Fifth Labour Government | |
---|---|
Ministry of New Zealand | |
1999–2008 | |
Date formed | 10 December 1999 |
Date dissolved | 19 November 2008 |
People and organisations | |
Monarch | Elizabeth II |
Governor-General | Sir Michael Hardie Boys (1999–2001) Dame Silvia Cartwright (2001–06) Sir Anand Satyanand (2006–08) |
Prime Minister | Helen Clark |
Deputy Prime Minister | Jim Anderton (1999–2002) Michael Cullen (2002–2008) |
Member parties | Labour (1999–2008) Alliance (1999–2002) Progressive (2002–2008) |
Status in legislature | Minority (coalition) (1999–2002) with confidence and supply from the Greens 59 / 120 (49%)
Minority (coalition) (2002–2005) with confidence and supply from the United Future 54 / 120 (45%)
Minority (coalition) (2005–2008) with confidence and supply from the United Future and New Zealand First 50 / 120 (41%) cooperation agreement with the Greens
|
Opposition party | National Party (1999–2008) ACT Party (1999–2008) Māori Party (2005–2008) New Zealand First (1999–2005) United New Zealand (1999–2002) |
Opposition leader |
|
History | |
Elections | |
Legislature terms | |
Budgets | |
Predecessor | Fourth National Government of New Zealand |
Successor | Fifth National Government of New Zealand |
The Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand was the government of New Zealand from 10 December 1999 to 19 November 2008. Labour Party leader Helen Clark negotiated a coalition with Jim Anderton, leader of the Alliance Party. While undertaking a number of substantial reforms, it was not particularly radical compared to previous Labour governments.
The previous government, the fourth National government, had been in power since 1990. It was widely unpopular by 1999, with much of the public antagonised by a series of free-market economic reforms, and was bedevilled by weakness and instability. In the 1999 general election, the Helen Clark-led Labour Party defeated the National Party easily, becoming the largest single party in the House of Representatives. Labour formed a minority coalition government with the left-leaning Alliance party, supported by the Green Party.
During its first term, the government pursued a number of reforms. The controversial Employment Contracts Act was repealed, replaced by an Employment Relations Act more friendly to unions and collective bargaining; a state-owned bank, Kiwibank, was created at the behest of the Alliance; a majority stake in the national airline, Air New Zealand, was purchased; and the public health sector was reorganised with the re-establishment of partly elected district health boards. Closing the Gaps, an affirmative action strategy targeting socio-economic inequalities between Māori and Pasifika ethnic groups and other groups, was a particularly controversial reform among right-wing National and ACT voters.[1][2]
With the disintegration of the Alliance in 2002, Helen Clark called a snap election, even though she still had the confidence of the House. Labour handily won the election. The Alliance failed to return to parliament, although a rump returned as Jim Anderton's Progressives. Labour formed a coalition with the Progressives, and turned to the centrist United Future party for confidence and supply. This second term was notable largely for its social and constitutional legislation, with the Government establishing a Supreme Court and ending appeals to the Privy Council, decriminalising prostitution, and providing for civil unions, the latter two changes in particular supported by the Green Party and opposed by United Future. The Government was also faced in this term with the foreshore and seabed controversy. While Labour, in cooperation with the New Zealand First party, eventually resolved the legal dispute by vesting foreshore and seabed title in the Crown, a dissident Labour minister, Tariana Turia, formed the Māori Party, while on the other side of the spectrum a resurgent National Party, now under former Reserve Bank governor Don Brash, became considerably more popular. In the 2005 election, the Government was returned with a slim margin on the strength of the Working for Families assistance package and financial assistance to students, benefiting also from mistakes in National's campaign.
Helen Clark moved even more to the centre, enlisting support for her Government from both New Zealand First and United Future. Greens were excluded from the resulting coalition, due to a refusal by United Future and NZ First to work with the Greens in cabinet.[3] They were, however, able to negotiate a cooperation agreement which saw limited input into the budget and broad consultation on policy.[4] Almost immediately, the Government parties became involved in a protracted funding scandal, having apparently used public money for party political purposes during the election campaign. A heavy-handed attempt at campaign finance reform later in this term also harmed the Government, which by now appeared tired and at a loss for direction, although it did succeed in implementing a wide range of social and economic reforms during its time in office.[5][6]
In a 2000 feature article "Siege of Helengrad",[7] The Australian newspaper wrote that Clark's "uncompromisingly autocratic and pervasive leadership has seen New Zealand dubbed Helengrad".[8] In January 2008, the term 'Helengrad', "a noun used to describe the iron grip of New Zealand's prime minister over Wellington", was reported as having made Australia's Macquarie online dictionary among 85 other new words.[9]
In the 2008 election, the Labour Party lost convincingly to National, and the government was succeeded by the National Party led by John Key as Prime Minister.
Treaty settlements:
Aspects of the Clark-led governments actions in relation to the Treaty of Waitangi is shown through settlements.
The following positions were appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Government:
With the creation of the Supreme Court of New Zealand in 2003, the government appointed the first full bench of the Court.
Acting judges were also appointed from the retired judges of the Court of Appeal:
The government appointed three presidents of the Court of Appeal of New Zealand:
The Fifth Labour government was elected in the 1999 general election, after entering a coalition with the Alliance Party and a confidence and supply agreement with the Green Party. Labour managed to increase their percentage of the votes by 10.5% and won 12 more seats than in the 1996 election.[36] With this coalition in place the Labour Party returned to government for the first time in nine years,[36] and Helen Clark became New Zealand's first elected female prime minister.[37] The 1999 election was Labour's first successful MMP election.[36]
The 2002 election was held a few weeks before the Parliamentary term elapsed.[38] This had only occurred twice before in New Zealand's political history, in 1951 and 1984.[39] The Government cited the collapse of the Alliance Party, with whom they had entered a coalition in 1999, as the reason for the earlier date. The Alliance Party had split after Jim Anderton, their leader, left to form the Progressive Coalition Party.[40] However, some critics believe that Labour could have continued to govern for the remaining few weeks. They say that the election was called early to capitalise on high opinion poll ratings before they could be undermined by a potential softening in the New Zealand economic performance.[38]
After initial polls indicated Labour might win enough seats to govern alone, a feat that had never occurred under MMP in New Zealand, they won 41.3% of the vote and 52 seats. Although this was an improvement on their results in the 1999 election, it was not enough to govern alone,[38] and Labour entered a coalition with the Progressive Coalition Party, and a confidence and supply agreement with United Future.[38] Labour's success was highlighted by the National Party's demise, as they accrued a record low 20.9% of the vote.[38]
After initial doubt as to what date the election would be held, 17 September was the chosen day.[41] After falling behind National in the initial opinion polls, Labour fought back to obtain 41.1% of the vote. Although this was a 0.2% decrease from the previous election, it still saw them sit ahead of National by 2%.[41] The 2005 election saw a dramatic fall in the success of the minor parties. New Zealand First and United Future each won less than half of the percentage of total votes they achieved in 2002.[41] In order to reach the required majority, Labour entered confidence and supply agreements with New Zealand First and United Future. This was in addition to a coalition agreement with the Progressive Coalition Party, of whom only Jim Anderton obtained a seat.[41]
The newly formed Maori Party accrued four seats.[42] After only being formed in 2004 as a result of the controversial Foreshore and Seabed Act, they oversaw a successful campaign based on a critical assessment of Labour's record with Maori issues.[41] Their success was highlighted by the decline of ACT New Zealand, who won two seats, and the Progressive Coalition and United Future, who each won only a single seat.[42]
The table below shows the total party votes for Labour and parties that supported the Labour-led government. For more details of election results, see the election articles.
Election | Parliament | Seats | Total votes | Percentage | Gain (loss) | Seats won | Change | Majority |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1999 | 46th | 120 | 1,066,618 | 51.64% | - | 66 | - | 6 |
2002 | 47th | 120 | 1,150,911 | 56.65% | +5.01% | 71 | +5 | 22 |
2005 | 48th | 121 | 1,152,735 | 50.65% | -6.00% | 61 | -10 | 1 |
Notes
Helen Clark was Prime Minister from when the government was elected in 1999 until it was defeated by the National Party in the 2008 elections.
Portfolio | Minister | Party | Start | End | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prime Minister | Helen Clark | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 November 2008 | |
Deputy Prime Minister | Jim Anderton | Alliance | 10 December 1999 | 15 August 2002 | |
Michael Cullen | Labour | 15 August 2002 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Agriculture | Jim Sutton | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 October 2005 | |
Jim Anderton | Progressive | 19 October 2005 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage | Helen Clark | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 November 2008 | |
Attorney-General | Margaret Wilson | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 28 February 2005 | |
Michael Cullen | Labour | 28 February 2005 | 19 October 2005 | ||
David Parker | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 20 March 2006 | ||
Michael Cullen | Labour | 21 March 2006 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Broadcasting | Marian Hobbs | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 23 February 2001 | |
Steve Maharey | Labour | 23 February 2001 | 27 March 2001 | ||
Marian Hobbs | Labour | 27 March 2001 | 15 August 2002 | ||
David Cunliffe | Labour | 15 August 2002 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister for Civil Defence | George Hawkins | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 October 2005 | |
Rick Barker | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Commerce | Paul Swain | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 15 August 2002 | |
Lianne Dalziel | Labour | 15 August 2002 | 21 February 2004 | ||
Margaret Wilson | Labour | 21 February 2004 | 21 December 2004 | ||
Pete Hodgson | Labour | 21 December 2004 | 19 October 2005 | ||
Lianne Dalziel | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Conservation | Sandra Lee | Alliance | 10 December 1999 | 15 August 2002 | |
Chris Carter | Labour | 15 August 2002 | 31 October 2007 | ||
Steve Chadwick | Labour | 31 October 2007 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Consumer Affairs | Phillida Bunkle | Alliance | 10 December 1999 | 23 February 2001 | |
Jim Anderton | Alliance | 23 February 2001 | 15 August 2002 | ||
Judith Tizard | Labour | 15 August 2002 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Corrections | Matt Robson | Alliance | 10 December 1999 | 15 August 2002 | |
Mark Gosche | Labour | 15 August 2002 | 19 May 2003 | ||
Paul Swain | Labour | 19 May 2003 | 19 October 2005 | ||
Damien O'Connor | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 2 November 2007 | ||
Phil Goff | Labour | 2 November 2007 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Customs | Phillida Bunkle | Alliance | 10 December 1999 | 23 February 2001 | |
Jim Anderton | Alliance | 23 February 2001 | 15 August 2002 | ||
Rick Barker | Labour | 15 August 2002 | 19 October 2005 | ||
Nanaia Mahuta | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Defence | Mark Burton | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 October 2005 | |
Phil Goff | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Economic Development | Jim Anderton | Alliance | 10 December 1999 | 19 October 2005 | |
Trevor Mallard | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 2 November 2007 | ||
Pete Hodgson | Labour | 2 November 2007 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Education | Trevor Mallard | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 October 2005 | |
Steve Maharey | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 31 October 2007 | ||
Chris Carter | Labour | 31 October 2007 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Energy | Pete Hodgson | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 21 December 2004 | |
Trevor Mallard | Labour | 21 December 2004 | 19 October 2005 | ||
David Parker | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 21 March 2006 | ||
Trevor Mallard | Labour | 21 March 2006 | 3 May 2006 | ||
David Parker | Labour | 3 May 2006 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister for the Environment | Marian Hobbs | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 October 2005 | |
David Benson-Pope | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 27 July 2007 | ||
Trevor Mallard | Labour | 27 July 2007 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Finance | Michael Cullen | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 November 2008 | |
Minister of Fisheries | Pete Hodgson | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 26 February 2004 | |
David Benson-Pope | Labour | 26 February 2004 | 19 October 2005 | ||
Jim Anderton | Progressive | 19 October 2005 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Foreign Affairs | Phil Goff | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 October 2005 | |
Winston Peters | NZ First | 19 October 2005 | 29 August 2008 | ||
Helen Clark | Labour | 29 August 2008 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Forestry | Pete Hodgson | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 15 August 2002 | |
Parekura Horomia | Labour | 15 August 2002 | 19 October 2005 | ||
Jim Anderton | Progressive | 19 October 2005 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Health | Annette King | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 October 2005 | |
Pete Hodgson | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 31 October 2007 | ||
David Cunliffe | Labour | 31 October 2007 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Housing | Mark Gosche | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 12 May 2003 | |
Steve Maharey | Labour | 12 May 2003 | 19 October 2005 | ||
Chris Carter | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 5 November 2007 | ||
Maryan Street | Labour | 5 November 2007 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Immigration | Lianne Dalziel | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 21 February 2004 | |
Paul Swain | Labour | 21 February 2004 | 19 October 2005 | ||
David Cunliffe | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 11 November 2007 | ||
Clayton Cosgrove | Labour | 11 November 2007 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Internal Affairs | Mark Burton | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 13 November 2000 | |
George Hawkins | Labour | 13 November 2000 | 19 October 2005 | ||
Rick Barker | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Justice | Phil Goff | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 October 2005 | |
Mark Burton | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 31 October 2007 | ||
Annette King | Labour | 31 October 2007 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Labour | Margaret Wilson | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 26 February 2004 | |
Paul Swain | Labour | 26 February 2004 | 19 October 2005 | ||
Ruth Dyson | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 5 November 2007 | ||
Trevor Mallard | Labour | 5 November 2007 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Leader of the House | Michael Cullen | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 November 2008 | |
Minister of Māori Affairs | Dover Samuels | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 28 June 2000 | |
Parekura Horomia | Labour | 28 June 2000 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Local Government | Sandra Lee | Alliance | 10 December 1999 | 15 August 2002 | |
Chris Carter | Labour | 15 August 2002 | 19 October 2005 | ||
Nanaia Mahuta | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Police | George Hawkins | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 October 2005 | |
Annette King | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Revenue | Michael Cullen | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 October 2005 | |
Peter Dunne | United Future | 19 October 2005 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister for Social Welfare | Steve Maharey | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 October 2005 | |
David Benson-Pope | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 27 July 2007 | ||
Steve Maharey | Labour | 27 July 2007 | 31 October 2007 | ||
Ruth Dyson | Labour | 31 October 2007 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister for Sport | Trevor Mallard | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 31 October 2007 | |
Clayton Cosgrove | Labour | 31 October 2007 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister for State Owned Enterprises | Mark Burton | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 21 December 2004 | |
Paul Swain | Labour | 21 December 2004 | 19 October 2005 | ||
Trevor Mallard | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Statistics | Paul Swain | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 13 November 2000 | |
Laila Harré | Alliance | 13 November 2000 | 15 August 2002 | ||
John Tamihere | Labour | 15 August 2002 | 15 October 2004 | ||
Michael Cullen | Labour | 15 October 2004 | 21 December 2004 | ||
Pete Hodgson | Labour | 21 December 2004 | 19 October 2005 | ||
Clayton Cosgrove | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 5 November 2007 | ||
Darren Hughes | Labour | 5 November 2007 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Tourism | Mark Burton | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 October 2005 | |
Damien O'Connor | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Trade | Jim Sutton | Labour | 15 August 2002 | 19 October 2005 | |
Phil Goff | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister of Transport | Mark Gosche | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 15 August 2002 | |
Paul Swain | Labour | 15 August 2002 | 26 February 2004 | ||
Pete Hodgson | Labour | 26 February 2004 | 19 October 2005 | ||
David Parker | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 21 March 2006 | ||
Annette King | Labour | 21 March 2006 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Treasurer | Michael Cullen | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 19 November 2008 | |
Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations | Margaret Wilson | Labour | 10 December 1999 | 28 February 2005 | |
Mark Burton | Labour | 28 February 2005 | 31 October 2007 | ||
Michael Cullen | Labour | 31 October 2007 | 19 November 2008 | ||
Minister for Women | Laila Harré | Alliance | 10 December 1999 | 15 August 2002 | |
Ruth Dyson | Labour | 15 August 2002 | 19 October 2005 | ||
Lianne Dalziel | Labour | 19 October 2005 | 5 November 2007 | ||
Steve Chadwick | Labour | 5 November 2007 | 19 November 2008 |
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