Categories
  Encyclosphere.org ENCYCLOREADER
  supported by EncyclosphereKSF

Eurovision Song Contest 1993

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 28 min

Eurovision Song Contest 1993
Dates
Final15 May 1993
Host
VenueGreen Glens Arena,
Millstreet, Ireland
Presenter(s)Fionnuala Sweeney
Musical directorNoel Kelehan
Directed byAnita Notaro
Executive supervisorChristian Clausen
Executive producerLiam Miller
Host broadcasterRadio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ)
Websiteeurovision.tv/event/millstreet-1993 Edit this at Wikidata
Participants
Number of entries25
Debuting countries
Returning countriesNone
Non-returning countries Yugoslavia
  • A coloured map of the countries of EuropeBelgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Monaco in the Eurovision Song ContestLuxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Austria in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993France in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song ContestMorocco in the Eurovision Song ContestCyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Iceland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Croatia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Slovakia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993
         Finalist countries     Countries eliminated in Kvalifikacija za Millstreet     Countries that participated in the past but not in 1993
Vote
Voting systemEach country awarded 12, 10, 8–1 point(s) to their 10 favourite songs
Winning song Ireland
"In Your Eyes"
1992 ← Eurovision Song Contest → 1994

The Eurovision Song Contest 1993 was the 38th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 15 May 1993 at the Green Glens Arena in Millstreet, Ireland. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ), and presented by Fionnuala Sweeney, the contest was held in Ireland following the country's victory at the 1992 contest with the song "Why Me?" performed by Linda Martin.

Twenty-five countries participated in the contest, the largest yet held. Twenty-two of the twenty-three countries that had participated in the previous year's event returned, with Yugoslavia prevented from competing following the closure of its national broadcaster and the placement of sanctions against the country as a response to the Yugoslav Wars. In response to an increased interest in participation from former Eastern Bloc countries following the collapse of communist regimes, three spaces in the event were allocated to first-time participating countries, which would be determined through a qualifying competition. Held in April 1993 in Ljubljana, Slovenia, Kvalifikacija za Millstreet featured entries from seven countries and resulted in the entries from the former Yugoslav republics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia progressing to the contest in Millstreet.

For the second year in a row, the winner was Ireland with the song "In Your Eyes", written by Jimmy Walsh and performed by Niamh Kavanagh. The United Kingdom, Switzerland, France, and Norway completed the top five, with the United Kingdom achieving their second consecutive runner-up placing. Ireland achieved their fifth victory in the contest, matching the overall record held by France and Luxembourg, and joined Israel, Luxembourg and Spain as countries with wins in successive contests.

Location

[edit]
Photograph of the exterior of the Great Southern Hotel in Killarney in autumn 2002.
Photograph of the exterior of Cork City Hall in 2009 taken from across the River Lee
The Great Southern Hotel in Killarney (top) and Cork's City Hall (bottom) hosted receptions for the participating delegations during the week of the contest.
class=notpageimage|
Location of host town Millstreet (in blue) and other towns and cities which held events during the contest week (in green); County Cork is highlighted

The 1993 contest took place in Millstreet, Ireland, following the country's victory at the 1992 edition with the song "Why Me?", performed by Linda Martin. It was the fourth time that Ireland had hosted the contest, having previously staged the event in 1971, 1981 and 1988, with all previous events held in the country's capital city Dublin.[1][2]

The Green Glens Arena, an indoor arena used primarily for equestrian events, was chosen as the contest venue, with its owner Noel C Duggan offering the use of the venue for free, as well as pledging a further £200,000 from local businesses for the staging of the event.[3][4] Individuals within RTÉ, including the organisation's Director-General Joe Barry, were interested in staging the event outside of Dublin for the first time, and alongside Dublin RTÉ production teams scouted locations in rural Ireland in the months following Ireland's win.[5] Although the contest had previously been held in smaller towns, such as Harrogate, an English town of 70,000 people which staged the 1982 contest, with a population of 1,500, Millstreet became the smallest settlement to stage the event at that time and continues to hold the record as of 2024.[6] The arena would have an audience of around 3,500 during the contest.[3] The choice of Millstreet and the Green Glens Arena to stage the contest was met with some ridicule, with BBC journalist Nicholas Witchell referring to the venue as a "cowshed", however Millstreet had won out over more conventional locations, including Dublin and Galway, due to the facilities available in the Green Glens Arena and the town's local community which were hugely enthusiastic about the event being staged in their area.[6][5][7]

Due to the small size of Millstreet, delegations were primarily based in surrounding settlements, including Killarney and other towns in counties Cork and Kerry.[5][8] Alongside Millstreet itself, Killarney and Cork City held receptions for the competing delegates during the week of the contest, at the Great Southern Hotel in Killarney and Cork's City Hall, the latter hosted by the Minister for Arts, Culture and the Gaeltacht.[9]

Participating countries

[edit]
Further information: Kvalifikacija za Millstreet and List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Song Contest 1993 – Participation summaries by country
Countries in italics failed to progress from Kvalifikacija za Millstreet

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Eurovision Song Contest regularly featured over twenty participating countries in each edition, and by 1992 an increasing number of countries had begun expressing an interest in joining the event for the first time. This came as a result of revolutions among many European countries that led to the fall of communist regimes and the formation of liberal democratic government among existing states and newly sovereign countries formed from entities within the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia.[1][10][11] In an effort to incorporate these new countries into the contest, the contest organisers the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) raised the maximum number of participating countries to twenty-five – the highest number yet seen in the contest – creating space for three new countries to participate alongside twenty-two of the twenty-three countries that had participated in the 1992 contest.[4][10] Yugoslavia – which had participated in the contest since 1961[a] – was unable to participate as its EBU member broadcaster Jugoslovenska radio-televizija (JRT) was disbanded in 1992 and its successor organisations Radio-televizija Srbije (RTS) and Radio-televizija Crne Gore (RTCG) were barred from joining the EBU due to sanctions against the country as part of the Yugoslav Wars.[4][13]

As a temporary solution for the 1993 contest, a qualifying round was organised to determine the three countries which participate in the final for the first time. Subsequently, for the 1994 contest, a relegation system was introduced which would bar the lowest-scoring countries from participating in the following year's event.[1][4][10][11] At the running order draw, held in December 1992 at the National Concert Hall in Dublin and hosted by Pat Kenny and Linda Martin, the three new countries were represented as Countries A, B and C, corresponding with the countries that placed first, second and third in the qualifying competition respectively.[10][14] Entitled Kvalifikacija za Millstreet, the qualifying round took place on 3 April 1993 in Ljubljana, Slovenia.[1][10] Initially broadcasters in as many as fourteen countries registered an interest in competing in the event, however only seven countries eventually submitted entries, representing Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia.[10] Ultimately the entries from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia were chosen to progress to the contest proper in Millstreet;[1][4][10] as constituent republics of SFR Yugoslavia, representatives from all three countries had previously competed in the contest.[15]

A number of artists who had previously participated in the contest were featured among the performers at this event, either as the main performing artist or as backing performers: Tony Wegas represented Austria for a second consecutive year, and among his backing performers was Gary Lux, who had previously represented Austria in the contest on three occasions, as a member of the group Westend in 1983 and as a solo artist in 1985 and 1987;[16][17] Katri Helena made a second contest appearance for Finland, having previously competed in 1979;[16] Denmark's Tommy Seebach, having previously competed in 1979 as a solo artist and in 1981 alongside Debbie Cameron, competed in the 1993 contest as part of the Seebach Band;[16] and Humphrey Campbell, who had represented the Netherlands in the previous year's event, returned as a backing singer for the Dutch entrant Ruth Jacott.[18]

Participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 1993[16][19]
Country Broadcaster Artist Song Language Songwriter(s) Conductor
 Austria ORF Tony Wegas "Maria Magdalena" German
Christian Kolonovits
 Belgium BRTN Barbara "Iemand als jij" Dutch
  • Tobana
  • Marc Vliegen
 Bert Candries
 Bosnia and Herzegovina RTVBiH Fazla "Sva bol svijeta" Bosnian
Noel Kelehan[b]
 Croatia HRT Put "Don't Ever Cry" Croatian, English
Andrej Baša
 Cyprus CyBC Zymboulakis and Van Beke "Mi stamatas" (Μη σταματάς) Greek
  • Aristos Moschovakis
  • Rodoula Papalambrianou
 George Theofanous
 Denmark DR Seebach Band "Under stjernerne på himlen" Danish
George Keller
 Finland YLE Katri Helena "Tule luo" Finnish
  • Matti Puurtinen
  • Jukka Saarinen
 Olli Ahvenlahti
 France France Télévision Patrick Fiori "Mama Corsica" French, Corsican François Valéry Christian Cravero
 Germany MDR[c] Münchener Freiheit "Viel zu weit" German Stefan Zauner Norbert Daum
 Greece ERT Katerina Garbi "Ellada, hora tou fotos" (Ελλάδα, χώρα του φωτός) Greek Dimosthenis Stringlis Haris Andreadis
 Iceland RÚV Inga "Þá veistu svarið" Icelandic
  • Friðrik Sturluson
  • Jon Kjell Seljeseth
 Jon Kjell Seljeseth
 Ireland RTÉ Niamh Kavanagh "In Your Eyes" English Jimmy Walsh Noel Kelehan
 Israel IBA Lehakat Shiru "Shiru" (שירו) Hebrew, English
Amir Frohlich
 Italy RAI Enrico Ruggeri "Sole d'Europa" Italian Enrico Ruggeri Vittorio Cosma
 Luxembourg CLT Modern Times "Donne-moi une chance" French, Luxembourgish
  • Patrick Hippert
  • Jimmy Martin
 Francis Goya
 Malta PBS William Mangion "This Time" English William Mangion Joseph Sammut
 Netherlands NOS Ruth Jacott "Vrede" Dutch
Harry van Hoof
 Norway NRK Silje Vige "Alle mine tankar" Norwegian Bjørn Erik Vige Rolf Løvland
 Portugal RTP Anabela "A cidade até ser dia" Portuguese
Armindo Neves
 Slovenia RTVSLO 1X Band "Tih deževen dan" Slovene
  • Tomaž Kosec
  • Cole Moretti
 Jože Privšek
 Spain TVE Eva Santamaría "Hombres" Spanish Carlos Toro Eduardo Leiva
 Sweden SVT Arvingarna "Eloise" Swedish
Curt-Eric Holmquist
  Switzerland SRG SSR Annie Cotton "Moi, tout simplement" French
  • Christophe Duc
  • Jean-Jacques Egli
 Marc Sorrentino
 Turkey TRT Burak Aydos, Öztürk Baybora and Serter "Esmer Yarim" Turkish Burak Aydos No conductor
 United Kingdom BBC Sonia "Better the Devil You Know" English
  • Dean Collinson
  • Red
 Nigel Wright
Entires which failed to progress from Kvalifikacija za Millstreet[10]
Country Broadcaster Artist Song Language Songwriter(s)
 Estonia ETV Janika Sillamaa "Muretut meelt ja südametuld" Estonian
 Hungary MTV Andrea Szulák "Árva reggel" Hungarian
  • Emese Hatvani
  • György Jakab
  • László Pásztor
 Romania TVR Dida Drăgan "Nu pleca" Romanian
 Slovakia STV Elán "Amnestia na neveru" Slovak

Production and format

[edit]

The Eurovision Song Contest 1993 was produced by the Irish public broadcaster Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ). Liam Miller served as executive producer, Kevin Linehan served as producer, Anita Notaro served as director, Alan Farquharson served as designer, and Noel Kelehan served as musical director, leading the RTÉ Concert Orchestra.[1][21][22][23] A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available to conduct for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor.[16] On behalf of the contest organisers, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the event was overseen by Christian Clausen as executive supervisor.[1][24][25]

Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the country which it represented.[26][27] A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance, and all participants were required to have reached the age of 16 in the year of the contest.[26][28] Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks; however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage being mimed by the performers.[28][29]

The results of the 1993 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in 1975: each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry.[30] The points awarded by each country were determined by an assembled jury of sixteen individuals, which was required to be split evenly between members of the public and music professionals, between men and women, and by age. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing.[31][32]

The 1993 contest was at the time the largest outside broadcast production ever undertaken by RTÉ, and the broadcaster was reported to have spent over £2,200,000 on producing the event.[33][34] In order to stage the event Millstreet and the Green Glens Arena underwent major infrastructure improvements, which were led by local groups and individuals.[5][33] The floor area within the arena had to be dug out in order to create additional height to facilitate the stage and equipment, extra phone lines had to be installed, and the town's railway line and station required an extension at an extra cost of over £1,000,000.[3][4][35]

The stage design for the Millstreet contest featured the largest stage yet constructed for the event, covering 2,500ft² (232m²) of translucent material which was illuminated from below by lighting strips. A mirror image of the triangular shaped stage was suspended from above, and a slanted background created a distorted perspective for the viewer. A hidden doorway featured in the centre of the stage, which was used by the presenter at the beginning of the show, and by the winning artist as they re-entered the arena following the broadcast.[4][34][36] The contest logo, which was publicly presented in February 1993, was designed by Conor Cassidy and was adapted from aspects of the coat of arms of County Cork.[34][37]

Rehearsals for the participating artists began on 10 May 1993. Two technical rehearsals were conducted for each participating delegation in the week approaching the contest, with countries rehearsing in the order in which they would perform. The first rehearsals were held on 10 and 11 May, consisting of a 15-minute stage-call for the setting up of the stage with instruments and equipment and to brief the orchestra, followed by a 25-minute rehearsal, with the second rehearsals held on 12 and 13 May comprising a 10-minute stage call and 20-minute rehearsal. Following each first rehearsal, there was an opportunity for delegates to review their rehearsals on video monitors, as well as to take part in a 25-minute press conference. Three dress rehearsals were held with all artists, two held in the afternoon and evening of 14 May and one final rehearsal in the afternoon of 15 May. An audience was present for the second dress rehearsal on the evening of 14 May, which was highly attended by the local population of Millstreet.[9][38]

Contest overview

[edit]
Niamh Kavanagh (pictured in 2010), the winning artist of the 1993 Eurovision Song Contest.

The contest took place on 15 May 1993 at 20:00 (IST) and lasted 3 hours and 1 minute.[1][16] The show was presented by the Irish journalist Fionnuala Sweeney.[1][39]

The contest was opened by an animated sequence designed by Gary Keenan and inspired by Celtic mythology, set to Irish traditional music by composers Ronan Johnston and Shea Fitzgerald and featuring uilleann pipes player Davy Spillane.[5][34][40] The interval act comprised performances by previous Eurovision winners Linda Martin, reprising her winning song from the previous year's contest "Why Me?", and Johnny Logan, performing the song "Voices (Are Calling)" with choirs from the Cork School of Music and local children of Millstreet.[40][41][42] The trophy awarded to the winners was crafted by Waterford Crystal and was presented by Linda Martin.[40][41]

The winner was Ireland represented by the song "In Your Eyes", written by Jimmy Walsh and performed by Niamh Kavanagh.[43] This marked Ireland's fifth contest win, putting them level with Luxembourg and France for the country with the most wins, and its second win in a row, matching the same feat previously achieved by Spain (1968 and 1969), Luxembourg (1972 and 1973) and Israel (1978 and 1979).[2][31]} The United Kingdom finished in second place for the second year in a row, and for a record-extending fourteenth time overall.[31][44]

Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1993[31][45]
R/O Country Artist Song Points Place
1  Italy Enrico Ruggeri "Sole d'Europa" 45 12
2  Turkey Burak Aydos, Öztürk Baybora and Serter "Esmer Yarim" 10 21
3  Germany Münchener Freiheit "Viel zu weit" 18 18
4   Switzerland Annie Cotton "Moi, tout simplement" 148 3
5  Denmark Seebach Band "Under stjernerne på himlen" 9 22
6  Greece Katerina Garbi "Ellada, hora tou fotos" 64 9
7  Belgium Barbara "Iemand als jij" 3 25
8  Malta William Mangion "This Time" 69 8
9  Iceland Inga "Þá veistu svarið" 42 13
10  Austria Tony Wegas "Maria Magdalena" 32 14
11  Portugal Anabela "A cidade até ser dia" 60 10
12  France Patrick Fiori "Mama Corsica" 121 4
13  Sweden Arvingarna "Eloise" 89 7
14  Ireland Niamh Kavanagh "In Your Eyes" 187 1
15  Luxembourg Modern Times "Donne-moi une chance" 11 20
16  Slovenia 1X Band "Tih deževen dan" 9 22
17  Finland Katri Helena "Tule luo" 20 17
18  Bosnia and Herzegovina Fazla "Sva bol svijeta" 27 16
19  United Kingdom Sonia "Better the Devil You Know" 164 2
20  Netherlands Ruth Jacott "Vrede" 92 6
21  Croatia Put "Don't Ever Cry" 31 15
22  Spain Eva Santamaría "Hombres" 58 11
23  Cyprus Zymboulakis and Van Beke "Mi stamatas" 17 19
24  Israel Lehakat Shiru "Shiru" 4 24
25  Norway Silje Vige "Alle mine tankar" 120 5

Spokespersons

[edit]

Each country nominated a spokesperson, connected to the contest venue via telephone lines and responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country.[26][46] Known spokespersons at the 1993 contest are listed below.

Detailed voting results

[edit]

Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries.[31] The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order. However, due to a technical problem with the telephone connection, Malta, which had been scheduled to be the eighth country to vote, was passed over and instead voted last.[31][40] The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.

Detailed voting results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1993[31][52][53]
Total score
Italy
Turkey
Germany
Switzerland
Denmark
Greece
Belgium
Iceland
Austria
Portugal
France
Sweden
Ireland
Luxembourg
Slovenia
Finland
Bosnia and Herzegovina
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Croatia
Spain
Cyprus
Israel
Norway
Malta
Contestants
 Italy 45 1 10 5 10 8 2 2 7
Turkey 10 1 2 1 6
Germany 18 8 2 3 4 1
Switzerland 148 10 12 10 7 8 4 6 1 12 6 7 12 8 4 10 8 2 3 6 4 3 5
Denmark 9 1 3 5
Greece 64 2 2 2 7 6 5 8 12 7 7 6
Belgium 3 3
Malta 69 7 5 4 7 5 5 4 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 1 3
Iceland 42 4 4 1 7 1 5 2 7 5 2 2 2
Austria 32 4 1 3 3 6 12 3
Portugal 60 1 1 2 2 5 8 2 4 2 1 12 12 3 5
France 121 7 4 12 3 8 7 12 8 10 6 4 1 4 3 8 10 8 6
Sweden 89 8 8 7 10 7 10 4 5 6 7 7 10
Ireland 187 12 1 5 12 6 6 2 3 8 6 10 12 7 12 3 8 12 10 6 10 7 5 12 12
Luxembourg 11 1 10
Slovenia 9 4 3 1 1
Finland 20 3 8 5 2 2
Bosnia and Herzegovina 27 3 12 1 4 3 4
United Kingdom 164 1 8 6 5 8 12 12 12 7 6 10 8 8 10 5 3 4 10 5 4 12 8
Netherlands 92 6 6 7 7 6 3 5 12 7 10 3 7 10 3
Croatia 31 3 4 5 8 1 6 4
Spain 58 5 6 5 2 2 10 6 7 5 1 1 8
Cyprus 17 2 10 5
Israel 4 3 1
Norway 120 10 10 10 12 6 10 8 5 1 3 12 7 6 12 8

12 points

[edit]

The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. Ireland received the maximum score of 12 points from seven of the voting countries, with the United Kingdom receiving four sets of 12 points, Norway and Switzerland receiving three sets of maximum scores each, France and Portugal two sets each, and Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece and the Netherlands each receiving one maximum score.[52][53]

Distribution of 12 points awarded at the Eurovision Song Contest 1993[52][53]
N. Contestant Nation(s) giving 12 points
7  Ireland  Italy,  Malta,  Norway,  Slovenia,  Sweden,   Switzerland,  United Kingdom
4  United Kingdom  Austria,  Belgium,  Iceland,  Israel
3  Norway  Croatia,  Finland,  Greece
  Switzerland  France,  Germany,  Luxembourg
2  France  Denmark,  Portugal
 Portugal  Netherlands,  Spain
1  Austria  Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Bosnia and Herzegovina  Turkey
 Greece  Cyprus
 Netherlands  Ireland

Broadcasts

[edit]

Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers.[28] Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.

Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries
Country Broadcaster Channel(s) Commentator(s) Ref.
 Austria ORF ORF 1 Ernst Grissemann [54][55]
 Belgium BRTN TV1 André Vermeulen [56]
RTBF RTBF1, Télé 21 Claude Delacroix [57]
 Croatia HRT HTV 1 Aleksandar Kostadinov [58]
 Cyprus CyBC RIK 1 Evi Papamichail [59]
 Denmark DR DR TV Jørgen de Mylius [60]
DR P3 Jens Michael Nielsen
 Finland YLE TV1 Erkki Pohjanheimo and Kirsi-Maria Niemi [61]
Radiomafia Sanna Kojo and Outi Popp [fi]
Riksradion Johan Finne, Paul Olin [sv] and Wille Wilenius [fi]
 France France Télévision France 2 Patrice Laffont [62]
 Germany ARD Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen Jan Hofer [63]
BR Bayern 1 [64]
 Greece ERT ET1 [65]
 Iceland RÚV Sjónvarpið Jakob Frímann Magnússon [66]
 Ireland RTÉ RTÉ 1 Pat Kenny [67][68]
RTÉ Radio 1 Larry Gogan [69]
 Israel IBA Israeli Television [70]
 Italy RAI RAI Uno[d] Ettore Andenna [it] [71]
 Luxembourg CLT RTL Hei Elei Romain Goerend [lb] [72]
 Malta PBS TVM [73]
 Netherlands NOS Nederland 3 Willem van Beusekom [74][75]
 Norway NRK NRK Fjernsynet, NRK P2 Leif Erik Forberg [76][77]
 Portugal RTP RTP Canal 1[e] [78]
 Slovenia RTVSLO SLO 1 [sl] Tajda Lekše [sl] [79]
Val 202 [80]
 Spain TVE La Primera José Luis Uribarri [81][82]
 Sweden SVT TV2 Jan Jingryd [sv] [83]
SR SR P3 Claes-Johan Larsson and Susan Seidemar [84]
  Switzerland SRG SSR SF DRS Bernard Thurnheer [de] [54]
TSR Chaîne nationale Jean-Marc Richard [62]
TSI Canale nazionale Emanuela Gaggini [85]
 Turkey TRT TRT 1 Bülend Özveren [51]
 United Kingdom BBC BBC1[f] Terry Wogan [87]
BBC Radio 2 Ken Bruce [88]
Broadcasters and commentators in non-participating countries
Country Broadcaster Channel(s) Commentator(s) Ref.
 Australia SBS SBS TV[g] [89]
 Estonia ETV [90]
STV STV1
 Falkland Islands SSVC SSVC Television[h] [91]
 Faroe Islands SvF [92]
 Greenland KNR KNR[i] [93]
 Hungary MTV MTV1 István Vágó [94]
 Poland TVP TVP1 Artur Orzech and Maria Szabłowska [pl] [95][96]
 Russia RTR RTR[j] [97]
 Slovakia STV STV2[k] [98]
 Yugoslavia RTS RTS B2[l] [99]

Notes and references

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Yugoslavia's participants had represented the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1961 and 1991 and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.[12]
  2. ^ The nominated conductor for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sinan Alimanović, was unable to safely commute to the flight to Ireland due to the ongoing Bosnian War; the contest's musical director, Noel Kelehan, subsequently led the orchestra during the Bosnian entry.[16]
  3. ^ On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortium ARD[20]
  4. ^ Deferred broadcast at 23:05 (CEST)[71]
  5. ^ Additional deferred broadcast on RTP Internacional at 22:45 (CEST)[62]
  6. ^ Additional live broadcast on BBC World Service Television[86]
  7. ^ Deferred broadcast on 16 May at 20:30 (AEST)[89]
  8. ^ Delayed broadcast on 29 May at 21:00 (FKST)[91]
  9. ^ Deferred broadcast at 22:10 (WGST)[93]
  10. ^ Deferred broadcast at 23:30 (MSD) [90][97]
  11. ^ Deferred broadcast on 16 May at 21:35 (CEST)[98]
  12. ^ Delayed broadcast in a shortened format on 28 May 1993 at 23:30 (CEST)[99]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Millstreet 1993 – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Ireland – Participation history". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Roxburgh 2020, p. 131.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g O'Connor 2010, pp. 132–135.
  5. ^ a b c d e Knox 2015, p. 129–140, Chapter 15. The Cowshed in Cork.
  6. ^ a b "Hosting Eurovision: A city in the spotlight". European Broadcasting Union. 30 July 2016. Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  7. ^ Fitzpatrick, Richard (14 May 2013). "The Eurovision in Millstreet: Looking back 20 years on". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  8. ^ Bobé, Raúl; Aja, Javier (16 May 2021). "Millstreet, the town that saw its Eurovision dream come true". La Prensa Latina. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  9. ^ a b Roxburgh 2020, pp. 135–137.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Roxburgh 2020, pp. 132–135.
  11. ^ a b Jordan, Paul (18 September 2016). "Milestone Moments: 1993/4 - The Eurovision Family expands". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  12. ^ Escudero, Victor M. (17 September 2017). "Rock me baby! Looking back at Yugoslavia at Eurovision". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  13. ^ "RTS: "Evrosong" treba da bude mesto zajedništva naroda" [RTS: "Eurosong" should be a place of unity of the people] (in Serbian). Radio Television of Serbia. 14 April 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  14. ^ Harding, Peter (December 1992). Linda Martin and Pat Kenny (1992) (Photograph). National Concert Hall, Dublin, Ireland. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023 – via RTÉ Libraries and Archives.
  15. ^ "Yugoslavia – Participation history". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Roxburgh 2020, pp. 137–143.
  17. ^ "Gary Lux über den Song Contest: 'Damals kannte mich wirklich jeder'" [Gary Lux on the song contest: 'Back then everyone really knew me']. Kurier (in German). 16 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  18. ^ Jiandani, Sergio (26 March 2024). "The Netherlands: Humphrey Campell passes away aged 66". ESCToday. Archived from the original on 26 March 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  19. ^ "Participants of Millstreet 1993". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  20. ^ "Alle deutschen ESC-Acts und ihre Titel" [All German ESC acts and their songs]. www.eurovision.de (in German). ARD. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  21. ^ Roxburgh 2020, p. 146.
  22. ^ O'Connor 2010, p. 217.
  23. ^ Harding, Peter (May 1993). Eurovision Song Contest production team (1993) (Photograph). Green Glens Arena, Millstreet, Ireland. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023 – via RTÉ Libraries and Archives.
  24. ^ "The Organisers behind the Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  25. ^ O'Connor 2010, p. 210.
  26. ^ a b c "How it works – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. 18 May 2019. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  27. ^ "Jerusalem 1999 – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022. For the first time since the 1970s participants were free to choose which language they performed in.
  28. ^ a b c "The Rules of the Contest". European Broadcasting Union. 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  29. ^ Escudero, Victor M. (18 April 2020). "#EurovisionAgain travels back to Dublin 1997". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2023. The orchestra also saw their days numbered as, from 1997, full backing tracks were allowed without restriction, meaning that the songs could be accompanied by pre-recorded music instead of the live orchestra.
  30. ^ "In a Nutshell – Eurovision Song Contest". European Broadcasting Union. 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h Roxburgh 2020, pp. 143–145.
  32. ^ Roxburgh 2020, p. 73.
  33. ^ a b Tarrant, John (11 May 2023). "Millstreet remembers when the Cork town hosted Eurovision in 1993". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  34. ^ a b c d Connolly, Colm; McSweeney, Tom (9 May 1993). Bringing Eurovision to Millstreet (News report). Millstreet, Ireland: RTÉ News. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2023 – via RTÉ Libraries and Archives.
  35. ^ Ó Liatháin, Concubhar (11 May 2023). "The night Millstreet was the centre of Europe as Eurovision came to town". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  36. ^ Model of Eurovision Song Contest stage set (1993) (Computer model). April 1993. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023 – via RTÉ Libraries and Archives.
  37. ^ Noel C Duggan and Joe Barry at Eurovision logo launch (1993) (Photograph). February 1993. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023 – via RTÉ Libraries and Archives.
  38. ^ McSweeney, Tom (14 May 1993). Eurovision The Hottest Ticket In Town (News report). Millstreet, Ireland: RTÉ News. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2023 – via RTÉ Libraries and Archives.
  39. ^ "Fionnuala Sweeney: The atmosphere in Millstreet was electric!". European Broadcasting Union. 12 November 2016. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  40. ^ a b c d Eurovision Song Contest 1993 (Television programme). Millstreet, Ireland: Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 15 May 1993.
  41. ^ a b O'Connor 2010, p. 216.
  42. ^ "Johnny Logan: What the original double winner did next". European Broadcasting Union. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  43. ^ "Niamh Kavanagh – Ireland – Millstreet". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  44. ^ "United Kingdom – Participation history". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  45. ^ "Final of Millstreet 1993". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  46. ^ "Lugano to Liverpool: Broadcasting Eurovision". National Science and Media Museum. 24 May 2021. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  47. ^ "Introducing Hosts: Carla, Élodie Gossuin and Olivier Minne". European Broadcasting Union. 18 December 2021. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2022. Olivier is no stranger to the Eurovision family, too, having presented the French votes in 1992 and 1993, as well as providing broadcast commentary from 1995 through 1997.
  48. ^ O'Loughlin, Mikie (8 June 2021). "RTE Eileen Dunne's marriage to soap star Macdara O'Fatharta, their wedding day and grown up son Cormac". RSVP Live. Reach plc. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  49. ^ "Malta eighth in Eurovision contest". Times of Malta. 16 May 1993. p. 1.
  50. ^ Thorsson & Verhage 2006, pp. 236–237.
  51. ^ a b "TV Magazin" [TV Magazine]. Milliyet (in Turkish). 15 May 1993. p. 23. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  52. ^ a b c "Results of the Final of Millstreet 1993". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  53. ^ a b c "Eurovision Song Contest 1993 – Scoreboard". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  54. ^ a b "Fernsehen" [Television]. Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Zürich, Switzerland. 15 May 1993. pp. 27, 30. Retrieved 26 October 2022 – via E-newspaperarchives.ch.
  55. ^ Halbhuber, Axel (22 May 2015). "Ein virtueller Disput der ESC-Kommentatoren" [A virtual dispute between Eurovision commentators]. Kurier (in German). Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  56. ^ "Zaterdag 15 mei" [Saturday 15 May]. Brugsch Handelsblad [nl] (in Dutch). Bruges, Belgium. 14 May 1993. p. 64. Retrieved 4 July 2024 – via Openbare Bibliotheek Brugge [nl].
  57. ^ "Heute abend im Fernsehen" [Tonight on TV]. Grenz-Echo (in German). Eupen, Belgium. 15 May 1993. p. 17. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  58. ^ "HTV Program – Subota, 15. svibnja" [HTV Programme – Saturday, 15 May]. Glas Podravine (in Croatian). Koprivnica, Croatia. 14 May 1993. p. 9. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  59. ^ "ΡΙΚ 1" [RIK 1]. I Simerini (in Greek). Nicosia, Cyprus. 15 May 1993. p. 6. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024 – via Press and Information Office [el].
  60. ^ "Alle tiders programoversigter – Lørdag den 15. maj 1993" [All-time programme overviews – Saturday 15th May 1993]. DR. Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  61. ^ "Televisio & Radio" [Television & Radio]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 15 May 1993. pp. D17–D18. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  62. ^ a b c "Programmes TV – samedi 15 mai" [TV programmes – Saturday 15 May]. TV8 (in French). Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne, Switzerland: Ringier. 13 May 1993. pp. 10–15. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022 – via Scriptorium Digital Library.
  63. ^ "Tysk TV Lørdag" [German TV Saturday]. Flensborg Avis (in Danish). Flensburg, Germany. 15 May 1993. p. 24. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  64. ^ "Co vysílají sousedé 15. 5.—21. 5. – Bayern 1 – /So/" [What the neighbours are broadcasting 15/05—21/05 – Bayern 1 – /Sat/]. Rozhlasový týdeník [cs] (in Czech). No. 21. 10 May 1993. p. 18. Retrieved 19 May 2024 – via Kramerius [cs].
  65. ^ "Το πρόγραμμα της τηλεόρασης" [TV schedule]. Imerisia [el] (in Greek). 15 May 1993. p. 4. Retrieved 21 October 2024 – via Public Central Library of Veria [el].
  66. ^ "Laugardagur 15/5" [Saturday 15/05]. Morgunblaðið Dagskrá (in Icelandic). Reykjavík, Iceland. 26 May 1999. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  67. ^ "Saturday's Television". The Irish Times Weekend. Dublin, Ireland. 15 May 1993. p. 6. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  68. ^ Walsh, Niamh (3 September 2017). "Pat Kenny: 'As Long As People Still Want Me I'll Keep Coming To Work'". evoke.ie. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  69. ^ "Radio Highlights". The Irish Times Weekend. Dublin, Ireland. 15 May 1993. p. 6. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  70. ^ "שבת 15.5 – טלוויזיה" [Saturday 15.5 – TV]. Hadashot (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv, Israel. 14 May 1993. p. 156. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023 – via National Library of Israel.
  71. ^ a b "Sabato 15 maggio" [Saturday 15 May]. Radiocorriere TV (in Italian). Vol. 70, no. 10. 9–15 May 1993. pp. 102–107. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  72. ^ "Samstag 15. Mai | Samedi 15 mai" [Saturday 15 May]. Télé-Revue (in German, French, and Luxembourgish). 15–21 May 1993. pp. 10–13. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  73. ^ "Television". Times of Malta. 15 May 1993. p. 22.
  74. ^ "Televisie en radio zaterdag" [Television and radio on Saturday]. Limburgs Dagblad (in Dutch). Heerlen, Netherlands. 15 May 1993. p. 46. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2022 – via Delpher.
  75. ^ Van Putten, Gerard (15 May 1993). "Engelsen zingen toontje lager na Ierse woede over 'joke'" [English tone it down after Irish anger over 'joke']. Leidsch Dagblad (in Dutch). p. 8. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022. NOS-commentator Willem van Beusekom, die een reputatie heeft te verdedigen als Songfestival-freak, denkt dat ook, al wijst hij nadrukkerlijk op de concurrentie van Frankrijk, Zweden en Engeland. [NOS commentator Willem van Beusekom, who has a reputation to defend as a Eurovision fan, also thinks so, although he emphatically points to the competition from France, Sweden and England.]
  76. ^ "Radio og TV – lørdag 15. mai" [Radio and TV – Saturday 15 May]. Moss Avis (in Norwegian). Moss, Norway. 15 May 1993. p. 37. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
  77. ^ "P2 – Kjøreplan lørdag 15. mai 1993" [P2 – Schedule Saturday 15 May 1993] (in Norwegian). NRK. 15 May 1993. p. 17. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022 – via National Library of Norway. (subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries)
  78. ^ "Programa da televisão" [Television schedule]. A Comarca de Arganil (in Portuguese). Arganil, Portugal. 13 May 1993. p. 6. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  79. ^ "Radio TV". Primorski dnevnik (in Slovenian). Trieste, Italy. 15 May 1993. p. 19. Retrieved 27 May 2024 – via Digital Library of Slovenia.
  80. ^ "Spored za soboto" [Schedule for Saturday]. Delo: Sobotna priloga (in Slovenian). Ljubljana, Slovenia. 15 May 1993. p. 15. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023 – via Digital Library of Slovenia.
  81. ^ "Televisión" [Television]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 15 May 1993. p. 6. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  82. ^ Albert, Antonio (15 May 1993). "Festival de Eurovisión" [Eurovision Festival]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  83. ^ "TV-programmen・Lördag" [TV programmes・Saturday]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. 15 March 1993. p. 39.
  84. ^ "Radio". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. 15 March 1993. p. 38.
  85. ^ "L'Eurocanzone in cronaca diretta dall'Irlanda" [Eurovision live commentary from Ireland]. Giornale del Popolo (in Italian). Lugano, Switzerland. 15 May 1993. p. 31. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022 – via Sistema bibliotecario ticinese [it].
  86. ^ "TV lørdag – 15. mai" [TV Saturday – 15 May]. Nordlands Framtid [no] (in Norwegian). Bodø, Norway. 15 May 1993. p. 43. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  87. ^ "Eurovision Song Contest – BBC One". Radio Times. 15 May 1993. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022 – via BBC Genome Project.
  88. ^ "Eurovision Song Contest – BBC Radio 2". Radio Times. 15 May 1993. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022 – via BBC Genome Project.
  89. ^ a b "Today's television". The Canberra Times. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 16 May 1993. p. 32. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022 – via Trove.
  90. ^ a b "TV Raadio" [TV Radio]. Post (in Estonian). Tallinn, Estonia. 15 May 1993. p. 4. Retrieved 10 July 2024 – via DIGAR [et].
  91. ^ a b "Your SSVC Television from BFBS" (PDF). Penguin News Information Pullout. Stanley, Falkland Islands. 29 May – 4 June 1993. p. 3. Retrieved 20 July 2024 – via Jane Cameron National Archives.
  92. ^ "Sjónvarp – Sjónvarpsskráin – 14. mai - 20. mai" [Television – TV Schedule – 14 May - 20 May]. Oyggjatíðindi (in Faroese and Danish). Hoyvík, Faroe Islands. 14 May 1993. pp. 12–13. Retrieved 15 July 2024 – via Infomedia [dk].
  93. ^ a b "TV – Arfininngorneq 15. maj Lørdag" [TV – Saturday 15 May]. Atuagagdliutit (in Kalaallisut and Danish). Nuuk, Greenland. 14 May 1993. p. 16. Retrieved 15 July 2024 – via Timarit.is.
  94. ^ "TV – szombat május 15" [TV – Saturday 15 May]. Rádió és TeleVízió újság (in Hungarian). 10 May 1993. p. 46. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022 – via MTVA Archívum.
  95. ^ "Program telewizyjny" [Television programme]. Gazeta Jarocińska (in Polish). 14 May 1993. p. 22. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  96. ^ "Marek Sierocki i Aleksander Sikora skomentują Eurowizję! Co za duet!" [Marek Sierocki and Aleksander Sikora will comment on Eurovision! What a duo!]. pomponik.pl (in Polish). 30 April 2021. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2022. To nie pierwszy raz, kiedy konkurs skomentują dwie osoby. W latach 1992-1993 za sterami zasiedli Artur Orzech i Maria Szabłowska. [This is not the first time that two people will comment on the competition. In 1992-1993, Artur Orzech and Maria Szabłowska sat at the helm.]
  97. ^ a b "Неделя телевизионного экрана" [Weekly television screen] (PDF). Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). 7 May 1993. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  98. ^ a b "Vasárnap – TV–műsor" [Sunday – TV show]. Új Szó (in Hungarian). Bratislava, Slovakia. 15 May 1993. p. 8. Retrieved 21 September 2024 – via Hungaricana [hu].
  99. ^ a b "TV Petak" [TV Friday]. Borba (in Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia. 28 May 1993. p. 23. Retrieved 4 June 2024 – via Belgrade University Library.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Knox, David Blake (2015). Ireland and the Eurovision: The Winners, the Losers and the Turkey. Stillorgan, Dublin, Ireland: New Island Books. ISBN 978-1-84840-429-8.
  • O'Connor, John Kennedy (2010). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History (2nd ed.). London, United Kingdom: Carlton Books. ISBN 978-1-84732-521-1.
  • Roxburgh, Gordon (2020). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Four: The 1990s. Prestatyn, United Kingdom: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-163-9.
  • Thorsson, Leif; Verhage, Martin (2006). Melodifestivalen genom tiderna : de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna [Melodifestivalen through the ages: the Swedish selections and international finals] (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Premium Publishing. ISBN 91-89136-29-2.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eurovision Song Contest 1993.
Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1993
15 views |
↧ Download as ZWI file
Encyclosphere.org EncycloReader is supported by the EncyclosphereKSF