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Foreign relations of Moldova

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After achieving independence from the Soviet Union, the Republic of Moldova established relations with other European countries. A course for European Union integration and neutrality define the country's foreign policy guidelines.

In 1995, the country became the first post-Soviet state admitted to the Council of Europe. In addition to its participation in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Francophonie and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

In 2005, Moldova and EU established an action plan that sought to improve the collaboration between the two neighboring structures. After the Transnistria War, Moldova sought a peaceful resolution to the Transnistria conflict by working with Romania, Ukraine, and Russia, calling for international mediation, and cooperating with the OSCE and UN fact-finding and observer missions.[1]

Overview

[edit]

List of countries which Moldova maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  Romania 27 August 1991[2]
2  Hungary 16 January 1992[2]
3  United Kingdom 17 January 1992[2]
4  Denmark 20 January 1992[2]
5  China 30 January 1992[2]
6  Mongolia 30 January 1992[3]
7  North Korea 30 January 1992[2]
8  South Korea 31 January 1992[2]
9  Spain 31 January 1992[2]
10  Turkey 3 February 1992[2]
11  Mexico 4 February 1992[2]
12  Bulgaria 5 February 1992[2]
13  Egypt 13 February 1992[2]
14  Guinea 16 February 1992[2]
15  Pakistan 16 February 1992[2]
16  United States 18 February 1992[2]
17  Canada 20 February 1992[2]
18  Cyprus 21 February 1992[2]
19  Italy 21 February 1992[2]
20  Finland 26 February 1992[2]
21  Ukraine 10 March 1992[2]
22  Belgium 11 March 1992[2]
23  France 11 March 1992[2]
24  Japan 16 March 1992[2]
25  Cuba 17 March 1992[2]
26  Austria 25 March 1992[2]
27  Greece 27 March 1992[2]
28  Philippines 30 March 1992[2]
29  Australia 1 April 1992[2]
30  Russia 6 April 1992[2]
31  Germany 30 April 1992[2]
32  Iran 11 May 1992[2]
—  Holy See 23 May 1992[4]
33  Azerbaijan 29 May 1992[2]
34  Czech Republic 1 June 1992[2]
35  Norway 3 June 1992[2]
36  Vietnam 11 June 1992[2]
37  Burundi 12 June 1992[2]
38  Sweden 12 June 1992[2]
39  South Africa 15 June 1992[2]
40  Luxembourg 16 June 1992[2]
41  Israel 22 June 1992[2]
42  Georgia 25 June 1992[2]
43  Oman 25 June 1992[2]
44  Lithuania 8 July 1992[2]
45  Poland 14 July 1992[2]
46  Armenia 18 July 1992[2]
47  Croatia 28 July 1992[2]
48  Thailand 5 August 1992[2]
49  Nigeria 7 August 1992[2]
50  Ghana 28 August 1992[2]
51  Latvia 1 September 1992[2]
52   Switzerland 2 September 1992[2]
53  New Zealand 11 September 1992[2]
54  Kazakhstan 16 September 1992[2]
55  Morocco 8 October 1992[2]
56  Turkmenistan 5 October 1992[5]
57  Kyrgyzstan 30 October 1992[6]
58  Estonia 10 November 1992[2]
59  Belarus 19 November 1992[2]
60  Sri Lanka 27 November 1992[2]
61  Zimbabwe 9 December 1992[2]
62  Burkina Faso 11 December 1992[2]
63  Albania 23 December 1992[2]
64  Kuwait 11 January 1993[2]
65  Singapore 15 January 1993[2]
66  Tajikistan 26 January 1993[2]
67  Portugal 10 February 1993[2]
68  Indonesia 12 February 1993[2]
69  Panama 15 February 1993[7]
70  Slovakia 16 February 1993[2]
71  Argentina 8 March 1993[2]
72  Malaysia 10 March 1993[2]
73  India 20 March 1993[2]
74  Guatemala 6 April 1993[2]
75  Chile 12 May 1993[2]
76  Sudan 17 May 1993[2]
77  Syria 20 May 1993[2]
78  Madagascar 28 May 1993[2]
79  Netherlands 10 July 1993[2]
80    Nepal 20 July 1993[2]
81  Brazil 11 August 1993[2]
82  Bangladesh 14 September 1993[2]
83  Zambia 26 October 1993[2]
84  Slovenia 27 October 1993[2]
85  Nicaragua 8 November 1993[2]
86  Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 November 1993[2]
87  Algeria 12 April 1994[2]
88  Lebanon 8 June 1994[2]
89  Uzbekistan 23 August 1994[2]
90  Angola 30 September 1994[2]
91  Afghanistan 1 December 1994[2]
92  Libya 9 December 1994[2]
93  North Macedonia 27 January 1995[2]
94  Yemen 27 January 1995[2]
95  Cambodia 10 March 1995[2]
96  Serbia 15 March 1995[2]
97  Iceland 17 May 1995[2]
98  Peru 11 August 1995[2]
99  United Arab Emirates 21 December 1995[2]
100  Mozambique 17 January 1996[2]
101  Venezuela 25 April 1996[2]
102  Uruguay 14 May 1996[2]
103  Malta 3 July 1996[8]
104  Bolivia 8 July 1996[2]
105  Jamaica 9 July 1996[2]
106  Saudi Arabia 17 July 1996[2]
107  Andorra 9 October 1996[2]
108  Laos 29 May 1997[2]
109  Qatar 13 June 1997[2]
110  Jordan 19 June 1997[2]
111  Colombia 15 October 1997[2]
112  Ireland 30 September 1999[2]
113  Costa Rica 4 May 2000[2]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 27 June 2000[9]
114  Mauritius 25 June 2001[2]
115  Liechtenstein 14 August 2001[2]
116  Bahrain 7 April 2004[10]
117  Cabo Verde 2 September 2004[10]
118  Mali 27 September 2004[10]
119  Tunisia 27 September 2004[2]
120  San Marino 28 September 2004[10]
121  Brunei 18 October 2006[10]
122  Montenegro 9 March 2007[2]
123  Fiji 7 December 2010[2]
124  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 29 April 2011[2]
125  Paraguay 5 May 2011[2]
126  Monaco 8 September 2011[2]
127  Ecuador 8 November 2011[2]
128  Antigua and Barbuda 18 November 2011[2]
129  Solomon Islands 4 May 2012[10]
130  Maldives 14 May 2012[2]
131  Tuvalu 17 May 2012[10]
132  Mauritania 23 May 2012[2]
133  Dominica 30 May 2012[2]
134  Haiti 7 June 2012[2]
135  Gambia 12 June 2012[10]
136  Samoa 14 June 2012[10]
137  Eswatini 21 March 2013[2]
138  Suriname 5 April 2013[2]
139  Ethiopia 24 June 2013[2]
140  Guyana 12 September 2013[2]
141  El Salvador 24 September 2013[2]
142  Saint Kitts and Nevis 8 September 2017[2]
143  Benin 24 January 2018[2]
144  Cameroon 27 March 2019[2]
145  Grenada 26 June 2019[2]
146  Bahamas 15 November 2019[2]
147  Barbados 10 February 2020[2]
148  Djibouti 9 October 2020[2]
149  Uganda 23 October 2020[2]
150  Saint Lucia 3 March 2021[2]
151  Dominican Republic 30 March 2021[2]
152  Senegal 28 April 2021[2]
153  Palau 6 December 2021[2]
154  Kenya 1 March 2022[10]
155  Belize 3 August 2022[2]
156  Sierra Leone 18 August 2022[2]
157  Trinidad and Tobago 25 May 2023[10]
158  Rwanda 25 January 2024[10]
159  Kiribati 11 September 2024[10]
160  Chad Unknown[11]
161  Equatorial Guinea Unknown[11]
162  Namibia Unknown[11]

Relations with the European Union

[edit]
Main articles: Moldova–European Union relations and Accession of Moldova to the European Union

Moldova aspires to join the European Union[12] and is implementing its first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) of the EU.[13]

As regards energy policy, Moldova was an observer to the treaty establishing Energy Community from the outset (2006). Following its interest in full membership, the European Commission was mandated to carry out negotiations with Moldova in 2007. In December 2009, the Energy Community Ministerial Council decided on the accession, but made it conditional to amendment of Moldova's gas law.[14] Moldova joined the Energy Community as a full-fledged member in March 2010.[15]

Relations with NATO

[edit]
Wörner and Snegur signing PfP on 16 March 1994
Main article: Moldova–NATO relations

NATO relations with Moldova date back to 1992, when the country joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Moldova works alongside NATO allies and partner countries in a wide range of areas through the Partnership for Peace and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.

Relations with post-Soviet states

[edit]

The Moldovan Parliament approved the country's membership in the Commonwealth of Independent States and the CIS charter on economic union in April 1994. Moldova however has never participated in any military aspects of CIS, citing its neutral status.

In 1998, Moldova contributed to the founding of GUAM, a regional cooperation agreement made up of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova. Although the agreement initially included a declaration of mutual defense, Moldova has since declared its disinterest in participating in any GUAM-based mutual defense initiative.

Russia continues to maintain a military presence in the Transnistrian region of Moldova, despite previous agreements with Moldova and within OSCE and CAF to withdraw its troops and ammunition.

Moldova was granted Observer Status in the Russian-led Eurasian Union in April 2017.[16]

Relations with Transnistria

[edit]
Main article: Transnistria

The territory of Moldova includes the separatist Transnistria region. Transnistria had a particularly large non-Moldovan population (about 60%) and broke away from Moldova less than a year after Moldova became independent at the fall of the Soviet Union. The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic controls main part of this region, and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west bank. The international diplomatic situation with respect to the question of Transnistria determines and is determined by Moldova's relations with Russia. Russia, Ukraine, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, EU, and United States are involved at different degrees in the conflict resolution.

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Multilateral

[edit]
Organization Formal Relations Began Notes
 Council of Europe Moldova joined the Council of Europe as a full member on 13 July 1995.
 European Union See Moldova–European Union relations
 NATO See Moldova–NATO relations

Africa

[edit]
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Djibouti 9 October 2020
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 October 2020.
 Egypt 13 February 1992
  • Egypt is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Moldova is accredited to Egypt from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
 Morocco 8 October 1992
  • Morocco is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Moldova is accredited to Morocco from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal.
 South Africa 15 June 1992
  • Moldova does not have an accreditation to South Africa.
  • South Africa is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
 Tunisia 27 September 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2004[17]
  • Tunisia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.

Americas

[edit]
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Argentina 8 March 1993
  • Argentina is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Moldova does not have an accreditation to Argentina.
 Canada 20 February 1992
  • Canada is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Moldova has an embassy in Ottawa.
 Chile 12 May 1993
  • Chile is accredited to Moldova from it embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Moldova does not have an accreditation to Chile.[18]
 Guatemala 6 April 1993
  • Guatemala is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[19]
  • Moldova does not have an accreditation to Guatemala.
 Mexico 14 January 1992
  • Mexico is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Athens, Greece and maintains an honorary consulate in Chișinău.[20]
  • Moldova is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington D.C., United States.[21]
 United States 18 February 1992 See Moldova–United States relations

The United States recognized the independence of Moldova on 25 December 1991, and opened an embassy in its capital, Chișinău, in March 1992. A trade agreement providing reciprocal most-favored-nation tariff treatment became effective in July 1992. An Overseas Private Investment Corporation agreement, which encourages U.S. private investment by providing direct loans and loan guarantees, was signed in June 1992. A bilateral investment treaty was signed in April 1993. A generalized system of preferences status was granted in August 1995, and some Eximbank coverage became available in November 1995.

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry made a visit to Moldova in December 2013 to support the former Soviet republic's pro-Western moves in the face of Russian pressure.

The United States remains committed to the 5+2 format as a means to resolving the Transnistria conflict. The United States supports a comprehensive settlement that affirms Moldova's sovereignty and territorial integrity, while providing a special status for Transnistria.

  • Moldova has an embassy in Washington, D.C..
  • United States has an embassy in Chișinău.

See also: Embassy of the United States to Moldova and Embassy of Moldova, Washington, D.C.

Asia

[edit]
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Armenia 18 July 1992
  • Armenia has an embassy in Chișinău.
  • Moldova is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
  • There are around 7,500 people of Armenian descent living in Moldova.
 Azerbaijan 29 May 1992
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Chișinău.
  • Moldova has an embassy in Baku.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 China 30 January 1992 See China–Moldova relations
  • China has an embassy in Chișinău.
  • Moldova has an embassy in Beijing.
 India 20 March 1993 See India–Moldova relations
  • India is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania
  • Moldova is accredited to India through its embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan.[22]
 Iran 11 May 1992
  • Iran is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
  • Moldova is accredited to Iran from its embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan.
 Israel 22 June 1992 See Israel–Moldova relations
  • Israel is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
  • Moldova has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
 Japan 16 March 1992
  • Japan has an embassy in Chișinău.
  • Moldova has an embassy in Tokyo.
 Kazakhstan 16 September 1992
  • Moldova is accredited to Kazakhstan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Kazakhstan has a consulate-general in Chișinău.
 Kyrgyzstan 30 October 1992
  • Kyrgyzstan is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
  • Moldova is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
 North Korea 30 January 1992
  • Moldova does not have an accreditation to North Korea.
  • North Korea is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
 Qatar 13 June 1997
  • Moldova has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Chișinău
 South Korea 31 January 1992 See Moldova-South Korea relations
 Turkey 3 February 1992 See Moldova–Turkey relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Chișinău.
  • Both countries are full members of BSEC.
  • Speaking in Comrat in August 2018 when referencing the country's allies, President Igor Dodon said "we have friends who are close to Gagauzia, and I believe to Moldova, as well, they are Russia and Turkey."[23]
 Turkmenistan 5 October 1992
  • Moldova is accredited to Turkmenistan from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
  • Turkmenistan is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
 United Arab Emirates 21 December 1995
  • Moldova has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.
  • UAE is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
 Uzbekistan 23 August 1994
  • Moldova is accredited to the Uzbekistan from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
  • Uzbekistan is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
 Vietnam 11 June 1992
  • Moldova is accredited to Vietnam from its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.

Europe

[edit]
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Albania 23 December 1992 See Albania–Moldova relations
 Austria 25 March 1992 See Austria–Moldova relations
 Belarus 19 November 1992 See Belarus–Moldova relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Belarus and Moldova were established on 19 November 1992. That same year, an agreement on friendly relations and cooperation between the two countries was signed.
  • Belarus has an embassy in Chișinău (opened in May 1995).
  • Moldova has an embassy in Minsk (opened in October 1993).
  • The first official Moldovan visit to Minsk was by Petru Lucinschi in June 2000.[24] Nicolae Timofti later visited in October 2013,[25] July 2015[26] and October 2016,[27] and was followed in July 2017 by Igor Dodon.[28]
  • List of Ambassadors of Moldova in Belarus: Nicolae Dudău (1998-2001),[29] Gheorghe Hioară (2010-2017),[30][31] Victor Sorocean (2017–Present)[32]
 Belgium 11 March 1992
  • Belgium is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Moldova has an embassy in Brussels.
 Bulgaria 5 February 1992
 Croatia 28 July 1992
  • Croatia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Moldova is accredited to Croatia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary.
 Cyprus 21 February 1992 See Cyprus–Moldova relations
 Czech Republic 1 June 1992 See Czech Republic–Moldova relations
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Chișinău
  • Moldova has an embassy in Prague.
 Denmark 20 January 1992 See Denmark–Moldova relations
  • Denmark is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Moldova is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
 Estonia 10 November 1992 See Estonia–Moldova relations
 Finland 26 February 1992 See Finland–Moldova relations
  • Finland is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Moldova is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
 France 11 March 1992
  • France has an embassy in Chișinău
  • Moldova has an embassy in Paris.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 Georgia 25 June 1992 See Georgia–Moldova relations
 Germany 30 April 1992 See Germany–Moldova relations
 Greece 27 March 1992 See Greece–Moldova relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Greece and Moldova were established 27 March 1992 after the collapse of the Soviet Union
  • Greece is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
  • Moldova has an embassy in Athens.
 Hungary 16 January 1992
  • Hungary has an embassy in Chișinău.
  • Moldova has an embassy in Budapest.
 Iceland 17 May 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 May 1995.[35]

 Ireland 30 September 1999
 Italy 21 February 1992 See Italy–Moldova relations
 Latvia 1 September 1992
  • Latvia has an embassy in Chișinău.[36]
  • Moldova has an embassy in Riga.
 Lithuania 8 July 1992
 Malta 27 June 2000
  • Malta is accredited to Moldova from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Valletta.
  • Moldova is accredited to Malta from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
 Netherlands 10 July 1993 See Moldova–Netherlands relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy office in Chișinău.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 North Macedonia 27 January 1995 See Moldova–North Macedonia relations
 Poland 14 July 1992 See Moldova–Poland relations
 Portugal 10 February 1993 See Moldova–Portugal relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
 Romania 27 August 1991 See Moldova–Romania relations

Moldova's relations with its western neighbour, Romania, have been stressed since 1994. Today's Moldova (without Transnistria) and parts of the old Bassarabia Governorate currently in Ukraine, were part of Romania during the interwar period (1918–40). Linguists generally agree that the Moldovan language is in fact identical with Romanian.[citation needed] However, Moldovans have been ambivalent about whether they consider themselves Romanians or Moldovans. Early signs that Romania and Moldova might unite after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule quickly faded. Romania remains interested in Moldovan affairs, especially that country's civil conflict with the breakaway republic of Transnistria. However, the two countries have been unable to reach agreement on a basic bilateral treaty; Romania is insistent (against determined Moldovan resistance) that such a treaty would have to refer to Romania and Moldova's 'special relationship'. Beginning in 1994, the two countries enjoyed a visa-free arrangement that ended on 1 January 2007, with Romania's entry into the European Union. This prompted many Moldovan citizens to apply for Romanian citizenship.[37]

  • Moldova has an embassy in Bucharest and a consulate-general in Iași. .
  • Romania has an embassy in Chișinău and consulates-general in Bălți and Cahul.
 Russia 6 April 1992 See Moldova–Russia relations

Relations between Moldova and Russia deteriorated in November 2003 over a Russian proposal for the solution of the Transnistria conflict, which Moldovan authorities refused to accept. In the following election, held in 2005, the Communist party made a formal 180-degree turn and was re-elected on a pro-Western platform,[citation needed] with Voronin being re-elected to a second term as president.

  • Moldova has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Chișinău.
 Serbia 15 March 1995
  • Moldova is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Serbia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Moldova strongly supports Serbia's stance on Kosovo.[38][39]
 Slovenia 27 October 1993 See Moldova–Slovenia relations
  • Moldova is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary.
  • Slovenia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Francophonie.
 Spain 31 January 1992 See Moldova–Spain relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
 Sweden 12 June 1992 See Moldova–Sweden relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Chișinău
  Switzerland 2 September 1992 See Moldova–Switzerland relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in Geneva.
  • Switzerland is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
 Ukraine 10 March 1992 See Moldova–Ukraine relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in Kyiv and a consulate-general in Odesa.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Chișinău and a consulate in Bălți.
 United Kingdom 17 January 1992

Moldova established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 17 January 1992.

  • Moldova maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Moldova through its embassy in Chişinău.[40]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, the International Criminal Court, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[41] and a Strategic Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement.[42]

Oceania

[edit]
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Australia 1 April 1992
  • Australia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Moscow, Russia
  • Moldova does not have an accreditation to Australia.
 New Zealand 11 September 1992
  • Moldova does not have an accreditation to New Zealand.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.

See also

[edit]
[edit]
  • Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the United Nations
    Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the United Nations
  • Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the OSCE
    Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the OSCE

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ejova, Cristina, and Anastasia Eșanu. "Public diplomacy of the European Union and its reflection in the Republic of Moldova." Moldoscopie 92.1 (2021): 43-53.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek "Cooperare bilaterală" (in Romanian). Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  3. ^ "States with Diplomatic Relations". Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  4. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  5. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  6. ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  7. ^ "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  8. ^ "Relaţii politico-diplomatice" (in Romanian). Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  9. ^ "Lista tratelor bilaterale încheiate de catre Republica Moldova" (PDF) (in Romanian). pp. 138–139. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Diplomatic relations between Republic of Moldova and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  11. ^ a b c "Diplomatic List 2019" (PDF). 2019. pp. 57–58. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  12. ^ Moldova will prove that it can and has chances to become EU member Archived 30 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Moldpress News Agency, 19 June 2007
  13. ^ Moldova-EU Action Plan Approved by European Commission Archived 4 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, 14 December 2004. Retrieved 2 July 2007
  14. ^ Energy Community Ministerial Council Conclusions, Dec 2009[permanent dead link‍].
  15. ^ "Accession Protocol of Republic of Moldova to the Energy Community" (PDF). Retrieved 20 February 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  16. ^ "Moldova granted observer status in Eurasian Union". 19 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  17. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Tunisia and Republic of Moldova as of 27 Sept. 2004". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  18. ^ "Informativo de Visas Diplomáticas y Oficiales" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  19. ^ "Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala". Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  20. ^ Bilateral relations between Mexico and Moldova (in Spanish)
  21. ^ "Embassy of Moldova in the United States". Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  22. ^ "| Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Moldova". Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  23. ^ Dodon Denounces Romania Reunification Idea In Rare Visit To Gagauzia Archived 16 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine rferl.org 20 August 2017
  24. ^ "Alexander Lukashenka visited Chisinau in August 1995 and received his Moldovan counterpart Petru Lucinschi in Minsk in June 2000". 17 July 2017. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
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[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Baltag, Dorina. "EU external representation post-Lisbon: the performance of EU diplomacy in Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine." The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 13.1 (2018): 75-96. online
  • Baltag, Dorina. "Practice and performance: EU diplomacy in Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus after the inauguration of the European External Action Service, 2010–2015" (Diss. Loughborough University, 2018.) online
  • Cozma, Artur. "The Diplomacy of the Republic of Moldova during 1944-2001." (2007). online Archived 9 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  • Del Medico, Nicola. "A Black Knight in the Eastern Neighbourhood? Russia and EU Democracy Promotion in Armenia and Moldova." (EU Diplomacy Paper No. 7) (2014). online
  • Ejova, Cristina, and Anastasia Eșanu. "Public diplomacy of the European Union and its reflection in the Republic of Moldova." Moldoscopie 92.1 (2021): 43-53. online
  • Löwenhardt, John. "The OSCE, Moldova and Russian diplomacy in 2003." Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 20.4 (2004): 103-112.
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