Cyprus Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (Ραδιοφωνικό Ίδρυμα Κύπρου, Radiofonikó Ídryma Kýprou, Kıbrıs Radyo Yayın Kurumu) CyBC
ΡΊΚ
RKYK 		1969
 Czech Republic Český rozhlas ČRo 1993
Česká televize ČT
 Denmark Danmarks Radio DR 1950
TV2 Danmark DK/TV2 1989
 Egypt National Media Authority (الهيئة الوطنية للإعلام) NTU 1985
 Estonia Eesti Rahvusringhääling: ERR 1993
 Finland Yleisradio (Rundradion) Yle 1950
 France Groupe de Radiodiffusion Française: GRF 1950
 Georgia Georgian Public Broadcaster (საქართველოს საზოგადოებრივი მაუწყებელი, sakartvelos sazogadoebrivi mauts'q'ebeli) GPB
სსმ 		2005
 Germany Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (The Working Group of Public Broadcasters in the Federal Republic of Germany, ARD): ARD 1952
Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (Second German Television) ZDF 1963
 Greece Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία Τηλεόραση, Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi) ERT 1950–2013,
2015
 Hungary Médiaszolgáltatás-támogató és Vagyonkezelő Alap (Media Support and Asset Management Fund): MTVA 2014
 Iceland Ríkisútvarpið RÚV 1956
 Ireland Raidió Teilifís Éireann RTÉ 1950
TG4 TG4 2007
 Italy RAI – Radiotelevisione Italiana RAI 1950
 Jordan Jordan Radio and Television Corporation (مؤسسة الإذاعة والتلفزيون الأردني) JRTV 1970
 Latvia Public Broadcasting of Latvia (Latvijas Sabiedriskie mediji): LSM 1993
 Lebanon Télé Liban (تلفزيون لبنان) TL 1950
 Libya Libya National Channel (قناة ليبيا الوطنية) LNC 2011
 Lithuania Lithuanian National Radio and Television (Lietuvos nacionalinis radijas ir televizija) LRT 1993
 Luxembourg RTL Group RTL 1950
Établissement de Radiodiffusion Socioculturelle du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ERSL 1996
 Malta Public Broadcasting Services PBS 1970
 Moldova Compania Națională "Teleradio-Moldova" TRM 1993
 Monaco Monaco Media Diffusion MMD 1994
TVMonaco TVM 2024
 Montenegro Radio i televizija Crne Gore (Радио и телевизија Црне Горе) RTCG
РТЦГ 		2006
 Morocco Société Nationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision (الشَرِكَة الوَطَنِيَّة لِلْإِذَاعَة وَالتَلْفَزَة, ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ) SNRT 1950
 Netherlands Nederlandse Publieke Omroep (Dutch Public Broadcaster): NPO 1950
 North Macedonia Macedonian Radio Television (Македонска Радио Телевизиjа, Makedonska radio televizija) MRT
МРТ 		1993
 Norway Norsk Rikskringkasting NRK 1950
TV 2 Group (TV 2 Gruppen) NO/TV2 1993
 Poland Telewizja Polska TVP 1993
Polskie Radio PR
 Portugal Rádio e Televisão de Portugal RTP 1950
 Romania Societatea Română de Radiodifuziune ROR 1993
Societatea Română de Televiziune RO/TVR
 San Marino San Marino RTV SMRTV 1995
 Serbia Radio-televizija Srbije (Радио-телевизија Србије) RTS 2006
 Slovakia Slovak Television and Radio (Slovenská televízia a rozhlas) STVR 2024
 Slovenia Radiotelevizija Slovenija RTVSLO 1993
 Spain Radiotelevisión Española RTVE 1955
 Sweden Sveriges Rundradiotjänst: SRT 1950
  Switzerland Swiss Broadcasting Corporation: SRG SSR 1950
 Tunisia Établissement de la Radio Tunisienne (مؤسسة الإذاعة التونسية) RTT 2007
Établissement de la Télévision Tunisienne (مؤسسة التلفزة التونسية)
 Turkey Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu TRT 1950
 Ukraine National Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine (Національна суспільна телерадіокомпанія України, Natsionalna Suspilna Teleradiokompaniya Ukrayiny) SU 1993
 United Kingdom British Broadcasting Corporation BBC 1950
United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting: UKIB 1981
 Vatican City Vatican Radio (Radio Vaticana, Statio Radiophonica Vaticana) VR 1950

Suspended members

[edit]
Country Broadcasting organisation Abbr. Year Suspended
 Belarus National State TV and Radio Company of the Republic of Belarus BTRC 1993 2021[23]
 Russia Channel One Russia C1R 1995 2022[36][37]
All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company VGTRK 1993
Radio Dom Ostankino: RDO 1996

Past members

[edit]
Country Broadcasting organisation Abbr. From To
 Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak Television (Československá televize) ČST 1991[38] 1992[a]
Finland Finland MTV3 FI/MTV 1993 2019[39]
France France Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française RTF 1950 1964
Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française ORTF 1964 1975
Télédiffusion de France TDF 1975 1982
TF1 TF1 1975 2018
Europe 1 E1 1978 2022
Organisme Français de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision OFRT 1983 1992[b]
Canal+ C+ 1984 2018
Greece Greece New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television (Νέα Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία, Ίντερνετ και Τηλεόραση, Néa Ellinikí Radiofonía, Ínternet kai Tileórasi) NERIT 2014 2015[c]
Hungary Hungary Duna TV Duna 2013 2015[d]
Magyar Rádió MR 1993
Magyar Televízió MTV
Israel Israel Israel Broadcasting Authority (רָשׁוּת השִּׁדּוּר, Rashút HaShidúr) IBA 1957 2017[e]
 Libya Libyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting Corporation (الجماهيرية اللّيبيّة) LJBC 1974 2011
 Malta Maltese Broadcasting Authority MBA 1970 2003
 Monaco Groupement de Radiodiffuseurs Monégasques: GRMC 1950 2021
Telemontecarlo (now La7) TMC 1981 2001
 Russia Channel One Ostankino [ru] (Первый канал Останкино) C1O 1994 1995[f]
 Serbia and Montenegro Udruženje javnih radija i televizija (Alliance of Public Radio and Television) UJRT 2001 2006[g]
Slovakia Slovakia Slovenský rozhlas SRo 1993 2011[h]
Slovenská televízia STV
Radio and Television of Slovakia (Rozhlas a televízia Slovenska) RTVS 2011 2024[i]
Spain Spain Antena 3 Radio A3R 1986 1993
Radio Popular SA COPE COPE 1998 2019[40]
Sociedad Española de Radiodifusión SER 1982 2020
Sweden Sweden TV4 SE/TV4 2004 2019[41]
Tunisia Tunisia Établissement de la radiodiffusion-télévision tunisienne (Tunisian Radio and Television Establishment) ERTT 1990 2007[j]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Independent Television Authority ITA 1959 1972
Independent Television Companies Association ITCA 1959 1981
Independent Broadcasting Authority IBA 1972 1981[k]
Commercial Radio Companies Association (now Radiocentre) CRCA 1981[l] 2006
 Yugoslavia Yugoslav Radio Television (Југослoвенска радиотелевизија, Jugoslavenska radiotelevizija) JRT 1950 1992

Associate members

[edit]
Countries with Associate EBU Membership

Any group or organisation from an International Telecommunication Union (ITU) member country, which provides a radio or television service outside of the European Broadcasting Area, is permitted to submit applications to the EBU for Associate Membership.[43]

It is also noted by the EBU that any country that is granted Associate Member status does not gain access into Eurovision events[3] – notable exceptions being Australia, who have participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since 2015 and the Junior Eurovision Song Contest between 2015 and 2019; Canada, who participated in the Eurovision Young Dancers between 1987 and 1989; and Kazakhstan, who participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest between 2018 and 2022 – all of which were individually invited.

The list of Associate Members of EBU comprised the following 32 broadcasting companies from 21 countries as of December 2023.[3]

Country Broadcasting organisation Abbr. Year
 Australia Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC 1950
FreeTV Australia Free 1962
Special Broadcasting Service SBS 1979
 Bangladesh National Broadcasting Authority of Bangladesh NBAB 1974
 Brazil TV Cultura (Fundação Padre Anchieta) FPA 2012
 Canada Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Société Radio-Canada) CBC 1950
 Chile Canal 13 C13 1971
 China China Media Group (中央广播电视总台) CMG 2010
Shanghai Media Group (上海文化廣播影視集團有限公司) SMG 2016
 Cuba Cuban Institute of Radio and Television (Instituto Cubano de Radio y Televisión) ICRT 1992
 Georgia Teleimedi TEME 2004
Rustavi 2 (რუსთავი 2) RB 2003
 Hong Kong Radio Television Hong Kong (香港電台) RTHK 1983
 Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (صدا و سيمای جمهوری اسلامی ايران) IRIB 1968
 Japan Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (日本放送協会) NHK 1951
TBS Holdings (TBSホールディングス) TBS 2000
 Kazakhstan Khabar Agency ("Хабар" Агенттігі, Агентство «Хабар») KA 2016
 Malaysia Radio Television of Malaysia (Radio Televisyen Malaysia, راديو تيليۏيشن مليسيا) RTM 1970
 Mauritius Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation MBC 1980
   Nepal Association of Community Radio Broadcasters Nepal ACORAB 2023
 New Zealand Radio New Zealand (Te Reo Irirangi o Aotearoa) RNZ 1950
Television New Zealand (Te Reo Tātaki o Aotearoa) TVNZ 1980
 Oman Public Authority for Radio and TV of Oman PART 1976
 South Korea Korean Broadcasting System (한국방송공사) KBS 1974
 Syria General Organization of Radio and TV
(Organisation de la Radio-Télévision Arabe Syrienne, الهيئة العامة للإذاعة والتلفزيون – سورية)		 ORTAS 1978
 United States American Broadcasting Company ABC 1959
American Public Media APM 2004
Columbia Broadcasting System CBS 1956
National Public Radio NPR 1971
National Broadcasting Company NBC 1953
WFMT Radio Network WFMT 1980
 Uruguay Servicio de Comunicacion Audiovisual Nacional Uruguay SECAN-MEC 2025

Past associate members

[edit]

The list of past associate members of EBU comprises the following 94 broadcasting companies from 55 countries and 1 autonomous territory.[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]

Country Broadcasting organisation Abbr. From To
 Argentina Canal 7 C7 1970
El Trece C13 1973
 Australia Australian Fine Music Network AFMN 2008 2010
 Bahamas Broadcasting Corporation of The Bahamas BCB 1975
 Barbados Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation BB/CBC 1971 2005
 Benin Radiodiffusion du Dahomey RD 1975
 Brazil Associação Brasileira das Emissoras de Rádio e Televisão ABERT
Diários Associados DA
Emissoras Unidas de Rádio e Televisão [pt] EURT 1969
TV Globo GLOBO 1970
Network of Independent Broadcasters (Rede de Emissoras Independentes) REI 1974 1975
Rádio Nacional RN 1974 1975
 Canada CTV Television Network CTV 1969
Agency for Tele-Education in Canada ATEC 1975 1981
 Chad Chadian National Radio (Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne) RNT 1974
 Chile Televisión Nacional de Chile TVN 1970
 Colombia Instituto Nacional de Radio y Televisión IRV 1970
 Congo Radiodiffusion Télévision Congolaise RTC 1974
 Costa Rica Telesistema Nacional S.R.L. TSN 1969 1971
 Ecuador Teleamazonas 4TA 1975
 Gabon Radiodiffusion-Télévision Gabonaise RTG
 Gambia Gambia Radio & Television Service GRTS 2010
 Ghana Ghana Broadcasting Corporation GBC
 Greenland Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa (Greenlandic Broadcasting Corporation) KNR 1978 2011
 Guyana Guyana Broadcasting Service GBS 1977
 Haiti Service des Télécommunications 1969
 Honduras Televisora de Honduras, S.A. TH 1969 1971
 Hong Kong Asia Television ([亞洲電視有限公司] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |t= (help)) ATV 2010
Television Broadcasts Limited TVB 1973 2012/2013
 India All India Radio AIR 1979 2021
 Indonesia Radio Republik Indonesia RRI 1973 1981
Televisi Republik Indonesia TVRI 1973 1981
 Iraq Iraqi Broadcasting and Television Establishment IBTE
 Ivory Coast Radiodiffusion Television Ivoirienne RTI
 Jamaica Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation JBC 1970 1981
 Japan Mainichi Broadcasting System (株式会社毎日放送, Kabushiki-gaisha Mainichi Hōsō) MBS 1970
TV Asahi ANB 2009
Fuji Television FTN 1969 2012/2013
National Association of Commercial Broadcasters in Japan NACB 2012/2013
Nippon Television Network Corporation (日本テレビ放送網株式会社, Nihon Terebi Hōsōmō kabushiki gaisha) NTV 2009
Tokyo FM TFM 1986 2021
 Kenya The Voice of Kenya VK
 Kuwait Kuwait Broadcasting and Television Service KBTS 1970
 Liberia Liberian Broadcasting Corporation LBC 1981
 Madagascar Radiodiffusion-Télévision de Madagascar RTM 1971
 Malawi Malawi Broadcasting Corporation MBC
 Mauritania Television of Mauritania MR/TVM 2003 2013
 Mexico Telesistema Mexicano TSM 1973
Televisión Independiente de México (Mexican Independent Television) TIM 1969 1973
Tele-Cadena Mexicana TCM 1969 1973
Televisa SA de CV TVA 1973 2005
Corporación Mexicana de Radio y Televisión CMRT 1973
   Nepal Nepal Television (नेपाल टेलिभिजन) NTVC 2010
 Niger Office de radiodiffusion et Télévision du Niger ORTN 1981
 Nigeria Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation NBC
 Pakistan Radio Pakistan (ریڈیو پاکستان) RP 1974
Pakistan Television Corporation (پاکستان ٹیلی وژن نیٹ ورک) PK/PTV 1971 2010
 Palestine Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation (هيئة الإذاعة والتلفزيون الفلسطينية) PBC 2002 2014
 Papua New Guinea National Broadcasting Corporation NBC 1977
 Peru Teledos T2 1969 1971
Compañía Peruana de Radiodifusión AMÉRICA 1969
Panamericana Televisión PANTEL 1969
 Qatar Qatar Television and Broadcasting Service QTBC 1973
Al Jazeera Children's Channel JCC 2008 2013
Qatar Radio (إذاعة قطر) QR 2009 2009
 Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian Broadcasting and Television Service SABTVS
 Senegal Radiodiffusion Télévision Sénégalaise RTS 1973 2006
 Sri Lanka Ceylon Broadcasting Corporation CBC 1973
Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation (ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් විදුලි සංස්ථාව, Shrī Lankā Guvan Viduli Sansthāva) (இலங்கை ஒலிபரப்புக் கூட்டுத்தாபனம், Ilangkai Oliparappuk Kūṭṭuttāpaṉam) SLBC 2007 2010
 South Africa South African Broadcasting Corporation SABC 1951 2022
 South Korea Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (주식회사문화방송) MBC 2009
 Sudan Sudan Television Service STS 1976
 Tanzania Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation TBC
 United Arab Emirates Emirates Media Inc. EMI 2006
United Arab Emirates Radio And Television – Dubai UAERTVD 2006
 United States National Association of Educational Broadcasters NAEB 1981
Time Life Television TIME 1970
United States Information Agency USIA
National Educational Television NET 1970
Educational Broadcasting Corporation EBC 1971
Corporation for Public Broadcasting CPB 1972
Cable News Network CNN
International Broadcasting Bureau IBB 2007
Minnesota Public Radio MPR 2004 2007
New York Public Radio NYPR 2012 2016
WGBH Educational Foundation WGBH 2014 2014
 Upper Volta Radiodiffusion-Télévision Voltaïque RTV 1981
 Uruguay Sociedad Televisora Larrañaga (Tele 12) C12 1970 1976
 Venezuela Teleinversiones S.A. 1969 1970
Corporación Venezolana de Televisión VV 1973
Radio Caracas Televisión RCTV 2010
Radio Caracas Radio RCR 2010
 Zaire La Voix du Zaïre VZ
 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation ZBC 2010

Approved participant members

[edit]

Any groups or organisations from a country with International Telecommunication Union (ITU) membership, which does not qualify for either the EBU's Active or Associate memberships, but still provide a broadcasting activity for the EBU, are granted a unique Approved Participants membership, which lasts approximately five years. An application for this status may be submitted to the EBU at any given time, providing an annual fee is paid.[58]

The following eight EBU broadcast members had status as Approved Participants in November 2024.[59]

Country Broadcasting Organisation Abbr.
 France Arte ARTE
Euronews EURONEWS
Institut national de l'audiovisuel INA
TV5Monde TV5
 North Macedonia JP Makedonska Radiodifuzija JP MRD
 Serbia Radio Television of Vojvodina RTV
 Spain Catalunya Música CAT
Cellnex CELLNEX

The following members previously had status as Approved Participants.[45][44]

Country/Region Broadcasting Organisation Abbr.
 France International Radio and Television Union (Université radiophonique et télévisuelle internationale) URTI
 Hungary Antenna Hungária [hu] AH
 Israel Israeli Educational Television IETV
 MENA MBC Limited – Middle East Broadcasting Centre MEBC
 Russia Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network RTRN
 South Africa Sentech SNTC
 Spain Abertis Telecom S.A. ABERTIS
Retevisión RETE

Organised events

[edit]

The EBU in co-operation with the respective host broadcaster organises competitions and events in which its members can participate if they wish to do so. These include:

Eurovision Song Contest

[edit]
Main article: Eurovision Song Contest
A replica of the Eurovision Song Contest trophy on display in Rotterdam, host city of the 2021 edition

The Eurovision Song Contest (French: Concours Eurovision de la chanson)[60] is an annual international song competition between EBU members, that was first held in Lugano, Switzerland, on 24 May 1956. Seven countries participated – each submitting two songs, for a total of 14. This was the only contest in which more than one song per country was performed: since 1957, all contests have allowed one entry per country. The 1956 contest was won by the host nation, Switzerland.[61] The winner of the most recent contest, which took place in Malmö, Sweden, is Switzerland.

Let the Peoples Sing

[edit]
Main article: Let the Peoples Sing

Let the Peoples Sing is a biennial choir competition, the participants of which are chosen from radio recordings entered by EBU radio members. The final, encompassing three categories and around ten choirs, is offered as a live broadcast to all EBU members. The overall winner is awarded the Silver Rose Bowl. The first winner was Glasgow Phoenix Choir, conducted by their Chorus Master Peter Mooney, from Scotland in the 1961 competition that was held in London. The most recent winner is Copenhagen Girls Choir from Denmark, conducted by Anne-Terese Sales, in the 2024 competition that was held in London.

Jeux sans frontières

[edit]
Main article: Jeux sans frontières

Jeux sans frontières (English: Games Without Borders, lit. 'Games Without Frontiers') was a Europe-wide television game show. In its original conception, it was broadcast from 1965 to 1999 under the auspices of the EBU. The original series' run ended in 1982, but was revived in 1988 with a different composition of nations and was hosted by smaller broadcasters.

Eurovision Young Musicians

[edit]
Main article: Eurovision Young Musicians

Eurovision Young Musicians is a competition for European musicians that are between the ages of 12 and 21 years old. It is organised by the EBU and is a member of EMCY. The first competition was held in Manchester, United Kingdom on 11 May 1982. The televised competition is held every other year, with some countries holding national finals. Since its inaugural edition in 1982, it has become one of the most important music competitions on an international level. The winner of the most recent contest, which took place in Bodø, Norway, is Austria.

Eurovision Young Dancers

[edit]
Main article: Eurovision Young Dancers

Eurovision Young Dancers was a biennial dance showcase broadcast on television throughout Europe. The inaugural competition was held in Reggio Emilia, Italy on 16 June 1985. It uses a format similar to the Eurovision Song Contest. Every participating country has the opportunity to send a dance act to compete for the title of Eurovision Young Dancer. The competition is for solo dancers, and all contestants must be between the ages of 16 and 21, and not professionally engaged. The winner of the most recent contest, which took place in Prague, Czech Republic, is Poland.

Euroclassic Notturno

[edit]
Main article: Euroclassic Notturno

Euroclassic Notturno is a six-hour sequence of classical music recordings, assembled by BBC Radio from material supplied by EBU members and streamed back to those broadcasters by satellite for use in their overnight classical-music schedules. The recordings used are taken not from commercial CDs, but from earlier (usually live) radio broadcasts.[62][63]

Junior Eurovision Song Contest

[edit]
Main article: Junior Eurovision Song Contest

The Junior Eurovision Song Contest (French: Concours Eurovision de la Chanson Junior)[64] is an annual international song competition that was first held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 15 November 2003. Sixteen countries participated in the inaugural edition, with each submitting one song. The inaugural contest was won by Croatia. The winner of the most recent contest, which took place in Madrid, Spain, is Georgia.[65]

Eurovision Dance Contest

[edit]
Main article: Eurovision Dance Contest

The Eurovision Dance Contest (not to be confused with Eurovision Young Dancers) was an international dancing competition that was held for the first time in London, United Kingdom, on 1 September 2007. The inaugural contest was won by Finland. The competition was repeated in 2008 when it was held in Glasgow, United Kingdom, but has not been held since. The winner of the most recent contest is Poland.

Magic Circus Show

[edit]
Main article: Magic Circus Show

The Magic Circus Show was an entertainment show organised by the EBU, which took place in 2010, 2011 and 2012 in Geneva, Switzerland. Children aged between 7–14 representing eight countries within the EBU membership area performed a variety of circus acts at the Geneva Christmas Circus (French: Cirque de Noël Genève). The main show was also accompanied by the Magic Circus Show Orchestra.[66]

Eurovision Choir

[edit]
Main article: Eurovision Choir

The inaugural Eurovision Choir, featuring non-professional choirs selected by EBU members, took place on 22 July 2017 in Riga, Latvia, hosted by the Latvian broadcaster Latvijas Televīzija (LTV). Nine countries took part in the first edition. Carmen Manet from Slovenia was the first winner and the winner of the most recent contest, which took place in Gothenburg, Sweden, was Vocal Line from Denmark.

European Sports Championships

[edit]
Main article: European Championships (multi-sport event)

The European Sports Championships is a multi-sport event involving some of the leading sports in Europe. The European Governing Bodies for athletics, aquatics, cycling, rowing, golf, gymnastics and triathlon, coordinated their individual championships as part of the first edition[67] in the summer of 2018, hosted by the cities of Berlin, Germany (already chosen as the host for the 2018 European Athletics Championships) and Glasgow, United Kingdom (already chosen as the host for the 2018 European Aquatics Championships, and which concurrently also hosted the events of the other sports).[68][69]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Succeeded by Česká televize (ČT) of the Czech Republic and Slovenská televízia (STV) of Slovakia
  2. ^ Succeeded by Groupement des Radiodiffuseurs Français de l'UER (GRF)
  3. ^ Succeeded again by Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT)
  4. ^ Succeeded by Duna Media Service; operated by Media Support and Asset Management Fund (MTVA)
  5. ^ Succeeded by the Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation (KAN)
  6. ^ Succeeded by Channel One (C1R)
  7. ^ Succeeded by Radio i televizija Crne Gore (RTCG) of Montenegro and Radiotelevizija Srbije (RTS) of Serbia separately (previously these were sub-broadcasters of UJRT)
  8. ^ Succeeded by Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS)
  9. ^ Succeeded by Slovak Television and Radio (STVR)
  10. ^ Succeeded by Radio and Télévision Tunisienne (RTT)
  11. ^ Succeeded by United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting (UKIB)
  12. ^ Founded as Association of Independent Radio Contractors (AIRC) in 1973. It became CRCA in 1996 and merged with Radio Advertising Bureau in 2006 to create Radiocentre.[42]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "EBU elects new Executive Board". ebu.ch (Press release). 4 December 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  2. ^ a b "EBU Active Members". ebu.ch. EBU. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d "EBU Associate Members". ebu.ch. EBU. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  4. ^ "The Eurovision News Exchange Social Newswire: the EBU'S First Line of Defence in Breaking News". ebu.ch. EBU. 27 November 2019. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  5. ^ "Eurovision Debate". ebu.ch. EBU. 23 May 2024. Archived from the original on 27 May 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  6. ^ "42 countries to take part in the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest". ebu.ch (Press release). EBU. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  7. ^ "Joy to the World: a guide to the European Broadcasting Union's Christmas broadcast". CBC Music. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  8. ^ "Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra New Year's Concert". ebu.ch. EBU. 1 January 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  9. ^ Clements, Paul. "Eurovision 2014: how much do you know about the Eurovision Song Contest?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  10. ^ a b "50 years of Eurovision (1954–2004)" (PDF). ebu.ch. EBU. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2016.
  11. ^ "Euroradio: 50 years" (PDF). ebu.ch. EBU. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  12. ^ "P2P Media Portal Trial". ebu.ch. EBU. 10 July 2008. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  13. ^ "Greek public broadcaster ERT to be shut down, reopened with fewer employees". Kathimerini. 11 June 2013. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  14. ^ O'Carroll, Lisa (12 June 2013). "ERT shutdown: European Broadcasting Union sets up makeshift studio". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  15. ^ Roverelli, Michelle (11 June 2013). "EBU urges the Greek government to reverse decision on ERT". ebu.ch. EBU. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  16. ^ "Greece media guide". BBC News. 13 January 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  17. ^ "Greece's state broadcaster ERT back on air after two years". BBC News. 11 June 2015. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  18. ^ Maltezou, Renee (28 April 2015). "In symbolic move, Greece to reopen shuttered state broadcaster". Reuters. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  19. ^ "Belarus: Protestors Call For The EBU To Remove BTRC From Eurovision". wiwibloggs. 28 January 2021. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  20. ^ Rainford, Claire (28 May 2021). "EBU Executive Board agrees to suspension of Belarus Member BTRC". ebu.ch (Press release). Switzerland: EBU. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  21. ^ "Белтэлерадыёкампанію выключылі з Еўрапейскага вяшчальнага саюза". euroradio.fm. 30 June 2021. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  22. ^ Granger, Anthony (27 August 2021). "Belarus: BTRC Reveals EBU Suspension Scheduled to Expire in 2024". Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  23. ^ a b Farren, Neil (23 April 2024). "Belarus: BTRC Indefinitely Suspended From EBU". Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  24. ^ "Russia media guide". BBC News. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  25. ^ Chernotytsky, Mykola. "Суспільне вимагає припинити членство російських ЗМІ у ЄМС" [Suspilne demands the termination of the membership of the Russian media in the EBU]. suspilne.media (Press release) (in Ukrainian). Suspilne. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  26. ^ "Yle calls upon the European Broadcasting Union to exclude Russia from the Eurovision Song Contest". yle.fi (Press release). Yleisradio. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  27. ^ Kaldoja, Kerttu (25 February 2022). "Eesti osalemine Eurovisioonil sõltub Venemaa osalusest" [Estonia's participation in Eurovision depends on Russia's participation] (in Estonian). ERR. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  28. ^ Gonzalez, Sandra (24 February 2022). "Russia will be allowed to compete in Eurovision despite invasion, organizer says". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 June 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  29. ^ "Russia banned from Eurovision song contest over invasion of Ukraine". Reuters. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  30. ^ "Rusijos televizijos traukiasi iš EBU" [Russian television stations leave the EBU]. lrt.lt (in Lithuanian). 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  31. ^ Rainford, Claire (26 February 2022). "EBU Statement on RTR, Channel One and Radio House Ostankino membership". ebu.ch. EBU. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  32. ^ Rainford, Claire (1 March 2022). "EBU Statement on Russian Members". ebu.ch. EBU. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  33. ^ Vidal, Fernando Nicolás (26 May 2022). "La UER hace efectiva la suspensión indefinida a sus miembros rusos". ESCplus España (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  34. ^ "Європейська мовна спілка призупинила членство російських ЗМІ" [The European Broadcasting Union has suspended membership of the Russian media]. suspilne.media (Press release) (in Ukrainian). Suspilne. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  35. ^ Waters, Jo (14 February 2023). "Where are the missing children of Ukraine?". ebu.ch (Press release). Switzerland: EBU. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  36. ^ Granger, Anthony (29 May 2022). "European Broadcasting Union Formally Suspends Russian Broadcasters". Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  37. ^ "ВГТРК, Первый канал и Радиодом "Останкино" выходят из ЕВС" [VGTRK, Channel One and Radiodom "Ostankino" leave EBU] (in Russian). 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  38. ^ Potter, W. (24 October 1994). The implementation of satellite technology in the Eurovision network (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  39. ^ Granger, Anthony (13 November 2019). "Finland: MTV3 Leaves European Broadcasting Union". Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  40. ^ "Radio Cadena COPE abandona la UER" [Radio Cadena COPE leaves the EBU] (in Spanish). 15 August 2019. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  41. ^ Granger, Anthony (13 November 2019). "Sweden: TV4 Ends Membership of the European Broadcasting Union". Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  42. ^ "Facts – History". RadioCentre. 31 May 2015. Archived from the original on 31 May 2015.
  43. ^ "Admission". ebu.ch. EBU. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
  44. ^ a b "Associate Members". Archived from the original on 19 October 2002.
  45. ^ a b "EBU.CH: Associate Members and Approved Participants". Archived from the original on 12 December 2007.
  46. ^ "EBU – Members". Archived from the original on 7 November 2014.
  47. ^ "The Europa Year Book 1968 A World Survey". 1968. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  48. ^ "The Europa Year Book 1970 A World Survey". 1970. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  49. ^ "The Europa Year Book 1971 A World Survey". 1971. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  50. ^ "The Europa Year Book 1972 A World Survey". 1972. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  51. ^ "The Europa Year Book 1974 A World Survey". 1974. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  52. ^ "The Europa Year Book 1978 A World Survey". 1978. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  53. ^ EBU Review. Administrative Office of the European Broadcasting Union. 1976. p. 41. Archived from the original on 9 June 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024 – via Google Books.
  54. ^ EBU Review. European Broadcasting Union. 1984. p. 41. Archived from the original on 9 June 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024 – via Google Books.
  55. ^ EBU Review. European Broadcasting Union. 1989. Archived from the original on 9 June 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024 – via Google Books.
  56. ^ EBU Review. Administrative Office of the European Broadcasting Union. 1977. Archived from the original on 9 June 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024 – via Google Books.
  57. ^ EBU Review. Administrative Office of the European Broadcasting Union. 1975. Archived from the original on 9 June 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024 – via Google Books.
  58. ^ "Approved Participants". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  59. ^ "EBU Directory" (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  60. ^ "Winners of the Eurovision Song Contest" (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
  61. ^ "Historical Milestones". European Broadcasting Union. 2005. Archived from the original on 26 May 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2006.
  62. ^ "Euroradio Notturno". EBU. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  63. ^ "Through the Night". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 September 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  64. ^ "Official information page" (in French). European Broadcasting Union. 10 December 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
  65. ^ "Andria Putkaradze has won Junior Eurovision 2024 for Georgia". European Broadcasting Union. 17 November 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  66. ^ Burkhardt, Nadja (16 November 2012). "Eurovision Magic Circus Show". ebu.ch. European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  67. ^ europeansportschampionships.com Archived 5 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine ESC Press Release
  68. ^ "European Athletics – Leading sports bring together their European championships in 2018". Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  69. ^ "Rowing joins the innovative European Sports Championships - worldrowing.com". Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
[edit]
Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union
20 views |
↧ Download as ZWI file
Encyclosphere.org EncycloReader is supported by the EncyclosphereKSF