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Felinae

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 18 min
Not to be confused with Felidae.

Felinae[1]
Temporal range: Miocene–Holocene, 9–0 Ma
Clockwise, an ocelot, a European wildcat, a cougar and a cheetah
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Fischer von Waldheim, 1817
Type genus
Felis
Genera

See §Taxonomy

Native ranges of Felinae

Felinae is a subfamily of the Felidae and comprises the small cats having a bony hyoid, because of which they are able to purr but not roar.[2] Other authors have proposed an alternative definition for this subfamily, as comprising only the living conical-toothed cat genera with two tribes, the Felini and Pantherini, and excluding the extinct sabre-toothed Machairodontinae.[3][4]

Characteristics

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The members of the Felinae have retractile claws that are protected by at least one cutaneous lobe. Their larynx is kept close to the base of the skull by an ossified hyoid.[5] They can purr owing to the vocal folds being shorter than 6 mm (0.24 in).[6][7] The cheetah Acinonyx does not have cutaneous sheaths for guarding claws.[8]

Taxonomy

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The term 'Felini' was first used in 1817 by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim, at the time for all the cat species that had been proposed as belonging to the genus Felis.[9] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the following genera to the Felinae that had been proposed in the course of the 19th century: Lynx, Puma, Leptailurus, Prionailurus, Pardofelis, Leopardus, Herpailurus, Neofelis and four more.[5]

The Felinae and Pantherinae probably diverged about 11.5 million years ago. The genera within the Felinae diverged between 10.67 and 4.23 million years ago.[10][11]

Today, the following living genera and species are recognised as belonging to the Felinae:[2]

Genus Species Image of type species Range
Acinonyx Brookes, 1828[12] Africa and Southwestern Asia
Caracal Gray, 1843[14] Africa and Southwestern Asia
Catopuma Severtzov, 1858[17] Southeastern Asia
Felis Linnaeus, 1758[20]
Herpailurus Severtzov, 1858[17] Central and Southern America
Leopardus Gray, 1842[28] Central and Southern America
Leptailurus Severtzov, 1858[17] Africa
Lynx Kerr, 1792[37] Northern Hemisphere
Otocolobus Brandt, 1842[41] Central Asia
Pardofelis Severtzov, 1858[17] Southeastern Asia
Prionailurus Severtzov, 1858[17] Southeastern and Eastern Asia
Puma Jardine 1834[48] Americas

Extinct taxa

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Genus Species Image
Felis
Acinonyx

Lynx
Puma

Leopardus
Leptofelis Salesa et al., 2017
  • L. vallesiensis
Miracinonyx Adams, 1979[52]
  • M. inexpectatus
  • M. trumani
Pratifelis Hibbard, 1934
  • P. martini
Pristifelis Salesa et al., 2012
  • P. attica
Sivapanthera Kretzoi, 1929[53]
  • S. arvernensis
  • S. brachygnathus
  • S. linxiaensis
  • S. padhriensis
  • S. pleistocaenicus
  • S. potens
Vishnufelis Pilgrim, 1932
  • V. laticeps

Phylogeny

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The phylogenetic relationships of Felinae are shown in the following cladogram:[54][55][2]

 Felinae 
 Felinae 
Domestic cat lineage
 Felis 

Felis catus (domestic cat)

Felis lybica (African wildcat)

Felis bieti (Chinese mountain cat)

Felis silvestris (European wildcat)

†Felis lunensis (Martelli's cat)

Felis margarita (Sand cat)

Felis nigripes (Black-footed cat)

Felis chaus (Jungle cat)

 †Pristifelis 

†Pristifelis attica

Leopard cat lineage
 Prionailurus 

Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cat)

Prionailurus javanensis (Sunda leopard cat)

Prionailurus viverrinus (Fishing cat)

Prionailurus planiceps (Flat-headed cat)

Prionailurus rubiginosus (Rusty-spotted cat)

 Otocolobus 

Otocolobus manul (Pallas's cat)

Puma lineage
 Puma 

Puma concolor (Cougar)

†Puma pardoides (Eurasian puma)

†Puma pumoides

 †Miracinonyx 

†Miracinonyx inexpectatus

†Miracinonyx trumani

 Herpailurus 

Herpailurus yagouaroundi (Jaguarundi)

 Acinonyx 

Acinonyx jubatus (Cheetah)

†Acinonyx pardinensis (Giant cheetah)

†Acinonyx aicha

†Acinonyx intermedius

 †Sivapanthera 

†Sivapanthera brachygnathus

†Sivapanthera pleistocaenicus

†Sivapanthera potens

†Sivapanthera linxiaensis

†Sivapanthera padhriensis

†Sivapanthera arvernensis

 Lynx 
Lynx lineage

Lynx lynx (Eurasian lynx)

Lynx pardinus (Iberian lynx)

Lynx canadensis (Canada lynx)

Lynx rufus (Bobcat)

†Lynx issiodorensis (Issoire lynx)

†Lynx rexroadensis

†Lynx thomasi

 Leopardus 
Ocelot lineage

Leopardus pardalis (Ocelot)

Leopardus wiedii (Margay)

Leopardus tigrinus (Oncilla)

Leopardus guigna (Kodkod)

Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat)

Leopardus guttulus (Southern tiger cat)

Leopardus colocolo (Pampas cat)

Leopardus jacobita (Andean mountain cat)

†Leopardus vorohuensis

Caracal lineage
 Caracal 

Caracal caracal (Caracal)

Caracal aurata (African golden cat)

 Leptailurus 

Leptailurus serval (Serval)

Bay cat lineage
 Catopuma 

Catopuma badia (Bay cat)

Catopuma temminckii (Asian golden cat)

 Pardofelis 

Pardofelis marmorata (Marbled cat)

 †Pratifelis 

†Pratifelis martini

 †Leptofelis 

†Leptofelis vallesiensis

sensu stricto

 Pantherinae 

 †Miopanthera 

†Miopanthera pamiri

sensu lato

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Felinae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–545. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 11−63.
  3. ^ Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
  4. ^ Werdelin, L. (2013). "Subfamily Felinae − Cats". In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. Vol. 5. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 144–210. ISBN 978-1-4081-2251-8.
  5. ^ a b Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The classification of the existing Felidae". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 8. XX (119): 329–350. doi:10.1080/00222931709487018.
  6. ^ Hast, M. H. (1989). "The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats". Journal of Anatomy. 163: 117–121. PMC 1256521. PMID 2606766.
  7. ^ Peters, G. (2002). "Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals". Mammal Review. 32 (4): 245−271. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00113.x.
  8. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1917). "VII.—On the external characters of the Felidæ". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 8. 19 (109): 113−136. doi:10.1080/00222931709486916.
  9. ^ Fischer, G. (1817). "Adversaria Zoologica. Fasciculus primus. Quaedam ad Mammalium systema et genera illustranda". Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. 5: 357−446.
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  11. ^ Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)". Genome Research. 26 (1): 1−11. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.
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  54. ^ Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
  55. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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