Football records and statistics in Turkey

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 17 min

This page details football records and statistics in Turkey.

Süper Lig

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Records in this section refer to Süper Lig from its introduction in 1959 through to the present.

Club records

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Titles

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  • Most titles:[1]
24, Galatasaray
  • Most consecutive titles:[1]
    • 4, Galatasaray (1996–2000)
    • 3, Galatasaray (1971–1973)
    • 3, Trabzonspor (1979–1981)
    • 3, Beşiktaş (1990–1992)
    • 2, Beşiktaş (1957–1958; 1966–1967; 2016–2017)
    • 2, Galatasaray (1962–1963; 1987–1988; 1993–1994; 2012–2013; 2018–2019; 2023-2024)
    • 2, Fenerbahçe (1964–1965; 1974–1975; 2004–2005)

Most points per season

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  • 16 Matches (2 points per win)
28, Fenerbahçe (1959)
  • 38 Matches (2 points per win)
65, Beşiktaş (1959–60)
  • 42 Matches (2 points per win)
68, Beşiktaş (1962–63)
  • 30 Matches (2 points per win)
48, Beşiktaş (1965–66)
  • 32 Matches (2 points per win)n
49, Fenerbahçe (1967–68)
  • 34 Matches (2 points per win)
50, Trabzonspor (1983–84)
50, Fenerbahçe (1984–85)
50, Beşiktaş (1984–85)
  • 36 Matches (2 points per win)
56, Beşiktaş (1985–86)
56, Galatasaray (1985–86)
  • 38 Matches (3 points per win)
102, Galatasaray (2023–24)
  • 36 Matches (3 points per win)
93, Fenerbahçe (1988–89)
  • 30 Matches (3 points per win)
76, Beşiktaş (1991–92)
  • 34 Matches (3 points per win)
85, Beşiktaş (2002–03)
  • 40 Matches (3 points per win)
86, Galatasaray (2011–12)

Top flight appearances

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  • Most appearances:[2] 66, joint record
Beşiktaş (1959–present)
Fenerbahçe (1959–present)
Galatasaray (1959–present)

Rounds completed in leading position

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  • Most rounds:[3]
601, Galatasaray
588, Fenerbahçe
437, Beşiktaş
240, Trabzonspor

As of 26 May 2024

Representation

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  • Most participants from a city:
In the 1962–63 season, Istanbul had 11 entrants in the top-flight: Beşiktaş, Beykoz, Beyoğlu, Fenerbahçe, Feriköy, Galatasaray, İstanbulspor, Karagümrük, Kasımpaşa, Vefa, and Yeşildirek.

Wins

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Source:[2]

  • Most wins in a season,
33, Galatasaray (2023–24) (38 matches)
  • Most consecutive wins
17, Galatasaray (20th week 2023-24 to 36th week 2023-24)
  • Most consecutive home wins
25, Galatasaray (34th week 2000–01 to 16th week 2002–03)
  • Most consecutive away wins
13, Galatasaray (21th week 2023-24 to 9th week 2024-25)
  • Fewest wins in a season, joint record
2, Diyarbakırspor, 1981–82 (32 matches)
2, Konyaspor, 1992–93 (30 matches)
2, Zeytinburnu, 1996–97 (34 matches)
2, Adanaspor, 2000–01 (34 matches)
2, Ankaragücü, 2011–12 (34 matches)

Draws

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Source:[2]

  • Most draws in a season
18, Ankaragücü, 1982–83 (34 matches)
  • Fewest draws in a season, joint record
2, Fenerbahçe, 1991–92 (30 matches)
2, Eskişehirspor, 1995–96 (34 matches)
2, Fenerbahçe, 2004–05 (34 matches)

Losses

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Source:[2]

  • Most losses in a season
28, Kardemir Karabükspor, 2017–18 (34 matches)
  • Fewest defeats in a season
0, Galatasaray, 1985–86 (36 matches)
0, Beşiktaş, 1991–92 (30 matches)

Goals

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  • Most goals scored in a season
105, Galatasaray, 1962–63 (42 matches)
103, Fenerbahçe, 1988–89 (36 matches)
  • Fewest goals scored in a season, joint record
6, İstanbulspor, 1959 (14 matches)
  • Most goals conceded in a season
91, Adanaspor, 2000–01 (34 matches)
  • Fewest goals conceded in a season
6, Fenerbahçe, 1969–70 (30 matches)
  • Best goal difference in a season
+76, Fenerbahçe, 1988–89 (36 matches)
+70, Galatasaray, 1962–63 (42 matches)
  • Worst goal difference in a season
-66, Kardemir Karabükspor, 2017–18 (34 matches)
  • Most consecutive games scoring
39, Galatasaray, (9 August 1997 – 21 November 1998)[4][5]

Scorelines

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  • Most goals scored in a single game
12, Fenerbahçe 8–4 Gaziantepspor, 1991–92
  • Biggest home win
Beşiktaş 10–0 Adana Demirspor, 1989–90
  • Biggest away win
Ankaragücü 0–8 Galatasaray, 1992–93

Unbeaten

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  • Longest unbeaten run
48, Beşiktaş, 26th week 1990–91 to 13th week 1992–93
  • Longest home unbeaten run
90, Trabzonspor 10th week 1975–76 to 8th week 1981–82
  • Longest away unbeaten run
40, Galatasaray, 19th week 1997–98 to 31st week 1999–2000

Attendance

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Individual records

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Youngest players

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Rank[6] Player Age Club Date Opponent
1 Turkey Çetin Öten[7] 14 years, 223 days Şekerspor 19 November 1972[8] Eskişehirspor
2 Turkey Caner Bozkurt[9] 14 years, 365 days Adanaspor 18 April 2004[10] Çaykur Rizespor
3 Turkey Muhammet Yılmaz[11] 15 years, 33 days Zonguldakspor 12 October 1986[12] Eskişehirspor
4 Turkey Fehmi Koç[13] 15 years, 118 days Antalyaspor 24 December 2018[14] Fenerbahçe
5 Turkey Gürhan Gürsoy[15] 15 years, 194 days Adanaspor 6 April 2003[16] Fenerbahçe
6 Turkey Emre Demir[17] 15 years, 214 days Kayserispor 17 August 2019[18] Alanyaspor
7 Turkey Mevlüt Han Ekelik[19] 15 years, 221 days Antalyaspor 24 July 2020[20] Galatasaray
8 Turkey Ender Konca[21] 15 years, 229 days Kasımpaşa 8 June 1963[22] Gençlerbirliği
8 Turkey Mehmet Kaplan[23] 15 years, 229 days Sarıyer 13 September 1987[24] Zonguldakspor
9 Turkey Umut Salgınoğlu[25] 15 years, 276 days Adanaspor 4 October 2003[26] Gençlerbirliği
10 Turkey İbrahim Halil Keser[27] 15 years, 319 days Gaziantepspor 17 May 2013[28] Mersin İdman Yurdu

All-time most appearances

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Rank Player Apps[29] Years
1 Umut Bulut 515 2002–2011, 2012–2021
2 Oğuz Çetin 503 1981–2000
3 Rıza Çalımbay 494 1980–1996
4 Hakan Şükür 489 1987–2000, 2003–2008
5 Hami Mandıralı 476 1984–1998, 1999–2003
6 Kemal Yıldırım 475 1976–1995
7 Mehmet Nas 447 1997–2014
8 Recep Çetin 437 1984–2001
9 Müjdat Yetkiner 429 1979–1995
10 Bülent Korkmaz 428 1988–2005

As of 15 May 2021. (Bold denotes players still playing in the league).

Goals

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  • Youngest goalscorer[30]
Rank Player Age Club Date Opponent
1 Turkey Emre Demir[17] 15 years, 298 days Kayserispor 9 November 2019[31] Gençlerbirliği
2 Turkey Enes Ünal[32] 16 years, 107 days Bursaspor 25 August 2013[33] Galatasaray
3 Turkey Batuhan Karadeniz[34] 16 years, 123 days Beşiktaş JK 25 August 2007[35] Gaziantepspor
4 Turkey Serkan Bakan[36] 16 years, 152 days Gaziantepspor 2 June 2017[37] Antalyaspor

All-time top scorers

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Goalkeepers

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  • Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal: 12 games (1,112 minutes), Şenol Güneş[38]

Most championships by manager

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Name Titles Winning years
Turkey Fatih Terim 8 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2012, 2013, 2018, 2019
Turkey Ahmet Suat Özyazıcı 4 1976, 1977, 1980, 1984
England Gordon Milne 3 1990, 1991, 1992
Turkey Mustafa Denizli 3 1988, 2001, 2009
Germany Christoph Daum 3 1995, 2004, 2005
Turkey Okan Buruk 3 2020, 2023, 2024
Turkey Gündüz Kılıç 2 1962, 1963
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Ljubiša Spajić 2 1966, 1967
Hungary Ignác Molnár 2 1959, 1968
England Brian Birch 2 1972, 1973
Brazil Didi 2 1974, 1975
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Tomislav Kaloperović 2 1969, 1978
Turkey Özkan Sümer 2 1979, 1981
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Branko Stanković 2 1983, 1986
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Todor Veselinović 2 1985, 1989
Romania Mircea Lucescu 2 2002, 2003
Turkey Şenol Güneş 2 2016, 2017
Hungary József Mészáros 1 1957
Italy Leandro Remondini 1 1958
Hungary András Kuttik 1 1960
Hungary László Székely 1 1961
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Miroslav Kokotović 1 1964
England Oscar Hold 1 1965
Romania Traian Ionescu 1 1970
Turkey Coşkun Özarı 1 1971
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Đorđe Milić 1 1982
Germany Jupp Derwall 1 1987
Germany Karl-Heinz Feldkamp 1 1993
Germany Reiner Hollmann 1 1994
Brazil Carlos Alberto Parreira 1 1996
Belgium Eric Gerets 1 2006
Brazil Zico 1 2007
Turkey Cevat Güler 1 2008
Turkey Ertuğrul Sağlam 1 2010
Turkey Aykut Kocaman 1 2011
Turkey Ersun Yanal 1 2014
Turkey Hamza Hamzaoğlu 1 2015
Turkey Sergen Yalçın 1 2021
Turkey Abdullah Avcı 1 2022

Most championships by player

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(at least 5 titles)

Titles Name Winning years Club(s)
8 Turkey Bülent Korkmaz 1988, 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002 all with Galatasaray
Turkey Suat Kaya 1987, 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002 all with Galatasaray
Turkey Hakan Şükür 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2006, 2008 all with Galatasaray
7 Turkey Arif Erdem 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002 all with Galatasaray
Turkey Okan Buruk 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2008 all with Galatasaray
Uruguay Fernando Muslera 2012, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2023, 2024 all with Galatasaray
6 Turkey Uğur Köken 1962, 1963, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973 all with Galatasaray
Turkey Şenol Güneş 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984 all with Trabzonspor
Turkey Necati Özçağlayan 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984 all with Trabzonspor
Turkey Güngör Şahinkaya 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984 all with Trabzonspor
Turkey Turgay Semercioğlu 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984 all with Trabzonspor
Turkey Rıza Çalımbay 1982, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1995 all with Beşiktaş
Turkey Tugay Kerimoğlu 1988, 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999 all with Galatasaray
Turkey Ergün Penbe 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2006 all with Galatasaray
Turkey Emre Belözoğlu 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2011, 2014 Galatasaray (4), Fenerbahçe (2)
Turkey Sabri Sarıoğlu 2002, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2015 all with Galatasaray
5 Turkey Serdar Bali 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982 Trabzonspor (4), Beşiktaş (1)
Turkey Kadir Akbulut 1982, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1992 all with Beşiktaş
Turkey Ali Gültiken 1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1995 all with Beşiktaş
Turkey Gökhan Keskin 1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1995 all with Beşiktaş
Turkey Metin Tekin 1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1995 all with Beşiktaş
Turkey Ulvi Güveneroğlu 1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1995 all with Beşiktaş
Turkey Hayrettin Demirbaş 1987, 1988, 1993, 1994, 1997 all with Galatasaray
Turkey Hakan Ünsal 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002 all with Galatasaray
Turkey Sergen Yalçın 1992, 1995, 2000, 2002, 2003 Beşiktaş (3), Galatasaray (2)
Turkey Hasan Şaş 1999, 2000, 2002, 2006, 2008 all with Galatasaray
Turkey Rüştü Reçber 1996, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2009 Fenerbahçe (4), Beşiktaş (1)
Turkey Volkan Demirel 2004, 2005, 2007, 2011, 2014 all with Fenerbahçe
Turkey Selçuk Şahin 2004, 2005, 2007, 2011, 2014 all with Fenerbahçe
Turkey Hakan Balta 2008, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2018 all with Galatasaray
Turkey Selçuk İnan 2012, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2019 all with Galatasaray

Turkish Football Championship (1924–1951)

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Records and statistics in this section refer to the former Turkish Football Championship that was held from 1924 to 1951.[39]

Titles

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  • Most titles: 3, joint record[39]
Fenerbahçe
Harp Okulu

Appearances

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  • Most appearances: 8
Beşiktaş (1924, 1934, 1941, 1942, 1945, 1946, 1950, 1951)

Finals

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  • Most wins: 2
Fenerbahçe (1933, 1935)
  • Most defeats: 3
Altınordu (1927, 1932, 1935)
  • Biggest win:
İzmirspor 0–8 Fenerbahçe (1933)
  • Most appearances: 3
Fenerbahçe (1933, 1935, 1940)

Scorelines

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  • Highest scoring games[40]
18, Eskişehir Tayyare İdman Yurdu 17–1 Kütahya Türkspor (1932, Group stage)
15, Eskişehir Tayyare Yurdu 14–1 Giresun Hilâl Spor (1927, Preliminary round)
15, Altınordu 14–1 Antalya İlk Işık (1927, Quarter finals)
12, Balıkesir 12–0 Kütahya Gençlerbirliği (1927, Quarter finals)
12, Fenerbahçe 12–0 Adapazarı İdman Yurdu (1933, Group stage)
12, Harp Okulu 10–2 Trabzon Lisesi (1942, Final group)
12, Harp Okulu 11–1 Mersin İdman Yurdu (1944, Final group)

Unbeaten champions

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Only the period from 1942 to 1951 is considered, as the Turkish championship was held as a knockout tournament before the 1942 edition. The following teams won the Turkish championship in a so called final group, which was a national play-off of the top regional leagues:[41]

National Division (1937–1950)

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Records and statistics in this section refer to the former National Division (Turkish: Millî Küme) that was held from 1937 to 1950.[39]

Club records

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Titles

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Fenerbahçe
  • Most consecutive titles: 2[39]
Fenerbahçe (1945, 1946)

Individual records

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All-time top scorers

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Rank Player Goals[42] App. Club(s)
1 Hakkı Yeten 95 118 Beşiktaş
2 Melih Kotanca 83 86 Güneş, Fenerbahçe
3 Şeref Görkey 75 107 Beşiktaş
4 Naci Bastoncu 56 117 Fenerbahçe
5 Said Altınordu 46 67 Altınordu
Selahattin Almay 46 61 Güneş, Galatasaray
7 Gündüz Kılıç 35 62 Galatasaray, Ankara Demirspor
8 Kemal Gülçelik 34 38 Beşiktaş
9 Şükrü Gülesin 33 64 Ankaragücü, Beşiktaş
10 Süleyman Tekil 32 47 Galatasaray, İstanbulspor

All-time most appearances

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Rank Player App.[42] Club(s)
1 Cihat Arman 122 Fenerbahçe
2 Hakkı Yeten 118 Beşiktaş
3 Naci Bastoncu 117 Fenerbahçe
4 Hüseyin Saygun 110 Beşiktaş, Vefa
5 Şeref Görkey 107 Beşiktaş
6 Mehmet Ali Tanman 97 Beşiktaş
7 Faruk Barlas 96 Güneş, Galatasaray
8 Ömer Boncuk 90 Güneş, Fenerbahçe
9 Melih Kotanca 86 Güneş, Fenerbahçe
10 Ahmet Erol 78 Muhafızgücü, Gençlerbirliği, Fenerbahçe

Turkish Cup

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Club records

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Finals

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  • Most wins: 18
Galatasaray (1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1973, 1976, 1982, 1985, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2005, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019)
  • Most consecutive titles: 4
Galatasaray (1963, 1964, 1965, 1966)
  • Most consecutive appearances: 4
Galatasaray (1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 - winning all)
Trabzonspor (1975, 1976, 1977, 1978 - winning two)
Galatasaray (1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 - winning two)
  • Most appearances: 23
Galatasaray (1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1973, 1976, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2005, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019)
  • Biggest win:
Gençlerbirliği 5–0 Eskişehirspor (1987)
  • Most goals in a final: 8
Antalyaspor 3–5 Galatasaray (2000)
  • Most goals by a losing side: 3
Antalyaspor 3–5 Galatasaray (2000)
  • Most defeats in a final: 11
Fenerbahçe (1963, 1965, 1989, 1996, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2016, 2018)

Scorelines

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  • Biggest home win
14–2, İskenderun Demir Çelikspor vs Fidan Gençlik, Round 2, 1980–81
  • Biggest away win
1–10, Uşak Belediyespor vs Denizli Belediyespor, Round 2, 2012–13

Unbeaten

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  • Longest unbeaten run: 26
Galatasaray, 1962–63 to 1/4 Finals 2nd leg 1966–67 vs Altay

Individual records

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Players

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  • Most Turkish Cup wins: joint record
6, Bülent Korkmaz: 1991, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2005 (all with Galatasaray)
6, Hakan Şükür: 1988 (Sakaryaspor), 1993, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2005 (Galatasaray)

Managers

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  • Most Turkish Cup wins: joint record
3, Gündüz Kılıç, 1963, 1965, 1966 (all with Galatasaray)
3, Ahmet Suat Özyazıcı, 1977, 1978, 1984 (all with Trabzonspor)
3, Aykut Kocaman, 2012, 2013 (Fenerbahçe), 2017 (Konyaspor)
3, Fatih Terim, 1999, 2000, 2019 (all with Galatasaray)

TFF Super Cup

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Club records

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  • Most wins: 17
Galatasaray (1966, 1969, 1972, 1982, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2023)
  • Most appearances: 27
Galatasaray (1966, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2023, 2024)
  • Most consecutive wins: 5
Trabzonspor (1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980)
  • Most consecutive appearances: 7
Beşiktaş (1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995)

Individual records

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Managers

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Players

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The double

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Four teams have won the Double of the Süper Lig and the Turkish Cup.

Club Number Seasons
Galatasaray
7
1962–63, 1972–73, 1992–93, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2014–15, 2018–19
Fenerbahçe
3
1967–68, 1973–74, 1982–83
Beşiktaş
3
1989–90, 2008–09, 2020–21
Trabzonspor
2
1976–77, 1983–84

Most successful clubs overall

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local and lower league organizations are not included.

Club Demostic Titles Worldwide Titles Overall titles
Süper Lig Turkish Cup Super Cup Prime Minister's Cup Turkish Federation Cup Turkish National Division Turkish Football Championship Atatürk Cup Spor Toto Cup Total UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League UEFA Super Cup Balkans Cup
Galatasaray 24 18 17 5 - 1 - - - 65 - 1 1 - 67
Fenerbahçe 19 7 9 8 - 6 3 1 1 54 - - - 1 55
Beşiktaş 14 11 10 6 2 3 2 1 3 52 - - - - 52
Trabzonspor 7 9 10 5 - - - - - 31 - - - - 31
Ankaragücü - 2 1 2 - - 1 - - 6 - - - - 6
Eskişehirspor - 1 1 3 - - - - - 5 - - - - 5
Bursaspor 1 1 - 2 - - - - - 4 - - - - 4
Göztepe - 2 1 - - - 1 - - 4 - - - - 4
Gençlerbirliği - 2 - - - - 2 - - 4 - - - - 4
Harp Okulu - - - - - - 3 - - 3 - - - - 3
Kocaelispor - 2 - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 2
Altay - 2 - - - - - - - 2 - - - - 2
Konyaspor - 1 1 - - - - - - 2 - - - - 2
Akhisar BGSK - 1 1 - - - - - - 2 - - - - 2
İstanbulspor - - - - - - 1 - 1 2 - - - - 2
Boluspor - - - 2 - - - - - 2 - - - - 2
Başakşehir 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1
Kayserispor - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1
Sivasspor - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1
Sakaryaspor - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1
Muhafızgücü - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - 1
Eskişehir Demirspor - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - 1
Ankara Demirspor - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - 1
Gaziantep - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - 1
Güneş - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - 1
İzmir Denizgücü - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - 1
Mersin Talim Yurdu - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - 1
PTT - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - 1
Samsunspor - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 1 1
Sariyer - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 1 1
  • The figures in bold indicate the most times this competition has been won by a Turkish team.
  • Balkans Cup is not considered a UEFA competition, and hence clubs' records in the Balkans Cup are not considered part of their European record.

Most successful managers overall (1959–present)

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Manager Süper Lig Turkish Cup Turkish Super Cup UEFA Europa League UEFA Super Cup Total
Turkey Fatih Terim 8 3 5 1 0 17
Turkey Ahmet Suat Özyazıcı 4 3 5 0 0 12
Turkey Mustafa Denizli 3 2 2 0 0 7
England Gordon Milne 3 2 2 0 0 7
Turkey Gündüz Kılıç 2 3 1 0 0 6
Germany Christoph Daum 3 1 2 0 0 6
Turkey Şenol Güneş 2 2 2 0 0 6
Brazil Didi 2 1 2 0 0 5
Turkey Özkan Sümer 2 1 2 0 0 5
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Branko Stanković 2 1 2 0 0 5
Turkey Okan Buruk 3 1 1 0 0 5
England Brian Birch 2 1 1 0 0 4
Turkey Aykut Kocaman 1 3 0 0 0 4
Hungary Ignác Molnár 2 1 1 0 0 4
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Tomislav Kaloperović 2 1 1 0 0 4
Romania Mircea Lucescu 2 0 0 0 1 3
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Ljubiša Spajić 2 0 1 0 0 3
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Todor Veselinović 2 0 1 0 0 3
Germany Jupp Derwall 1 1 1 0 0 3
Turkey Hamza Hamzaoğlu 1 1 1 0 0 3
Turkey Abdullah Avcı 1 0 2 0 0 3
Turkey Adnan Suvari 0 2 1 0 0 3
France Jean Tigana 0 2 1 0 0 3
Turkey Coşkun Özarı 1 1 0 0 0 2
Turkey Necdet Niş 0 2 0 0 0 2
Germany Karl-Heinz Feldkamp 1 1 0 0 0 2
Turkey Samet Aybaba 0 2 0 0 0 2
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Abdulah Gegić 0 1 1 0 0 2
Turkey Metin Türel 0 1 1 0 0 2
Germany Reiner Hollmann 1 0 1 0 0 2
Turkey Yılmaz Gökdel 0 1 1 0 0 2
Wales John Toshack 0 1 1 0 0 2
Brazil Zico 1 0 1 0 0 2
Turkey Sergen Yalçın 1 1 0 0 0 2
Netherlands Jan Olde Riekerink 0 1 1 0 0 2
Hungary András Kuttik 1 0 0 0 0 1
Hungary László Székely 1 0 0 0 0 1
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Miroslav Kokotović 1 0 0 0 0 1
England Oscar Hold 1 0 0 0 0 1
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Djordje Milić 1 0 0 0 0 1
Brazil Carlos Alberto Parreira 1 0 0 0 0 1
Belgium Eric Gerets 1 0 0 0 0 1
Turkey Cevat Güler 1 0 0 0 0 1
Turkey Ertuğrul Sağlam 1 0 0 0 0 1
Turkey Ersun Yanal 1 0 0 0 0 1
Turkey Halil Bıçakçı 0 1 0 0 0 1
Turkey Ziya Taner 0 1 0 0 0 1
Germany Horst Buhtz 0 1 0 0 0 1
Turkey Fethi Demircan 0 1 0 0 0 1
Turkey Ayfer Elmastaşoğlu 0 1 0 0 0 1
Belgium Urbain Braems 0 1 0 0 0 1
Scotland Graeme Souness 0 1 0 0 0 1
Germany Holger Osieck 0 1 0 0 0 1
Turkey Hikmet Karaman 0 1 0 0 0 1
Turkey Ziya Doğan 0 1 0 0 0 1
Romania Gheorghe Hagi 0 1 0 0 0 1
Turkey Tolunay Kafkas 0 1 0 0 0 1
Turkey Tayfur Havutçu 0 1 0 0 0 1
Italy Roberto Mancini 0 1 0 0 0 1
England Eddie Newton 0 1 0 0 0 1
Turkey Serdar Topraktepe 0 1 0 0 0 1
Turkey İsmail Kartal 0 0 1 0 0 1
Turkey Ömer Kaner 0 0 1 0 0 1
Germany Michael Skibbe 0 0 1 0 0 1
Turkey Mustafa Reşit Akçay 0 0 1 0 0 1
Bosnia and Herzegovina Safet Sušić 0 0 1 0 0 1
Netherlands Giovanni van Bronckhorst 0 0 1 0 0 1
Turkey Önder Karaveli 0 0 1 0 0 1
  • The figures in bold represent the most times this competition has been won by a manager.

Süper Lig all-time table (1959–present)

[edit]

The overall performances of 77 participant football clubs since the establishment of Süper Lig in 1959 are as follows:[43][44][45] In this ranking 3 points are awarded for a win, 1 for a draw, and 0 for a loss, although the Süper Lig awarded 2 points for a win until the 1987–88 season.

As of 10 November 2024
Pos. Team Seasons Last
Season
Points PPM Pld W D L GF GA GD 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
1 Fenerbahçe 67 2024–25 4380 1,985 2207 1270 570 367 3971 1946 2025 19 25 8 5
2 Galatasaray 67 2024–25 4337 1,965 2207 1264 545 398 3930 1943 1987 24 11 16 3
3 Beşiktaş 67 2024–25 4174 1,893 2205 1192 598 415 3629 1922 1707 16 14 14 10
4 Eyüpspor 1 2024–25 22 1,833 12 6 4 2 18 11 7
5 Trabzonspor 51 2024–25 2996 1,765 1697 845 461 391 2656 1688 968 7 9 9 9
6 İst. Başakşehir 17 2024–25 922 1,598 577 259 145 173 838 664 174 1 2 1 4
7 Sivasspor 19 2024–25 898 1,390 646 240 178 228 881 892 -11 1 2
8 Alanyaspor 9 2024–25 408 1,365 299 112 72 115 448 441 7
9 Eskişehirspor 30 2015–16 1314 1,344 978 334 312 332 1110 1101 9 3 2 2
10 Bursaspor 50 2018–19 2189 1,332 1644 572 473 599 1965 1998 -33 1 1 2
11 Sarıyer 13 1996–97 579 1,328 436 148 135 153 553 551 2 3
12 Gaziantepspor 31 2016–17 1363 1,326 1028 366 265 397 1248 1383 -135 2 4
13 Malatyaspor 11 2005–06 504 1,313 384 134 102 148 507 544 -37 1
14 Gençlerbirliği 48 2020–21 2071 1,286 1610 532 475 603 2026 2141 -115 2
15 Kocaelispor 20 2008–09 859 1,274 674 225 184 265 858 934 -76 1
16 Kayserispor 20 2024–25 852 1,266 673 223 183 267 844 953 -109
17 Karagümrük 10 2022–23 418 1,251 334 108 94 132 442 455 -13
18 Boluspor 20 1991–92 791 1,240 638 192 215 231 637 709 -72 1 1
19 Konyaspor 24 2024–25 989 1,236 800 252 233 315 964 1128 -164 2
20 Göztepe 31 2024–25 1188 1,236 961 298 294 369 1050 1189 -139 1 3
21 Altay 42 2021–22 1686 1,236 1364 422 420 522 1454 1667 -213 2 2
22 Samsunspor 32 2024–25 1279 1,235 1036 338 265 433 1159 1370 -211 2 1
23 Antalyaspor 29 2024–25 1205 1,227 982 314 263 405 1175 1423 -248
24 Ankaragücü 54 2022–23 2176 1,227 1774 554 514 706 2035 2375 -340 4
25 Zonguldakspor 14 1987–88 553 1,218 454 135 148 171 425 484 -59 1 1
26 Akhisar Belediyespor 7 2018–19 287 1,206 238 74 65 99 286 340 -54
27 İstanbulspor 25 2022–23 1000 1,205 830 253 241 336 929 1088 -159 1
28 Feriköy 9 1967–68 350 1,199 292 88 86 118 257 310 -53
29 Ankara Demirspor 13 1970–71 501 1,199 418 116 153 149 447 509 -62
30 İzmirspor 10 1968–69 389 1,193 326 93 110 123 313 386 -73 1
31 Kasımpaşa 21 2024–25 866 1,190 728 224 194 310 913 1112 -199
32 Beykozspor 8 1965–66 310 1,174 264 72 94 98 262 314 -52 1
33 Gaziantep 6 2024–25 231 1,173 197 59 54 84 252 304 -52
34 Çaykur Rizespor 23 2024–25 908 1,172 775 242 182 351 880 1149 -269
35 Bakırköyspor 3 1992–93 105 1,167 90 28 21 41 131 135 -4
36 Aydınspor 3 1992–93 105 1,167 90 26 27 37 105 140 -35
37 Adanaspor 22 2016–17 819 1,163 704 202 213 289 771 949 -178 1 3
38 Orduspor 11 2012–13 408 1,159 352 102 102 148 303 420 -117 1
39 Denizlispor 21 2020–21 843 1,158 728 217 192 319 875 1057 -182
40 Mersin İdmanyurdu 15 2015–16 542 1,148 472 136 134 202 445 556 -111 1
41 Adana Demirspor 21 2024–25 765 1,137 673 191 192 290 713 951 -238 1
42 Sakaryaspor 11 2006–07 431 1,134 380 114 89 177 452 586 -134
43 Karşıyaka 16 1995–96 597 1,131 528 152 141 235 533 748 -215
44 Hatayspor 4 2024–25 184 1,129 163 48 40 75 192 266 -74
45 Vefa 14 1973–74 473 1,121 422 110 143 169 364 514 -150 1
46 Yozgatspor 2 2001–02 76 1,118 68 19 19 30 101 113 -12
47 Giresunspor 8 2022–23 283 1,114 254 69 76 109 239 316 -77
48 Ankaraspor 9 2017–18 339 1,108 306 84 87 135 348 460 -112
49 Türk Telekom 12 1972–73 413 1,104 374 93 134 147 340 445 -105
50 Keçiörengücü 8 1967–68 277 1,099 252 67 76 109 241 334 -93
51 Manisaspor 6 2012–13 223 1,093 204 58 49 97 242 306 -64
52 Çanakkale Dardanelspor 3 1998–99 109 1,069 102 28 25 49 107 154 -47
53 Karabükspor 10 2016–17 356 1,060 336 96 68 172 361 570 -209
54 Altınordu 10 1969–70 338 1,050 322 80 98 144 296 433 -137
55 Yeni Malatyaspor 5 2021–22 187 1,039 180 47 46 87 205 266 -61
56 Beyoğluspor 2 1963–64 56 1,037 54 13 17 24 49 72 -23
57 BB Erzurumspor 2 2020–21 75 1,014 74 18 21 35 80 111 -31
58 Kayseri Erciyesspor 13 2014–15 429 1,012 424 100 129 195 423 644 -221
59 Elazığspor 4 2013–14 136 1,000 136 35 31 70 146 246 -100
60 Şekerspor 10 1997–98 319 0,997 320 73 100 147 309 483 -174
61 Diyarbakırspor 11 2009–10 357 0,986 362 91 84 187 323 554 -231
62 Pendikspor 1 2023–24 37 0,974 38 9 10 19 42 73 -31
63 Erzurumspor 3 2000–01 98 0,961 102 25 23 54 116 205 -89
64 Balıkesirspor 2 2014–15 61 0,953 64 15 16 33 66 108 -42
65 Yeşildirek 2 1962–63 55 0,948 58 13 16 29 51 94 -43
66 Bodrum 1 2024–25 11 0,917 12 3 2 7 10 16 -6
67 Hacettepe 2 2008–09 62 0,912 68 15 17 36 54 99 -45
68 Vanspor 5 1999–00 153 0,900 170 38 39 93 165 298 -133
69 Akçaabat Sebatspor 2 2004–05 61 0,897 68 14 19 35 85 131 -46
70 Zeytinburnuspor 5 1996–97 145 0,895 162 36 37 89 159 290 -131
71 Adalet 2 1959–60 45 0,865 52 10 15 27 38 69 -31
72 Petrolofisi 1 1994–95 29 0,853 34 8 5 21 38 73 -35
73 Ümraniyespor 1 2022–23 30 0,833 36 7 9 20 47 64 -17
74 Kırıkkalespor 1 1978–79 23 0,767 30 5 8 17 21 64 -43
75 Bucaspor 1 2010–11 26 0,765 34 6 8 20 37 65 -28
76 Siirtspor 1 2000–01 24 0,706 34 6 6 22 47 81 -34
77 Kahramanmaraşspor 1 1988–89 23 0,639 36 4 11 21 22 71 -49
Total 19528 14067 5461 14067 49054 49054 0 68 66 66 66
  Clubs currently play in the top division.

Overall league positions (1959–2024)

[edit]

The overall list of league positions of 75 participant football clubs since the establishment of Süper Lig in 1959 are as follows:[43]

As of 26 May 2024
Pos. Team Number
of
Seasons
Last
Season
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd Ave.
Pos.
1 Fenerbahçe 66 2023-24 19 25 8 5 4 2 1 1 1 2,58
2 Galatasaray 66 2023-24 24 11 16 3 4 3 2 1 1 1 2,92
3 Beşiktaş 66 2023-24 14 14 14 10 5 5 2 2 3,32
4 Trabzonspor 50 2023-24 7 9 9 9 5 5 2 2 1 1 4,02
5 İst. Başakşehir 16 2023-24 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 1 3 1 6,44
6 Eskişehirspor 30 2015-16 3 2 2 3 3 2 4 2 2 2 2 1 2 8,57
7 Bursaspor 50 2018-19 1 1 2 5 9 1 4 5 7 1 2 5 2 1 3 1 9,06
8 Alanyaspor 8 2023-24 2 1 1 1 2 1 9,13
9 Sivasspor 18 2023-24 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 1 9,22
10 Sarıyer 13 1996-97 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 9,23
11 Gaziantepspor 31 2016-17 2 4 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 2 2 2 9,58
12 Altay 42 2021-22 2 2 3 5 5 3 3 2 4 3 1 3 2 1 3 9,69
13 Gençlerbirliği 48 2020-21 2 4 5 1 4 5 10 5 2 5 2 1 1 1 9,90
14 Göztepe 30 2021-22 1 3 3 1 4 1 1 2 1 3 4 2 1 2 1 10,20
15 Zonguldakspor 14 1987-88 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 10,29
16 Aydınspor 3 1992-93 1 1 1 10,33
17 Bakırköyspor 3 1992-93 1 1 1 10,33
18 Kocaelispor 20 2008-09 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 10,35
19 Malatyaspor 11 2005-06 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 10,45
20 Ankaragücü 54 2023-24 4 2 6 3 4 5 1 6 2 9 3 4 1 1 2 1 10,50
21 Konyaspor 23 2023-24 2 2 5 2 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 10,52
22 Ankara Demirspor 13 1970-71 2 1 5 1 2 1 1 10,54
23 Boluspor 20 1991-92 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 5 1 1 10,70
24 Samsunspor 31 2023-24 2 1 2 1 2 4 1 3 3 2 1 3 4 1 1 10,71
25 Kayserispor 19 2023-24 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 2 1 10,74
26 Adanaspor 22 2016-17 1 3 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 10,86
27 İstanbulspor 25 2023-24 1 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 11,00
28 İzmirspor 10 1968-69 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 11,20
29 Kasımpaşa 20 2023-24 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 11,20
30 Ankaraspor 9 2017-18 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 11,22
31 Feriköy 9 1967-68 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 11,33
32 Akhisar Belediyespor 7 2018-19 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11,43
33 Mersin İdmanyurdu 15 2015-16 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 2 11,53
34 Adana Demirspor 20 2023-24 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 11,65
35 Türk Telekom 12 1972-73 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 11,67
36 Antalyaspor 28 2023-24 1 1 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 11,86
37 Orduspor 11 2012-13 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 12,00
38 Denizlispor 21 2020-21 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 3 1 12,10
39 Sakaryaspor 11 2006-07 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 12,18
40 Karagümrük 10 2023-24 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 12,20
41 Gaziantep 5 2023-24 1 1 1 1 1 12,20
42 Vefa 14 1973-74 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 12,36
43 Beykozspor 8 1965-66 1 1 2 1 3 12,38
44 Giresunspor 8 2022-23 1 1 3 3 12,38
45 Karşıyaka 16 1995-96 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 12,50
46 Yozgatspor 2 2001-02 1 1 12,50
47 Keçiörengücü 8 1967-68 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 12,75
48 Karabükspor 10 2017-18 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 12,90
49 Hatayspor 4 2023-24 1 1 1 1 13,00
50 Yeni Malatyaspor 5 2021-22 1 1 1 1 1 13,20
51 Çaykur Rizespor 22 2023-24 1 3 1 1 4 3 3 3 2 1 13,27
52 Manisaspor 6 2012-13 1 2 1 1 1 13,50
53 Diyarbakırspor 11 2009-10 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 13,91
54 Zeytinburnuspor 5 1996-97 1 1 1 1 1 14,20
55 Kayseri Erciyesspor 13 2014-15 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 14,31
56 Çanakkale Dardanelspor 3 1998-99 1 1 1 14,33
57 Hacettepe 2 2008-09 1 1 14,50
58 Altınordu 10 1969-70 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 14,60
59 Erzurumspor 3 2000-01 1 1 1 14,67
60 Vanspor 5 1999-00 1 1 1 2 15,00
61 Elazığspor 4 2013-14 2 1 1 15,00
62 Akçaabat Sebatspor 2 2004-05 1 1 15,50
63 Beyoğluspor 2 1963-64 1 1 15,50
64 Şekerspor 10 1997-98 1 1 5 1 1 1 16,00
65 Siirtspor 1 2000-01 1 16,00
66 Bucaspor 1 2010-11 1 16,00
67 Kırıkkalespor 1 1978-79 1 16,00
68 Adalet 2 1959-60 1 1 16,50
69 Balıkesirspor 2 2014-15 1 1 17,00
70 Petrolofisi 1 1994-95 1 17,00
71 Ümraniyespor 1 2022-23 1 17,00
72 BB Erzurumspor 2 2020-21 1 1 17,50
73 Kahramanmaraşspor 1 1988-89 1 18,00
74 Yeşildirek 2 1962-63 1 1 19,00
75 Pendikspor 1 2023-24 1 19,00
76 Eyüpspor
77 Bodrum
  Clubs play in Süper Lig 2024-25 season.

Attendances

[edit]
Attendance Records
Rank Attendance Stadium Date Game Information
1 79,414[46] Atatürk Olympic Stadium 31 July 2002 GalatasarayOlympiacos Highest attendance in Turkey
2 76,127[47] Atatürk Olympic Stadium 22 September 2013 BeşiktaşGalatasaray Highest Süper Lig and Beşiktaş–Galatasaray rivalry attendance
3 72,059[48] Atatürk Olympic Stadium 25 May 2005 AC MilanFC Liverpool
4 71,412[49] Atatürk Olympic Stadium 10 June 2023 Manchester CityInter Milan
5 71,334[50] Atatürk Olympic Stadium 21 September 2003 GalatasarayFenerbahçe Highest Intercontinental Derby attendance
6 71,230[51] Atatürk Olympic Stadium 12 September 2006 GalatasarayFC Girondins de Bordeaux
7 70,847[52] Atatürk Olympic Stadium 03 August 2024 Galatasaray SKBeşiktaş JK highest Süper Kupa attendance
8 68,034 İzmir Atatürk Stadium 31 October 1976 TurkeyMalta Highest Turkish National Team attendance
9 67,696 İzmir Atatürk Stadium 16 May 1981 KarşıyakaGöztepe Highest 2nd division attendance
10 66,701 İzmir Atatürk Stadium 21 January 1973 GalatasarayFenerbahçe

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu Resmi İnternet Sitesi Ana Sayfa TFF".
  2. ^ a b c d "Süper Lig'in rekorları!". July 2020.
  3. ^ Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe'den unvan aldı(in Turkish)
  4. ^ Lig TV
  5. ^ Lig TV
  6. ^ "Süper Lig tarihinin en genç oyuncuları". Retrieved 2018-12-25.
  7. ^ "Çetin Öten". 10 April 1958.
  8. ^ "Eskişehirspor 6 - 0 Şekerspor MS 19.11.1972".
  9. ^ "Caner Bozkurt". 19 April 1989.
  10. ^ "Adanaspor 0 - 1 Çaykur Rizespor MS 18.04.2004".
  11. ^ "Muhammet Yılmaz". 9 September 1971.
  12. ^ "Eskişehirspor 2 - 0 Zonguldakspor MS 12.10.1986".
  13. ^ "Fehmi Koç". 28 August 2003.
  14. ^ "Antalyaspor 0 - 0 Fenerbahçe MS 24.12.2018".
  15. ^ "Gürhan Gürsoy". 24 September 1987.
  16. ^ "Adanaspor 3 - 1 Fenerbahçe MS 6.04.2003".
  17. ^ a b "Emre Demir". 15 January 2004.
  18. ^ "Kayserispor 0 - 1 Alanyaspor MS 17.08.2019".
  19. ^ "Mevlüt Han Ekelik". 16 December 2004.
  20. ^ "FRAPORT-TAV ANTALYASPOR GALATASARAY A.Ş. - Match Details TFF".
  21. ^ "Ender Konca". 22 October 1947.
  22. ^ "Kasımpaşa 0 - 0 Gençlerbirliği MS 08.06.1963".
  23. ^ "Mehmet Kaplan". 27 January 1972.
  24. ^ "Zonguldakspor 2 - 3 Sarıyer MS 13.09.1987".
  25. ^ "Umut Salgınoğlu". January 1988.
  26. ^ "Gençlerbirliği 6 - 0 Adanaspor MS 4.10.2003".
  27. ^ "İbrahim Halil Keser". 2 July 1997.
  28. ^ "Mersin İdman Yurdu 1 - 2 Gaziantepspor MS 17.05.2013".
  29. ^ "mackolik.com". Archived from the original on 2011-10-28. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  30. ^ şte Süper Lig tarihinin en genç golcüleri Archived August 30, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Zaman Newspaper
  31. ^ Gençlerbirliği - Kayserispor (09.11.2019) Maç Detayı - Türkiye Süper Lig 2019/2020 @ Mackolik.com
  32. ^ Enes Ünal (Valladolid) @ Mackolik.com
  33. ^ "Bursaspor 1 - 1 Galatasaray MS 25.08.2013".
  34. ^ "Batuhan Karadeniz". 24 April 1991.
  35. ^ "Gaziantepspor 0 - 1 Beşiktaş MS 25.08.2007".
  36. ^ "Serkan Bakan". January 2001.
  37. ^ "Antalyaspor 4 - 1 Gaziantepspor MS 02.06.2017".
  38. ^ a b "Süper Lig'in rekorları, ilkleri..." Sabah Newspaper. 7 August 2018.
  39. ^ a b c d e "Turkey – List of Champions". RSSSF. RSSSF. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  40. ^ "Double Digits Domestical". RSSSF. RSSSF. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  41. ^ "Unbeaten during a League Season". RSSSF. RSSSF. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  42. ^ a b "Türkiye Milli Eğitim Kupası". mackolik.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  43. ^ a b "Süper Lig Tarihçe Şampiyonluklar Arşiv Gol Krallığı TFF".
  44. ^ "Türkiye Süper Lig 2022/2023, İddaa, Puan Durumu, Fikstür & Maç Sonuçları". Mackolik.com. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
  45. ^ Sivritepe, Erdinç All time table
  46. ^ 2006-07 UEFA CL Statistics handbook
  47. ^ Olimpiyat'ta seyirci rekoru! Cumhuriyet newspaper
  48. ^ Istanbul 2020 Olympic bid book[permanent dead link] Istanbul 2020 Olympic bid book
  49. ^ "Full Time Report Final – Manchester City v Inter Milan" (PDF)" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  50. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2013-09-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Galatasaray Magazine, 100th anniversary poster
  51. ^ UEFA Technical report 2006-2007
  52. ^ "Galatasaray - Beşiktaş Süper Kupa Finalinin seyirci sayısı : 70.847" (in Turkish). Tribün Doluluk. 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
[edit]

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