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Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Democratic Republic of Congo (abbreviated as DRC) formerly known as Zaire is a country located in central Africa. Its the second largest country in Africa and 11th in the world.

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Its location in the center of Africa has made the Democratic Republic of the Congo (at one time known as Zaire) a key player in the region since independence. Because of its size, mineral wealth, and strategic location, Zaire was able to capitalize on Cold War tensions to garner support from the West. In the early 1990s, however, with the end of the Cold War and in the face of growing evidence of human rights abuses, Western support waned as pressure for internal reform increased.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is in the grip of a civil war that has drawn in military forces from neighboring states, with Ugandan, Burundian, and Rwandan forces helping the rebel movement which occupies much of the eastern portion of the state.

One problem is the continuing theft of mineral resources, such as coltan, by occupying forces. One estimate has the Rwandan army making $350 million in 48 months from the sale of coltan, even though Rwanda has no coltan deposits[citation needed]. Not only can the DRC not make any money from its mineral wealth, due to its inability to tax anything in rebel-held areas, but the wealth is also used itself to finance insurgent activities.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo's President Félix Tshisekedi with Israeli President Isaac Herzog in Jerusalem, Israel, October 2021
Tshisekedi, French President Emmanuel Macron and European Commissioner Jutta Urpilainen in Kinshasa, 4 March 2023

Troops from Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia, Chad, and Sudan support the Kinshasa regime.

Furthermore, relations with surrounding countries have often been driven by security concerns. Intricate and interlocking alliances have often characterized regional relations. Conflicts in Sudan, Uganda, Angola, Rwanda, and Burundi have at various times created bilateral and regional tensions. The current crisis in DRC has its roots both in the use of The Congo as a base by various insurgency groups attacking neighboring countries and in the absence of a broad-based political system in the Congo.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the U.S.-military (as covered under Article 98).

Disputes – international

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo is in the grip of a civil war that has drawn in military forces from neighboring states, with Uganda and Rwanda supporting the rebel movements that occupy much of the eastern portion of the state – Tutsi, Hutu, Lendu, Hema and other conflicting ethnic groups, political rebels, and various government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda – heads of the Great Lakes states pledge to end conflict, but localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; most of the Congo River boundary with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite (no agreement has been reached on the division of the river or its islands, except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area).

On December 19, 2005, the International Court of Justice found against Uganda, in a case brought by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for illegal invasion of its territory, and violation of human rights.

Illicit drugs

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The DRC has some illicit production of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption. While rampant corruption and inadequate supervision leaves the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of Countries which the Democratic Republic of the Congo maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  Czech Republic 30 June 1960[1]
2  Egypt 30 June 1960[2]
3  France 30 June 1960[3]
4  Germany 30 June 1960[4][5]
5  Israel 30 June 1960[6]
6  Japan 30 June 1960[7]
7  Liberia 30 June 1960[8]
8  Poland 30 June 1960[9]
9  United States 30 June 1960[10]
10  Ghana 1 July 1960[11]
11  Belgium 2 July 1960[12]
12  Portugal 7 July 1960[13]
13  Russia 7 July 1960[14]
14  United Kingdom 7 July 1960[15]
15  Italy 21 July 1960[16]
16  Netherlands 25 July 1960[17]
17  Sudan 9 August 1960[18]
18  India August 1960[19]
19  Ivory Coast 1960[20]
20  Tunisia 1960[21]
21  Bulgaria 22 February 1961[22]
22  Vietnam 13 April 1961[23]
23  Mali 23 November 1961[24][25]
24  Benin 1961[26]
25  Serbia 1961[27]
26  Canada 12 June 1962[28]
27  Denmark 1 August 1962[29]
28   Switzerland 12 October 1962[30]
29  Sweden 1962[31]
30  Uganda 4 March 1963[32]
31  South Korea 1 April 1963[33]
32  Indonesia 6 September 1963[34]
33  Algeria 1963[35]
34  Burundi 1963[36]
35  Ethiopia 1963[37]
36  Nigeria 1963[38]
37  Tanzania 30 May 1964[39]
38  Zambia 24 October 1964[40]
39  Spain 3 November 1964[41]
40  Cameroon 29 June 1965[42]
41  Luxembourg 7 September 1965[43]
42  Republic of the Congo 5 November 1965[44][45]
43  Central African Republic February 1966[46]
44  Guinea 1966[47]
45  Kenya 1966[48]
46  Greece 15 June 1966[49]
47  Romania 14 October 1966[50]
48  Brazil 21 June 1968[51]
49  Morocco 27 September 1968[52]
50  Thailand 14 February 1969[53]
51  Rwanda February 1969[54]
52  Chad 2 April 1969[55]
53  Libya June 1969[56]
54  Norway 27 September 1969[57]
55  Niger 1969[58]
56  Gabon 28 January 1970[59]
57  Finland 3 April 1970[60]
58  Togo 14 July 1970[61]
59  Chile 31 March 1972[62]
60  Mauritania May 1972[63]
61  Lebanon June 1972[64]
62  Austria 24 July 1972[65]
63  Argentina 4 October 1972[66]
64  Cambodia 5 October 1972[67]
65  China 24 November 1972[68]
66  North Korea 12 December 1972[69]
67  Somalia 28 January 1973[70]
68  Iran 11 February 1973[71]
69  Hungary 16 June 1973[72]
70  Saudi Arabia 13 September 1973[73]
71  Cuba 11 April 1974[74]
72  Guinea Bissau 19 July 1974[75]
73  Madagascar 26 July 1974[76]
74  Sierra Leone 20 January 1975[77]
75  Mongolia 4 February 1975[78]
76  Mexico 31 July 1975[79]
77  Peru 3 August 1975[80]
78  Turkey 22 October 1975[81]
79  Mauritius 19 June 1976[82]
80  Mozambique 30 July 1976[83]
—  Holy See 31 January 1977[84]
81  Sri Lanka 13 May 1978[85]
82  Eswatini June 1978[86]
83  Angola 29 July 1978[87]
84  Oman 1978[88]
85  Seychelles 1978[89]
86  Ecuador 29 February 1980[90]
87  Bahrain 3 June 1980[91]
88  Lesotho 6 November 1980[92]
89  Malawi November 1980[93][94]
90  Zimbabwe 1980[95]
91  Gambia 7 January 1981[96]
92  Singapore 23 March 1984[97]
93  Uruguay 31 April 1984[98]
94  San Marino 14 May 1984[99]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1984[100]
95  Haiti 1 October 1986[101]
96  Nicaragua 16 April 1987[102]
97  Namibia 4 October 1990[103]
98  Kuwait 27 November 1990[104]
99  South Africa 30 September 1992[105]
100  Slovakia 18 February 1993[106]
101  Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 March 1995[107]
102  Malaysia 1997[108]
103  Ukraine 13 April 1999[109]
104  North Macedonia 27 September 1999[110]
105  Philippines 9 January 2000[111]
106  Ireland 2000[112]
107  Jordan 16 September 2002[113]
108  Venezuela 3 May 2005[114]
109    Nepal 22 September 2006[115]
110  Iceland 23 February 2007[116]
111  Dominican Republic 26 September 2007[117]
112  Croatia 19 October 2007[118]
113  Montenegro 22 September 2010[119]
114  Belarus 16 November 2010[120]
115  Georgia 14 January 2011[121]
116  Latvia 14 January 2011[122]
117  Slovenia 25 February 2011[123]
118  Azerbaijan 23 September 2011[124]
119  Australia 2011[125]
120  South Sudan 4 March 2013[126]
121  Cape Verde 14 May 2014[127]
122  Armenia 11 October 2015[128]
123  United Arab Emirates 1 November 2017[129]
124  Estonia 3 July 2018[130]
125  Monaco 5 July 2018[131]
126  Qatar 6 November 2019[132]
127  Botswana 9 February 2023
128  Djibouti 19 October 2023[133]
129  Bangladesh Unknown
130  Burkina Faso Unknown
131  Comoros Unknown
132  Cyprus Unknown
133  Equatorial Guinea Unknown
134  Iraq Unknown
135  Pakistan Unknown
136  Senegal Unknown
137  Trinidad and Tobago Unknown

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria
 Angola 29 July 1978 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1978[87]

See Angola–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

  • Angola has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Luanda.
 Benin 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1961 when has been accredited Mr. Paul Fabo as Charge d'Affaires of Dahomey to Leopoldville (Kinshasa) (1961-1963) and later ambassador to DRC (Zaire) (1963-1973).[26]
 Burundi
  • Burundi has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Bujumbura.
 Central African Republic
  • CAR has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Bangui.
 Chad
  • Chad has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in N'Djamena and a consulate in Moundou.
 Côte d'Ivoire
  • Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Abidjan.
 Egypt 30 June 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960[2]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Republic of the Congo See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Republic of the Congo relations
  • Congo has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Brazzaville.
 Kenya See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Kenya relations
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Nairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Namibia 4 October 1990 See Democratic Republic of the Congo-Namibia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 October 1990.[103]

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Windhoek.
  • Namibia has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Nigeria
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Rwanda
Main article: Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations

Rwandan President Paul Kagame met with the Democratic Republic of the Congo's President Joseph Kabila in Goma on 6 August 2009.[134] It was the first presidential meeting between the two countries for 13 years,[135] with the two countries having come to a disagreement in 1996 following an invasion by Rwanda into eastern Congo, a disagreement which was renewed in 1998 after a further invasion.[134] The pair of presidents spent more than two hours in the company of each other and "reviewed all issues of common interest".[134] Kabila referred to it as "the first giant step forward" in what was referred to as an "all new era".[135] One month previous to the meeting both countries had appointed ambassadors to each other's capitals.[134][135]

In August 2013, Rwanda accused Congolese forces of persistently shelling Congo's territory after a flare-up of fighting in the eastern Congo.[136]

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Kigali.
  • Rwanda has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Senegal
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 South Africa 30 September 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1992[105]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Kinshasa and a consulate-general in Lubumbashi.
 Tanzania 30 May 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 1964 when Andrew Tibandebage is appointed as Ambassador of Tanganyika to Congo (Leopoldville)[39]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Dar es Salaam and a consulate-general in Kigoma.
  • Tanzania has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Togo 14 July 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 1970 when Congo-Kinshasa's first Ambassador to Togo, Mr. Kondo Belan, presented his credentials to Head of State Etienne Eyadema.[61]
 Uganda 4 March 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1963[32]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Kampala.
  • Uganda has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Zambia 24 October 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on Zambia's independence 24 October 1964, when Democratic Republic of the Congo has raised its consulate-general in Lusaka to embassy level, and consul Mabita has been promoted to chargé d'affaires[40]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has an embassy in Kinshasa.

Americas

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 4 October 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 October 1972[66]
  • Argentina is accredited to the DR Congo from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
 Brazil 21 June 1968 See Brazil–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1968[51]

  • Brazil has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Brasilia.
 Canada 12 June 1962 See Canada–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 June 1962[28] Canada and the D.R. Congo share full membership in Francophonie. Canada was the D.R. Congo's ninth-largest country donor of official development assistance over 1960–2009, disbursing a total of US$0.89 billion in constant 2008 US dollars, or 2.4% of DRC's total bilateral aid receipts.[137] In 2009, Cdn.$3.3 billion in assets were held by thirteen large-scale and junior Canadian mining companies in the DRC, a ten-fold increase from 2001.[138]

  • Canada has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Ottawa.
 Cuba 11 April 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 April 1974[74]
  • Cuba has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Havana.
 Mexico 31 July 1975 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Mexico relations

Both nations established diplomatic relations on 31 July 1975[79]

  • DR Congo does not have an accreditation to Mexico.
  • Mexico is accredited to DR Congo from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[139]
 United States 30 June 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo-United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960[10]

The United States appointed its current ambassador to the D.R.C. in 2007. The D.R.C. appointed its current ambassador to the United States in 2000. The Congo has been on the State Department's travel advisory list since 1977.

 Uruguay 31 April 1984

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 April 1984[98]

In December 2021, President Luis Lacalle Pou paid a visit to Bukavu and Goma and visited with Uruguayan soldiers stationed there as part of MONUSCO in Eastern DR Congo.[142]

  • DR Congo is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Uruguay is accredited to the DR Congo from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.

Asia

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Azerbaijan 23 September 2011 See Azerbaijan-Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 2011[143]

 China 24 November 1972 See China-Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 November 1972[68]

China is a large investor in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, primarily in the secondary (manufacturing) and primary (resource extraction) markets.

  • China has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Beijing.
 India August 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in August 1960 when India had decided to open an embassy in Leopoldville (Kinshasa).[19]

 Israel
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
  • Israel has a Honorary Consulate in Kinshasa.
 Japan 30 June 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960[7]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Lebanon
  • DR Congo is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 South Korea 1 April 1963

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1963[33]

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Seoul.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Turkey 22 October 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 October 1975[81]

Europe

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Belgium 2 July 1960 See Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 July 1960 when establishment of the Belgian diplomatic mission in Leopoldville and Jean Van den Bosch becomes the Belgian ambassador.[12]

 France 30 June 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960[3]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Paris.
  • France has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Germany 30 June 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Germany relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960[4]

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Greece 15 June 1966 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Greece relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1966 when Ambassador of Democratic Republic of Congo to Greece M. Joseph Kahamba, presented his credentials to King Constantin.[49]

Both countries are full members of Francophonie. In July 2009, the Greek government pledged US$500,000 through the UN High Commissioner for Refugees for humanitarian assistance to Congo.[149]

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Athens.
  • Greece has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Italy 21 July 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1960 when accredited first Ambassador of Italy to Congo (Leopoldville) Mr. Pietro Franca[16]

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Netherlands 25 July 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1960[17]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Norway 27 September 1969 See [[Democratic Republic of the Congo–Norway relatio

ns]] Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1969[57]

  • DR Congo is accredited to Norway from its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
  • Norway is accredited to the DR Congo from its embassy in Luanda, Angola.
 Poland 30 June 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960[9]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland is accredited to the DR Congo from its embassy in Luanda, Angola.
 Portugal 7 July 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1960[13]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Russia 7 July 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1960[14]

 Serbia 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1961[27]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Spain 3 November 1964 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1964[41]

  • DR Congo has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Sweden 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962[31]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 United Kingdom 7 July 1960 See Democratic Republic of the Congo–United Kingdom relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1960 when Mr. Ian Dixon Scott, Consul-General of United Kingdom in Leopoldville has been appointed as the first British Ambassador to the Congo-Leopoldville.[15]

  • DR Congo has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Kinshasa.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Pavol Petruf. "Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (vybrané udalosti a fakty v dátumoch)" (PDF) (in Slovak). p. 105. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  2. ^ a b Yitzhak Oron (1960). Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 Volume 1. Published for The Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited. p. 27. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs, envoyes extraordinaires, ministres plenipotentiaires et charges d'affaires de France a l'etranger depuis 1945" (PDF). diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). p. 18/86. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  4. ^ a b "The Embassy of Democratic Republic of the Congo in Berlin". Berlin Global. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  5. ^ "Kongo (Demokratische Republik Kongo): Beziehungen zu Deutschland" (PDF). zvei.org (in German). 7 February 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  6. ^ Israel Government Year Book. Central Office of Information, Prime Minister's Office. 1960. p. 222. Independence once declared on 30 June, an embassy was established with Mr. Ehud Avriel as the first Ambassador.
  7. ^ a b "Japan-Democratic Republic of the Congo Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  8. ^ "Rapport de stage effectué au Ministère des Affaires Etrangères à Kinshasa". Memoire online (in French). Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  9. ^ a b "Demokratyczna Republika Konga". gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  10. ^ a b "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Democratic Republic of the Congo". history.state.gov. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  11. ^ W. Scott Thompson (1969). Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966; diplomacy, ideology, and the new state. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press. p. 445.
  12. ^ a b "CHRONOLOGIE GÉNÉRALE" (PDF) (in French and Dutch). p. 879. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  13. ^ a b "República Democrática do Congo". Portal Diplomatico (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  14. ^ a b "July 7 marks 61 years since our country established diplomatic relations with the Democratic Republic of the Congo". Russian Foreign Ministry - МИД России. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  15. ^ a b East Africa and Rhodesia - Volume 36. Africana. 1960. p. 1070.
  16. ^ a b Relazioni internazionali, Volume 26 (in Italian). Istituto per gli studi di politica internazionale. 1962. p. 758.
  17. ^ a b "Pragmatische koloniale bondgenoten" (PDF). studenttheses.uu.nl (in Dutch). p. 24. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  18. ^ Yitzhak Oron (1960). Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 Volume 1. Published for The Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited. p. 34.
  19. ^ a b Mohammed Mahafoozur Rahman (1969). The Politics of Non-alignment. Associated Publishing House. p. 195.
  20. ^ "Rapport de stage effectué au Ministère des Affaires Etrangères à Kinshasa". Memoire online (in French). Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  21. ^ "Rapport de stage effectué au Ministère des Affaires Etrangères à Kinshasa". Memoire Online (in French). Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  22. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on August 26, 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  23. ^ "Democratic Republic of Congo". vietnam.gov.vn. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  24. ^ Études congolaises Volume 2 (in French). Institut politique congolais. 1962. p. 55. 23 novembre ... - M. Alioune Diakite, ambassadeur du Mali, présente ses lettres de créan- ces au Président Kasa - Vubu.
  25. ^ Congo (in French). Centre de recherche et d'information socio-politiques. 1961. p. 624. 23 novembre ... Alioune Diakite, ambassadeur du Mali, présente ses lettres de créance au président Kasa - Vubu .
  26. ^ a b Mathurin C. Houngnikpo, Samuel Decalo (2013). Historical Dictionary of Benin. Scarecrow Press. p. 161.
  27. ^ a b "Congo, Democratic Republic". Republic of Serbia Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  28. ^ a b "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
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  30. ^ "Schweizerische Botschaft in Kinshasa (1962...)". dodis.ch (in German). Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  31. ^ a b "Sveriges statskalender / 1963 / Kongo (förutvarande Belgiska Kongo)" (in Swedish). p. 305. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  32. ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 43-44. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1963. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  33. ^ a b "DR Congo". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
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  35. ^ "Rapport de stage effectué au Ministère des Affaires Etrangères à Kinshasa". Memoire Online (in French). Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  36. ^ Europe, France outremer Issues 405-416 (in French). 1963. p. 51. Congo ( Léopoldville ) : Ambassadeur : M. Gilles Bimazubute
  37. ^ Études congolaises Volume 4 (in French). Institut politiques congolais and Center de recheret d'information socio-politiques. 1963. p. 61. Arrivée à Léopoldville du premier ambassadeur d'Ethiopie, le major-général Jacob Guebre Lioul
  38. ^ "Nigeria embassy in Democratic Republic of Congo". Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  39. ^ a b Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Press. 1999. p. 576.
  40. ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 211-212. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964. p. 4. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  41. ^ a b "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol" (in Spanish). p. 307. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
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  43. ^ "Bulletin de documentation_1965_12" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 29. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  44. ^ Documents diplomatiques français (in French). P.I.E.-Peter Lang. 17 February 2006. p. 66. ... Le 5 novembre, un communiqué des ministres des Affaires étrangères, réunis à Brazzaville, annonce que les deux pays ont décidé l'établissement de relations diplomatiques au niveau d'ambassade.
  45. ^ Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens Volume 21 (in French). 1965. p. 2890. Des relations diplomatiques vont être établies avec Léopoldville
  46. ^ "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1967. Выпуск одиннадцатый Часть II. Зарубежные государства, несамоуправляющиеся территории и колонии. Стр. 387-428" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 406. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  47. ^ "Rapport de stage effectué au Ministère des Affaires Etrangères à Kinshasa: Guinee". Memoire Online (in French). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  48. ^ Documents Diplomatiques Français 1966 - Tome II (1er Juin - 31 Décembre) (in French). P.I.E. - Peter Lang SA Éditions Scientifiques Internationales. 24 November 2006. p. 882.
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