Expenditure minimization problem

In microeconomics, the expenditure minimization problem is the dual of the utility maximization problem: "how much money do I need to reach a certain level of happiness?". This question comes in two parts. Given a consumer's utility function, prices, and a utility target,

• how much money would the consumer need? This is answered by the expenditure function.
• what could the consumer buy to meet this utility target while minimizing expenditure? This is answered by the Hicksian demand function.

Formally, the expenditure function is defined as follows. Suppose the consumer has a utility function ${\displaystyle u}$ defined on ${\displaystyle L}$ commodities. Then the consumer's expenditure function gives the amount of money required to buy a package of commodities at given prices ${\displaystyle p}$ that give utility of at least ${\displaystyle u^{*}}$,

${\displaystyle e(p,u^{*})=\min _{x\in \geq {u^{*}}}p\cdot x}$

where

${\displaystyle \geq {u^{*}}=\{x\in \mathbb {R} _{+}^{L}:u(x)\geq u^{*}\}}$

is the set of all packages that give utility at least as good as ${\displaystyle u^{*}}$.

Hicksian demand is defined by

${\displaystyle h:\mathbb {R} _{+}^{L}\times \mathbb {R} _{+}\to P(\mathbb {R} _{+}^{L})}$

${\displaystyle h(p,u^{*})={\underset {x\in \geq u^{*}}{\operatorname {argmin} }}\ p\cdot x}$.^[1]

Hicksian demand function gives the cheapest package that gives the desired utility. It is related to Marshallian demand function by and expenditure function by

${\displaystyle h(p,u^{*})=x(p,e(p,u^{*})).\,}$

The relationship between the utility function and Marshallian demand in the utility maximization problem mirrors the relationship between the expenditure function and Hicksian demand in the expenditure minimization problem. It is also possible that the Hicksian and Marshallian demands are not unique (i.e. there is more than one commodity bundle that satisfies the expenditure minimization problem); then the demand is a correspondence, and not a function. This does not happen, and the demands are functions, under the assumption of local nonsatiation.

• Utility maximization problem

• Mas-Colell, Andreu; Whinston, Michael & Green, Jerry (1995). Microeconomic Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507340-1.

• Anatomy of Cobb-Douglas Type Utility Functions in 3D