Categories
  Encyclosphere.org ENCYCLOREADER
  supported by EncyclosphereKSF

Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 34 min

Politics of the SADR
Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Politics
Administrative divisions
Elections
Foreign relations

The foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) are conducted by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of representation offices and embassies in foreign countries.

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) is the government in exile claiming sovereignty of the former Spanish colony of Western Sahara. The Polisario Front, the national liberation movement that administers the SADR, currently controls the area that it calls the Liberated Territories, a strip of Western Sahara territory east of the Moroccan Wall. It also administers the Sahrawi refugee camps at Tindouf, Algeria, where its headquarters are. It has conducted diplomatic relations with states and international organisations since its inception in 1976. In 1966, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 22/29 affirmed for the first time the Sahrawi right on self-determination. In 1979, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37 reaffirmed again the right of the Western Sahara people to self-determination and independence, recognising also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people.

Since the country is not widely recognised, the government has asked Independent Diplomat to serve its interests.[1]

Recognition

[edit]

As of September 2022, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has been recognized by 84 UN member states. Of these, 38 have "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition for a number of reasons. Several states that do not recognise the Sahrawi Republic nonetheless recognize the Polisario Front as the legitimate representative of the population of the Western Sahara, but not as the government-in-exile for a sovereign state. [citation needed] The republic has been a full member of the African Union (AU), formerly the Organization of African Unity (OAU), since 1984. Morocco withdrew from the OAU in protest and remained the only African nation not within the AU between South Africa's admittance in 1994 and (re-)joining the African Union in 2017. The SADR also participates as guest on meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement[2][3] or the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership,[4][5] over Moroccan objections to SADR participation.[6] On the other hand, upholding Moroccan "territorial integrity" is favoured by the Arab League.[7][8]

Besides Algeria, Mexico, Iran, Venezuela, Vietnam, Nigeria, and South Africa, India was the major middle power to have ever recognised SADR and maintained full diplomatic relations, having allowed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open an embassy in New Delhi in 1985. However, India "withdrew" its recognition in 2000.[9]

As with any fluid political situation, diplomatic recognitions of either party's rights are subject to frequent and sometimes unannounced change.

Bilateral relations

[edit]
Memorandum of understanding between Ecuador and SADR, in Quito, July 2012

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has, since its proclamation established diplomatic relations with a number of states, mainly in Africa and Latin America, which have recognised its independence. In connection with the "freezing", "withdrawing" and resuming of recognition, similar changes have occurred at the level of diplomatic relations. SADR has stable and developed relationships with states such as Algeria and South Africa.

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is represented abroad by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of missions and embassies. Some states that have recognised the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic have elevated the Polisario representation in their country to the status of SADR embassy. The Polisario Front maintains also a network of representations on countries that do not recognized the SADR as a sovereign country, mainly in Europe, with some of them having relations with the host country governments. Representation of foreign countries to the SADR is performed by embassies located abroad, mainly in Algiers, due to the Western Sahara conflict and the settlement of the Sahrawi refugee camps in south-western Algeria. Strong support of Sahrawi cause from some countries is demonstrated by foreign delegation's visits in Liberated Territories of Western Sahara.[note 1][note 2]

Current diplomatic relations

[edit]
Current relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)
  SADR, as claimed
  Diplomatic relations and recognition of SADR
  Recognition of SADR only

A total of 36 states presently maintain diplomatic relations with the SADR. Of these, 28 have continuously maintained relations with SADR without any interruptions. As of 6 August 2018, Botswana is the most recent nation to have formally established diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Eight states have frozen or canceled relations with the SADR in the past, but later resumed them. As of 20 September 2022, South Sudan is the most recent nation that reestablished diplomatic relations with SADR.

# State Relations established Sahrawi mission Mission to Sahrawi Republic Notes
1  Algeria 6 March 1976[13] Embassy (Algiers)[14] — AU, Arab League, OIC; Algeria–SADR relations
2  Angola Yes[when?] Embassy (Luanda)[15] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers) AU
3  Belize 18 November 1986[16] Embassy, non-resident (Managua)[17] — —
4  Bolivia 14 November 1982[18] Embassy, non-resident (Caracas)[19] — Relations were suspended from 20 January 2020[20] to 16 September 2021.[18]
5  Botswana 6 August 2018[21] Embassy (Gaborone)[22] Embassy, non-resident (Addis Ababa)[23] AU
6  Cambodia 1980s[24] — —
7  Colombia 27 February 1984[25] — — Relations were frozen from 20 December 2000[26][27] to 10 August 2022.[28]
8  Cuba 21 January 1980[29] Embassy (Havana)[30] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[31] Cuba–SADR relations
9  East Timor 20 May 2002[32] Embassy (Dili)[33] — East Timor–SADR relations
10  Ethiopia Yes[when?] Embassy (Addis Ababa)[34] Embassy, non-resident (Rome)[35] AU
11  Ghana 24 August 1979[36] Embassy (Accra)[37][38] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers) AU
12  Honduras 5 June 2013[39][40] — — —
13  Kenya 25 June 2005[41] Embassy (Nairobi)[42][43] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[44] AU; Relations were frozen from 18 October 2006[45] to 6 February 2014 or shorter;[42] Kenya–SADR relations
Further details
On 2 December 2013 Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya Justin Muturi announced the opening of SADR embassy in Nairobi soon.[46][47] On 11 December 2013 Sahrawi president Mohamed Abdelaziz officially visited Kenya for Independence Day celebrations.[48][49] On 6 February 2014 Sahrawi embassy was open.[42]
14  Laos 3 August 1987[50] Embassy, non-resident (New Delhi) — —
15  Lesotho Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Pretoria) Embassy, non-resident (Kuwait City)[51] AU
16  Mauritius 1983[52][when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)[53] — AU; Relations are cancelled since 17 January 2014[54] to 23 November 2015.[55]
17  Mexico 24 September 1979[56] Embassy (Mexico City)[57] Embassy, non-resident (New York City)[58] Mexico–SADR relations
18  Mozambique 26 September 1984[59] Embassy (Maputo)[60] — AU, OIC
19  Namibia 21 May 1991[61] Embassy, non-resident (Luanda)[62] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[10] AU
20  Nicaragua 10 March 1989[63] Embassy (Managua)[64] Embassy, non-resident (New York City)[65] Relations were frozen from 21 July 2000 to 12 January 2007.[66]
21  Nigeria 11 November 1984[67] Embassy (Abuja)[68][69] Embassy, non resident (Algiers)[70] AU, OIC; Nigeria–SADR relations
22  North Korea 16 March 1976[71] — — —
23  Panama 1 June 1979[72] Embassy (Panama City)[73] — Relations were suspended from 20 November 2013[74] to 7 January 2016;[75] Panama–SADR relations
24  Rwanda Yes[when?] Embassy, non resident (Kampala)[76] — AU
25  Sierra Leone Yes[77][when?] — — AU, OIC
26  South Africa 15 September 2004[78] Embassy (Pretoria)[79] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[80] AU; SADR–South Africa relations
27  South Sudan 9 July 2011[81] Embassy, non-resident (Addis Ababa)[82] — AU; Relations were cancelled from 30 September 2018[83] to 20 September 2022.[84]
28  Tanzania Yes[when?] Embassy (Dar es Salaam) — AU
29  Uganda 27 July 2007[85] Embassy (Kampala)[86] Embassy, non-resident (Tripoli)[87] AU, OIC
30  Uruguay 26 December 2005[88] Embassy (Montevideo)[89] — —
31  Vanuatu 31 July 2008[90] Embassy, non-resident (Dili) — —
32  Venezuela December 1982[91] Embassy (Caracas) Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[92] SADR–Venezuela relations
33  Vietnam 2 March 1979[93] — Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[94] —
34  Zimbabwe 3 June 1980[95] Embassy (Harare)[96][97][98] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[11] AU

Former diplomatic relations

[edit]
Former relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)
  SADR, as claimed
  Diplomatic relations[note 3] and recognition[note 4] of SADR in the past
  Recognition[note 4] of SADR in the past only

A total of 16 states or more[note 3] maintained official diplomatic relations with the SADR in the past; they are currently suspended, frozen or cancelled. As of 12 March 2020, Liberia is the most recent nation to formally cancel diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

# State Relations established Former Sahrawi mission[note 5][note 6] Former mission to Sahrawi Republic[note 5] Notes
1  Burundi Yes[when?] — — AU; Relations were frozen from 5 May 2006 to 16 June 2008,[101] they are cancelled since 25 October 2010.[102][103]
2  Cape Verde 30 September 1980[104] — — AU; Relations are frozen from 27 July 2007.[105][106]
3  Chad 4 July 1980[107][108] — — AU; Relations are suspended from 17 March 2006.[109]
Further details
On 10 July 2007 Prime Minister of Chad Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye received Sahrawi Foreign Minister Mohamed Salem Ould Salek. According to the communiqué, dated 17 July 2007 both parties decided to raise their diplomatic relations to ambassadorial level. 20 July was published Chadian objection to ignore protocol in Alwihda article where was written about Prime Minister signature of relations agreement. On the same place of Governmental web was published full text of comminiqué from 17 July 2007. It shows that Chadian objection to Alwihda article was mistakenly interpreted as a denial of diplomatic relations as such.[108] On 11 August 2018 Sahrawi President expressed appreciation for the steadfast position of Chad in supporting the Sahrawi people's right to freedom and independence.[110] In 2020, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chad reiterated that Chad has severed any relationship with SADR since 2006.[111]
4  Costa Rica Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Panama City)[112] — Relations are frozen from 22 April 2000.[112][113][114]
5  Ecuador 14 November 1983[115] Embassy (Quito)[116][117] Embassy, non-resident (New York City)[118] Relations were suspended from 22 October 2024[115][119]
6  El Salvador 1989[120][when?] Embassy, non-resident (Managua)[121] Embassy, non-resident (New York City) Relations were cancelled from April 1997[26] to 6 June 2009 at the latest.[122] They were cancelled again on 15 June 2019.[123]
7  Guyana 28 September 2012[124][125] Embassy, non-resident (Caracas)[126][127][128][129] — OIC; Relations are cancelled since 14 November 2020.[130]
8  Guinea-Bissau Yes[when?] Embassy (Bissau)[26] — AU, OIC; Relations are cancelled since 30 March 2010.[131]
9  Haiti 22 November 2006[132] Embassy (Port-au-Prince) — Relations are cancelled since 2 October 2013.[133]
10  India 1985[134] Embassy (New Delhi)[135] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[136] Relations are cancelled since 26 June 2000.[9]
11  Liberia 30 October 2012 or before[137] Embassy, non-resident[137][where?] — AU; Relations were suspended after Liberia opened a consulate in Dakhla, which is controlled by Morocco.[138]
12  Madagascar 29 January 1978[139] Embassy (Antananarivo)[135] — AU; Relations are frozen from 6 April 2005.[140][141]
13  Malawi 24 March 2002[142][143] Embassy, non-resident (Nairobi)[144][145][146] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[147] AU; Relations were cancelled from 27 December 2002[148] to 1 February 2008[149] and from 16 September 2008[150][151] to 6 March 2014 or shorter.[144] They were cancelled again from 5 May 2017.[152]
Further details
In the past, Malawi had non-resident embassy (Cairo) in the SADR,[153] later this embassy was not accredited to Sahrawi Republic.[154]
On 15 February 2012 SADR minister in charge of Africa was received by foreign minister of Malawi,[155] on 6 March 2014 SADR ambassador presented credentials to president of Malawi.[144]
In 2014, Malawi embassy in Cairo was accredited to the SADR again.[147]
14  Paraguay 9 February 2000[156][157] Embassy, non-resident (Montevideo)[158] — Relations were frozen from 25 July 2000 to 12 August 2008,[159] they are suspended from 3 January 2014.[160][161]
15  Peru 5 May 1987[162] Embassy (Lima) —
Main article: Peru–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations

Relations were frozen from 9 September 1996[163] to 8 September 2021;[164] suspended in September 2023.[165]

16  St. Vincent and the Grenadines 14 February 2002[166] Embassy, non-resident (Tindouf)[167][168] — Relations are frozen from 15 February 2013.[169]
17  Seychelles Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Antananarivo,[170] then Algiers)[171] — AU; Relations are cancelled since 17 March 2008.[172]
18  Zambia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)[173][174] — AU; Relations were cancelled from 29 March 2011.[175][176] to 21 November 2012.[177] Relations were cancelled again on 25 February 2017.[178]
Further details
According to Zambian sources, Foreign Minister Kabinga Pande received a bribe from Morocco for the MMD's 2011 election campaign and his personal re-election campaign in exchange for the "withdrawal" of recognition of the SADR.[179]
In July 2012 it was published, that the Michael Sata Government is in the process of recognising again the SADR as a sovereign state, as well as restoring the diplomatic relations.[180][181] Early 2020 Zambian opened a consulates general in Laayoune.[182]

Relations with international organisations

[edit]

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic holds either 'member' or 'observer' status in several international organisations. It participates in the activities of organisations that have formalised its membership, as well as in activities of other organizations as a guest participant. The SADR is usually represented by a Government or national organisations such as the Sahrawi Trade Union.

International Organisation Status Representation Application date Admission date Notes
African Union (AU; formerly Organization for African Unity) member Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 23 June 1980[183] 31 August 1981[184] SADR representative is Vice President of the Pan-African Parliament (PAP) from May 2015.[185]
Committee of Intelligence and Security Services of Africa member[186][187] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
International Coalition against Enforced Disappearances member[188] Association of the Families of Sahrawi Prisoners and Disappeared (AFAPREDESA)
International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY) member Sahrawi Youth Union (UJSARIO) UJSARIO representative was one of IUSY Vice Presidents for 2012–2014.[189]
Pan African Lawyers Union (PALU) member[190][191] Sahrawi Lawyers’ Union
Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) member National Union of Sahrawi Women (UNMS)
World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) member[192] Sahrawi Youth Union
World Federation of Trade Unions member Sahrawi Trade Union (UGTSARIO) 28 March 2000[193]
Non-member status
African Union–European Union Summit participant Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in all AU-EU Summits. In 2017, SADR participated on 5th Summit in Abidjan, Morocco's attempts to exclude SADR was thwarted.[194][195]
Andean Community of Nations Andean Community of Nations observer[note 7] Sahrawi National Council September 2011[196] 26 October 2011[197]
Central American Parliament (PARLACEN) participant[note 8] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in the opening conference of the PARLACEN, July 2010.[198]
Ibero-American Summit participant[note 8] Polisario Front — — Polisario Front participated in 22nd Ibero-American Summit in Cádiz, November 2012.[199]
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies observer[200] Sahrawi Red Crescent April 1977[201]
New Asian–African Strategic Partnership (NAASP) participant[note 9] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in first senior officials meeting of the NAASP in Durban, September 2006.[4][202]
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) guest[note 10] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated as guest in 16th Summit of NAM in Tehran, August 2012.
Permanent Conference of Political Parties of the Latin American and the Caribbean
(COPPPAL) 		participant[note 8] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in COPPPAL meeting in Managua, September 2006.[203]
SADR delegation participated in meeting of COPPPAL and ICAPP in Mexico City, October 2012.[204]
Progressive Alliance Progressive Alliance participant[205] Polisario Front — —
Socialist International consultative member Polisario Front 30 June 2008[206] Admitted as observer member. Promoted to consultative member in 2017.[207]

International treaties and conventions

[edit]

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has signed a number of international treaties, conventions, protocols and charters negotiated in the context of the African Union. SADR participates in protection of human rights, common defense or trade liberalisation by signature of following agreements.

International treaty or convention Signature Ratification Notes
African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance 25 July 2010[208] 27 November 2013
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 10 April 1986[209] 2 May 1986
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child 23 October 1992[210] —
African Charter on Values and Principles of Public Service and Administration 1 July 2011[211] —
African Continental Free Trade Agreement 21 March 2018[212] — A trade agreement between some African Union member states which will establish the African Continental Free Trade Area.
African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba) 20 June 2006[213] 27 November 2013
AU Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption 25 July 2010[214] 27 November 2013
AU Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) 23 August 2009[215] 27 November 2013
AU Non-aggression and Common Defence Pact 21 May 2007[216] 27 April 2009
Convention of the African Energy Commission 20 June 2006[217] 9 May 2007
Geneva Conventions 23 June 2015[218] Polisario Front made a unilateral declaration under Article 93.3 of Protocol I to apply the four Conventions and Protocol I in the Western Sahara conflict with Morocco. Polisario Front is not recognized as a party of Conventions, but declaration was accepted by the depositary of Convenions (Swiss Federal Council).[219][220]
OAU Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism 14 July 1999[221] 9 January 2002
Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights 25 July 2010[222] —
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 25 July 2010[223] 27 November 2013
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa 20 June 2006[224] —
Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community (AEC Treaty) 3 June 1991[225] 25 August 1992[226] SADR signed to the AEC Treaty,[227] but not participates in any of the AEC pillars.

Participation in international sports federations

[edit]

In 2015, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic participated for the first time in the All Africa Games, the biggest African multi-sports event.

International Organisation Status Representation Application date Admission date Notes
African Union Sports Council[228] member Sahrawi Ministry of Youth and Sports[229] In September 2015, Sahrawi Republic participated in the 11th All Africa Games.[230]
N.F.-Board[note 11] provisional member Sahrawi Football Federation December 2003 In 2012, a Sahrawi team participated for the first time in the Viva World Cup hosted by Iraqi Kurdistan.
CONIFA member Sahrawi Football Federation August 2016

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ While ambassadors usually presented credentials to Sahrawi President in Camp Rabuni in Algeria, Cuban and Namibian ambassadors in March 2018 and Zimbabwean ambassador as third in May 2018 presented credentials to Sahrawi President in Liberated Territories of the SADR (in Bir Lehlou or Tifariti).[10][11]
  2. ^ In May 2018, delegations represented by the ambassadors of Vietnam, Ecuador, Namibia, Cuba and South Africa and diplomats from Ethiopia, Uganda, Angola and Nigeria attended the festivities commemorating the 45th anniversary of the outbreak of the Sahrawi armed struggle in Tifariti, Liberated Territories.[12]
  3. ^ a b The number of States which maintained diplomatic relations with SADR in the past is likely to be more, but for any relations with States that "withdrew" or "froze" recognition of SADR many years ago we are missing sources.
  4. ^ a b According to international law regarding recognition of states, contained in article 6 of the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States: "Recognition of a state simply means that the state recognizes it accepts the personality of the other with all the rights and duties determined by international law. Recognition is unconditional and irrevocable". Therefore, once one state recognizes another as a fellow sovereign state, this recognition cannot be revoked, except when one or the other ceases to exist. One can only revoke the recognition of a government (for example by breaking off diplomatic relations), not of the state itself.[99][100]
  5. ^ a b The number of former embassies which existed in the past is likely to be more, but for any embassies to/of states that "withdrew" or "froze" recognition of SADR many years ago we are missing sources.
  6. ^ The former embassies usually continue to work, but as a unilateral Representative Offices without diplomatic privileges from the host country.
  7. ^ In the framework of the Andean Parliament.
  8. ^ a b c There is not a formal status of the SADR, but here is the SADR official participation in the activities of this international organization.
  9. ^ NAASP does not have formalised membership, it is open to States of Asia and Africa.
  10. ^ There is no permanent guest status, but often several non-member states are represented as guests at NAM conferences.
  11. ^ N.F.-Board is defunct since January 2013.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Thomas Frear: The foreign policy options of a small unrecognised state: the case of Abkhazia, in: Caucasus Survey, Vol. 1 (2014), No. 2, pp. 83-107 (here: p. 97), DOI: 10.1080/23761199.2014.11417293.
  2. ^ "NAM reiterates support to right of Saharawi people to determination". Sahara Press Service. 30 August 2012. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  3. ^ "Algeria praises NAM's continued support to struggle of Saharawi people for self-determination". Sahara Press Service. 2 September 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  4. ^ a b "South Africa". ARSO - Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 9 September 2006. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  5. ^ South African Broadcasting Corporation (1 September 2006). "Asia-Afro partnership meeting kicked off today". South African Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2006.
  6. ^ South African Broadcasting Corporation (2 September 2006). "Moroccan objections taint Asian-Africa meeting". South African Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2006.
  7. ^ "Arab League supports Morocco's territorial integrity". Arabic News. 8 January 1999. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  8. ^ "Arab League withdraws inaccurate Moroccan maps". Arabic News. 17 December 1998. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  9. ^ a b Punyapriya Dasgupta (12 August 2000). "Derecognition of Western Sahara". Economic and Political Weekly. "The government of India has decided, suddenly without any explanation, to withdraw the recognition granted in 1985 to the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"
  10. ^ a b "La embajadora de Namibia para la RASD presenta sus credenciales al Presidente de la República en TT.LL". Sahara Press Service (in Spanish). 3 August 2018. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  11. ^ a b "El Presidente de la República recibe en Tifariti las cartas credenciales del embajador de Zimbabwe". Sahara Press Service (in Spanish). 21 May 2018. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  12. ^ "Strong presence of foreign delegations in 45th anniversary of Sahrawi armed struggle outbreak". Sahara Press Service. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  13. ^ Virginia McLean Thompson; Virginia Thompson; Richard Adloff (1980). The Western Saharans: Background to Conflict. Croom Helm. p. 286. ISBN 0-7099-0369-3. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  14. ^ "Embajada de la RASD en Argelia" (in Spanish). Embajada de la RASD en Argelia. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  15. ^ "Embaixadas em Angola - Embaixada Sahara Democratica" (in Portuguese). Portal da República de Angola. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  16. ^ "Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  17. ^ "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Belize. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  18. ^ a b "El Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia fortalece relaciones diplomáticas con la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática". Bolivia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 16 September 2021.
  19. ^ "Cinco nuevos embajadores presentaron cartas credenciales". El Diario (in Spanish). 25 March 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  20. ^ "Western Sahara: Bolivia Withdraws its Recognition of Polisario's Self-Styled SADR". Morocco World News. 21 January 2020.
  21. ^ "Sahrawi Republic and Botswana establish diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level". Sahara Press Service. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  22. ^ "Saharawi Ambassador presents letters of credentials to President of Botswana". Sahara Press Service. 12 August 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2022."The Sahrawi Republic opened a new Embassy in Botswana starting this June"
  23. ^ "Le Botswana désigne son 1er ambassadeur en République sahraouie" (in French). Algérie Presse Service.
  24. ^ "List of member states of the United Nations (193) having diplomatic relations with Cambodia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  25. ^ "Colombia restablece relaciones diplomáticas con la República Saharaui". 11 August 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  26. ^ a b c "States which recognize the SADR". ARSO - Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  27. ^ "Saharauis piden a Colombia restablecer relaciones". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 15 February 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  28. ^ "Colombia restablece relaciones diplomáticas con la República Saharaui". infobae. 10 August 2022.
  29. ^ "Cuba y la RASD celebran 30 años de relaciones diplomáticas" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba. 5 January 2010. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  30. ^ "Representaciones Diplomáticas y Consulares acreditadas en Cuba". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2011. "Embajada de la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática"
  31. ^ "Embajada de Cuba en Argelia, concurrencias en República Saharaui Democrática, República Islámica de Mauritania" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República de Cuba. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  32. ^ "On the establishment of diplomatic relations between East Timor and the SADR". ARSO - Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  33. ^ "Fourth Committee Approves Five Consensus Texts Reaffirming Inalienable Right to Self-Determination and Independence". United Nations General Assembly. Department of Public Information • News and Media Division • New York. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2012. Lisualdo Gaspar, Director of Bilateral Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Timor‑Leste: "In fact, he added, Timor‑Leste had accorded full diplomatic representation to the Embassy of the "Saharawi Republic" in its capital, Dili, in 2010"
  34. ^ Government of Ethiopia. "Embassy of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  35. ^ "Embassy of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Rome – Italy". Ethioembassy.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 September 2006. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  36. ^ "President of Republic concludes visit to Ghana". 1 August 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  37. ^ "Six Ambassadors to Ghana present Credentials". Ghana Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  38. ^ "Sahrawi Ambassador presents his credentials to Ghanaian President". Sahara Press Service. 9 September 2011. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  39. ^ "La RASD y Honduras deciden establecer relaciones diplomáticas". Sahara Press Service (in Spanish). 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  40. ^ "Comunicado conjunto" (in Spanish). Voz del Sahara Occidental en Argentina. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  41. ^ "SADR and Zambia establish diplomatic relations". Sahrawi Press Service. 11 July 2005. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  42. ^ a b c "Opening of Saharawi embassy in Nairobi". Sahara Press Service. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  43. ^ Ramadhan Rajab (7 February 2014). "Sahrawi Republic opens embassy in Nairobi". The Star. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  44. ^ "Statement by Ambassador Peter Katana Angore After Presentation of Letters of Credence to the President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic". Embassy of the Republic of Kenya. 20 May 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  45. ^ Muniu Riunge (25 February 2007). "Kenya: Why Links with Sahrawi Were Shortlived". AllAfrica.com (The Standard). Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  46. ^ "Open an Embassy of the Sahrawi Republic soon in Kenya" (in Arabic). Elkhabar. 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  47. ^ "Chairman of the Kenyan National Council affirms his country's support of the right of the Saharawi people to self-determination in accordance with the UN resolutions" (in Arabic). Algérie Presse Service. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  48. ^ "Saharawi President participates in the festivities immortalized the fiftieth anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Kenya" (in Arabic). Algérie Presse Service. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  49. ^ "President of Republic begins visit to Kenya for Independence Day celebrations (official)". Sahara Press Service. 11 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  50. ^ "List of states with whom Lao has set up diplomatic relation since 1950". Lao embassy in Hanoi. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  51. ^ "Lesotho diplomatic missions – Lesotho Embassy in Kuwait". Embassy of the Kingdom of Lesotho in Ireland. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  52. ^ "The Diplomat -Newsletter- issue nº 7" (PDF). Republic of Mauritius - Ministry of Foreign affairs, Regional integration and International trade. July 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2012. Arvin Boolell: "Mauritius has consistently supported the right to self-determination and independence of the people of Western Sahara and entertains close diplomatic relations with the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) since 1983."
  53. ^ "Diplomatic Corps - Embassy of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic". Republic of Mauritius - Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Regional Integration and International Trade. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  54. ^ "Republic of Mauritius withdraws its recognition of the so-called SADR". TopWireNews.com. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  55. ^ "Mauritius re-establishes diplomatic relations with SADR". SADR Permanent Mission in Ethiopia and African Union. 23 November 2015. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  56. ^ "Las Relaciones México y la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática" (in Spanish). Embajada de la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática en México. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  57. ^ "Representaciones Diplomáticas acreditada en México - República Árabe Saharaui Democrática" (in Spanish). Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, México. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  58. ^ "Misiones de México en el Exterior: Organización de las Naciones Unidas O.N.U." (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. 16 December 2015. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2015."Enlace con: ...República Árabe Saharaui Democrática..."
  59. ^ SPSC Letter. Vol. 1. Saharan Peoples Support Committee. 1980. p. 36.
  60. ^ Government of Mozambique. "Missões Diplomáticas em Moçambique com Residência em Moçambique" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011. "Embaixada do República Arabe Saharaui Democratica"
  61. ^ Mushelenga, Samuel Abraham Peyavali (2008). "Foreign policy-making in Namibia : the dynamics of the smallness of a state" (PDF). pp. 254–259.
  62. ^ Government of Namibia. "Embassies and High Commissions: R - S". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2010. "Saharawi (Non-Resident) Embassy of the Arab Democratic Republic of Saharawi"
  63. ^ "Memoria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores 2002" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2004. pp. 657–667. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  64. ^ "Cuerpo Diplomático Residente en Nicaragua - Embajada de la República Arabe Saharaui Democrática (RASD)" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores - República de Nicaragua. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  65. ^ "México, Cuba y Nicaragua acreditan embajadores ante la RASD". El País (in Spanish). 3 March 1981. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
  66. ^ "Nicaragua y la RASD establecen oficialmente relaciones diplomáticas" (in Spanish). Um Draiga (SPS). 12 January 2007. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  67. ^ "Foreign Affairs Minister congratulates his Nigerian counterpart". Sahara Press Service. 20 November 2015. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  68. ^ "Nigeria committed to August 14 Bakassi handover-President Yar'Adua". NigeriaFirst.org - Official Website of the State House, Abuja. 25 July 2008. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  69. ^ Michael Odigbe (9 October 2011). "Western Sahara: Independence Will Come For Its Oppressed People". Nigerian Observer. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  70. ^ "Bidding farewell to outgoing Ambassador of Nigeria to SADR". Sahara Press Service. 25 January 2016. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  71. ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). The National Committee On North Korea. 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  72. ^ "Saharaui" (in Spanish). Panama America. 17 March 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2012.[dead link‍]
  73. ^ "Nuevos embajadores presentan Cartas Credenciales" (in Spanish). Gobierno Nacional - República de Panamá. 4 June 2009. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  74. ^ "Declaración de suspensión de relaciones diplomáticas con la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Panama. 20 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  75. ^ "Algeria: Sahrawi Embassy in Panama Reopens". AllAfrica. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  76. ^ "President Kagame receives credentials of six new Ambassadors". Republic of Rwanda - Office of the president. 6 December 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  77. ^ "Special envoy brings President Koroma good message". State house - The Republic of Sierra Leone. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  78. ^ "Bilateral agreements signed by South Africa between 01-01-1994 until 15-04-2011". Department of International Relations and Cooperation, Republic of South Africa. Retrieved 15 November 2012."Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic - Joint communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations"
  79. ^ "Foreign Representatives in South Africa - Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (Embassy of the Saharawi Republic)". Department: International Relations and Cooperation - Republic of South Africa. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  80. ^ "Welcome to the Embassy of the Republic of South Africa in Algiers". SA Embassy in Algeria. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012. "Embassy of the Republic of South Africa in Algeria also accredited to the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic"
  81. ^ "Establishment of diplomatic relations between Republic of South Sudan and Saharawi Republic". Sahara Press Service. 10 July 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  82. ^ "SADR takes part on eighth conference of the AU Population Commission". Sahara Press Service. 17 September 2011. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  83. ^ "South Sudan Denounces Western Sahara Independent State". Taarifa Rwanda.
  84. ^ "Sudán del Sur decide restablecer las relaciones con la RASD" [South Sudan decides to reestablish relations with SADR] (in Spanish). Sahrawi Press Service. 20 September 2022. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  85. ^ "SADR attends Uganda's 50th Independence Day Celebrations". Sahara Press Service. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  86. ^ "Sahrawi". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - The Republic of Uganda. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  87. ^ "Message from the Ambassador". Embassy of the Republic of Uganda, Libya. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  88. ^ "Uruguay establece relaciones diplomáticas con país árabe - La Cancillería dio a conocer un Comunicado Conjunto sobre el establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre la República Oriental del Uruguay y la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática" (in Spanish). Presidencia - República Oriental del Uruguay. 26 December 2005. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  89. ^ "República Árabe Saharaui Democrática" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores - Uruguay. Retrieved 20 March 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  90. ^ "Vanuatu and the Saharawi Republic establish diplomatic relations at Ambassadorial level". UPES. 1 August 2008. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  91. ^ "Venezuela y la República Saharaui continúan cooperación bilateral" (in Spanish). Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores - Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela. 28 April 2010. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  92. ^ "Embajada en la República Argelina Democrática y Popular - Concurrencia: República Árabe Saharaui Democrática" (in Spanish). Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores - Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  93. ^ "General Information about Countries and Regions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Vietnam. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  94. ^ "Biography Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Algeria". Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017. 5/2016: Nommé Ambassadeur plénipotentiaire et extraordinaire du Vietnam en République algérienne démocratique et populaire, République du Mali, ... et République arabe Sarahouie démocratique.
  95. ^ "Announcement of the opening of an embassy for the Saharawi Republic in Zimbabwe". Sahara Press Service. 17 September 2011. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  96. ^ "New Sahrawi Ambassador presents his credentials to President of Zimbabwe". Sahara Press Service. 9 September 2011. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  97. ^ "Zim polls: No role for UK, EU". The Herald. 9 September 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  98. ^ Embassy of the Saharawi Republic in Zimbabwe
  99. ^ Potočný, Miroslav (1996). Mezinárodní právo veřejné, zvláštní část (in Czech). Praha: C.H.Beck. pp. 20–24. ISBN 80-7179-088-5.
  100. ^ David, Vítězslav; Sladký, Pavel; Zbořil, František (2004). Mezinárodní právo veřejné (in Czech). Praha: Linde. pp. 151–153. ISBN 80-7201-473-0.
  101. ^ "SADR Recognition reaffirmed". ARSO - Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  102. ^ "Burundi withdraws recognition of 'SADR'". Maghreb Arab Press. 25 October 2010. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  103. ^ "Visite d'adieu d'Aziria Abdelkader, Ambassadeur algerien au Burundi" (in French). Républic de Burundi - Portail du Gouvernement. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2012. "Malgré le gel de la reconnaissance de la République Arabe de Sahraoui Démocratique, les relations entre les deux pays se sont nettement renforcées, a martelé l’Autorité burundaise."
  104. ^ "Relações diplomáticas da República de Cabo Verde - África" (in Portuguese). Ministério das Relações Exteriores - República de Cabo Verde. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  105. ^ Por Mario de Queiroz (30 July 2007). "Sáhara Occidental-Cabo Verde. Por un puñado de dólares" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  106. ^ "Cabo Verde: Governo congela reconhecimento da República Árabe Saaraui Democrática". Angola News Agency (in Portuguese). 27 July 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  107. ^ "El Chad y la República Saharaui elevan sus relaciones diplomáticas a nivel de embajadores" (in French). Sahrawi Press Service. 17 July 2007. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  108. ^ a b "Mise au point" (in French). Government of Chad. 20 July 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2013."deux parties ont décidé d’élever leurs relations diplomatiques"
  109. ^ "Sahara : l'effet Sassou Nguesso". Aujourd'hui Le Maroc. 20 March 2006. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  110. ^ "President of Republic congratulates his Chadian counterpart on National Day". Sahara Press Service. 11 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  111. ^ "Le Tchad s'apprête à ouvrir son Consulat au Sahara Marocain !". RAFIK NEWS.
  112. ^ a b "Costa Rica reafirma decisión de congelar relaciones con República del Sahara". La Nación (in Spanish). 5 June 2000. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  113. ^ "Relaciones con los países de Asia, África y Oceanía - X. República Árabe Democrática Saharaui" (PDF) (in Spanish). Asamblea Legislativa de la República de Costa Rica. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011.
  114. ^ "El Sahara quiere descongelar relaciones con Costa Rica". La Nación (in Spanish). 5 June 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  115. ^ a b "Fuerzas políticas y sociales rechazan la decisión del Gobierno ecuatoriano de suspender relaciones con la RASD". Sahara Press Service (in Spanish). 26 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  116. ^ "Saharauis abren embajada en Ecuador" (in Spanish). Aeronoticias. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  117. ^ "Peru: COPESA calls for restoring diplomatic relations with SADR". Sahara Press Service. 5 October 2015. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015."...appointment of the Saharawi diplomat... as the first resident ambassador in Quito, Ecuador"
  118. ^ "Ecuador appoints its UN permanent representative as ambassador to the Saharawi Republic". Sahara Press Service. 21 September 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  119. ^ "Ecuador retira reconocimiento a República Árabe Saharaui Democrática (+Post)". Prensa Latina (in Spanish). 22 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  120. ^ "Canciller Martínez apoya solución pacífica y negociada en el Sahara Occidental" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de El Salvador. 29 November 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  121. ^ "Presidente Sánchez Cerén recibe cartas credenciales de nuevos embajadores concurrentes para El Salvador" (in Spanish). Government of El Salvador. 26 September 2017. Archived from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018. República Árabe Saharaui Democrática (con sede en Nicaragua), lo hizo Sueilima Tieb Ahmed Salem
  122. ^ "President of Republic ends his visit to El Salvador". Sahara Press Service. 6 June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  123. ^ "Morocco wins Salvador's support on Sahara issue". THE NORTH AFRICA POST.
  124. ^ "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open mission here". Guyana Times. 26 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  125. ^ "Lehbib Breika presents credentials as SADR ambassador to Guyana". Sahara Press Service. 12 December 2013. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  126. ^ "Foreign Affairs highlights in 2013…". Guyana Chronicle. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  127. ^ "First Sahrawi Arab Republic Ambassador accredited". GINA (Government Information Agency). 12 December 2013. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  128. ^ "Guyana accredits first Sahrawi Arab Ambassador". iNews Guyana. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  129. ^ "Non-Resident Ambassadors & High Commissioners to Guyana". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Guyana. 2015. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015."Embassy of Republic of Sahrawi... Chacao, DC, Venezuela"
  130. ^ "Co-operative Republic of Guyana withdraws its recognition of the so-called "sadr"". RNA NEWS.
  131. ^ "Guinea Bissau withdraw its recognition of SADR and supports the autonomy initiative". ADN (in Spanish). 30 March 2010. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  132. ^ "Dans le champ de mines marocain". Le Nouvelliste (in French). 24 November 2006. Retrieved 17 March 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  133. ^ "Communique". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Haiti. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  134. ^ "Annual Report Jan 01, 1986". Ministry of External Affairs Library, New Delhi. Retrieved 26 March 2013. "Following our recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) in October 1985, an SADR Embassy has started functioning in New Delhi."
  135. ^ a b "Embassies". GoAbroad. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  136. ^ "Annual Reports 1987-88". Ministry of External Affairs Library, New Delhi. Retrieved 26 March 2013. "With the opening of the Embassy of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) in Delhi, India's Ambassador to Algeria was concurrently accredited to the SADR."
  137. ^ a b "Indian And Spanish Ambassadors Present Letters of Credence To President Sirleaf". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Liberia. 24 October 2012. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  138. ^ "Liberia Officially Opens Consulate in Morocco's Dakhla". Morocco World News. 12 March 2020.
  139. ^ ARR Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1978. p. 59. The SADR and Madagascar had agreed to establish diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level, the Algiers daily El-Moudjahid reported on 29 January.
  140. ^ "Recognition freeze". ARSO - Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  141. ^ "Madagascar freezes recognition of so-called Sahrawi Republic". Arabic News. 7 April 2005. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  142. ^ "La RASD et le Malawi établissent des relations diplomatiques". Sahrawi Press Service (in French). 25 March 2002. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  143. ^ "Western Sahara Weekly News". Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 6 April 2002. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  144. ^ a b c "SADR ambassador presents credentials to President of Malawi". Sahrawi Press Service. 6 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  145. ^ "Cyprus forecasts vibrant economy for Malawi". Malawi News Agency. 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  146. ^ "New Zealand to promote netball in Mw". Malawi Broadcasting Corporation. 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  147. ^ a b "Malawi diplomatic missions abroad" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperations of Malawi. 2 December 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
  148. ^ "Western Sahara Weekly News". Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 28 December 2002. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  149. ^ "The Saharawi Republic and Malawi establish diplomatic relations". 2 February 2008. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  150. ^ "Sahara issue: Malawi withdraws its recognition of the so-called SADR". Maghreb Arab Press. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  151. ^ "Sahara issue: Malawi withdraws its recognition of the so-called SADR". Actualités&Revue De Presse Maghreb. 16 September 2008. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  152. ^ "Malawi Withdraws Its Recognition of Polisario's Self-proclaimed SADR". Morocco World News. 5 May 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  153. ^ "Malawi Embassies Abroad - Accreditation Arrangement of Malawi's Diplomatic Missions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Malawi. 19 April 2010. Archived from the original on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  154. ^ "Jurisdiction". Embassy of Malawi - Cairo. Archived from the original on 27 October 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  155. ^ "Minister in charge of Africa received by foreign Minister of Malawi". Sahrawi Press Service. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  156. ^ "Paraguay y República Árabe resuelven impulsar relaciones bilaterales". La Nación (in Spanish). 19 August 2011. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  157. ^ "Paraguay y República Árabe estrechan relaciones bilaterales". ABC Digital (in Spanish). 19 August 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  158. ^ "Embajada de la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores - Paraguay. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  159. ^ "Paraguay and the Saharawi Republic resume diplomatic relations (Paraguayan Minister)". Sahara Press Service. 12 August 2008. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  160. ^ "Declaración del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores - Paraguay. 3 January 2014. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  161. ^ "Paraguay suspende relación con Saharaui" (in Spanish). ABC color. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  162. ^ "Establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  163. ^ Ricardo Sánchez Serra (11 December 2008). "El estoicismo del pueblo saharaui" (in Spanish). La Razón. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  164. ^ "Restablecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas con la RASD". gob.pe. Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 8 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  165. ^ "Perú rompe relaciones diplomáticas con la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática" (in Spanish). 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  166. ^ "Joint Statement: Recognition of the SADR by the Government of St. Vincent and The Grenadines". ARSO - Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  167. ^ "Diplomatic missions accredited to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" (PDF). Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014. "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, C/o Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic"
  168. ^ "Ambassadors/High Commissioners-Designate". Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. 2014. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014. "Sahrawi Arab Republic, H. E. Mr. Abd Mohamed Yahia, Ambassador"
  169. ^ "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines freezes recognition of pseudo "SADR"". Morocco World News. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  170. ^ "Boletín informativo. Año 2. Mayo 1997. Nº 9 - Presentación de Cartas Credenciales" (in Spanish). ARSO - Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. May 1997. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  171. ^ "Diplomatic missions accredited to the Seychelles". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Seychelles. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  172. ^ "Seychelles withdraws recognition for SADR". AfrikNews. 18 March 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  173. ^ "Western Sahara: Sahrawi Ambassador Presents His Credentials to Zambian President". AllAfrica.com. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016. Mr. Brahim Salem Buseif presented Wednesday his credentials to President of the Republic of Zambia Mr. Edgar Chagwa Lungu
  174. ^ "Western Sahara: Establishment of Tanzanian-Saharawi Solidarity Committee TASSC". AllAfrica.com. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2016. SADR embassy in Dar es Salaam...Saharawi Ambassador Brahim Salem Buseif
  175. ^ "Zambia withdraws recognition of 'Sahrawi Republic'". Middle East Online. 3 April 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  176. ^ "Zambia withdraws recognition of so-called SADR". Maroc.ma. Gouvernement Du Royaume Du Maroc. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  177. ^ "Zambia reafirma su apoyo al pueblo saharaui y a las relaciones con RASD". Sahara Press Service (in Spanish). 21 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  178. ^ "Zambia has reiterated its decision to withdraw its recognition of the self-proclaimed Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic". Moroccoworldnews.
  179. ^ "Was Zambia bribed to withdraw recognition of Sahrawi republic". Zambian Watchdog. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  180. ^ Ernest Chanda (7 July 2012). "Government to recognise Sahrawi". Zambia Post. Retrieved 15 November 2012.[dead link‍]
  181. ^ "Government to recognise Sahrawi". Zambia Online. 7 July 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  182. ^ "Zambia, Eswatini open consulates general in Laayoune, Morocco". Apanews.
  183. ^ Aguirre, Diego; Ramón, Jose (1991). Guerra en el Sáhara. p. 242. ISBN 84-7090-252-0."On June 23 the Sahrawi Republic had applied for its admission to the O.U.A., as because of the successive recognitions of African countries, 26 of 50 members recognized the S.A.D.R. and were favorable to the admission in accordance to article 28 of the O.U.A. Charter, that demanded a simple majority."
  184. ^ Aguirre, Diego; Ramón, Jose (1991). Guerra en el Sáhara. p. 247. ISBN 84-7090-252-0."on August 31 General Secretary Edem Kodjo had communicated the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic government their admission to the Organization for the African Unity as member nº 51 according to article 28 of the O.A.U. Charter, as 26 states supported the S.A.D.R., representing a simple majority over 50 so it was, then, a mere administrative proceeding competence of the General Secretary"
  185. ^ "PAP Elects New Second Vice President" (PDF). Pan-African Parliament. 13 May 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  186. ^ "Members". Committee of Intelligence and Security Services of Africa (CISSA). 20 March 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  187. ^ "Sahrawi Republic attends the Twelfth Conference of African security services and intelligence". Sahara Press Service. 10 June 2015. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  188. ^ "members of ICAED". International Coalition against Enforced Disappearances. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  189. ^ "New IUSY Presidium 2012-2014". IUSY. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  190. ^ "Saharawi Lawyers' Union takes part in Pan-African Lawyers Union Triennial General Assembly and Conference in Yaounde". Sahara Press Service. 8 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  191. ^ "Pan African Lawyers Union affirms support for Sahrawi people's right to self-determination". Sahara Press Service. 10 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  192. ^ "African Member Organizations". World Federation of Democratic Youth. 2015. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  193. ^ "Report on the World Trade Union situation and WFTU activities since the 14th congress". World Federation of Trade Unions. 1 December 2005. Retrieved 15 November 2012. "New affiliations with the WFTU - No.12, Western Sahara, UGTSARIO"
  194. ^ "SADR partakes, without any complex, in AU-EU Summit". Sahara Press Service. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  195. ^ "5th AU-EU Summit: SADR's participation, "victory for Sahrawi people"". Sahara Press Service. 1 December 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  196. ^ "Venezuela es invitada por el Parlamento Andino a volver a la Comunidad Andina" (in Spanish). Parlamento Andino. 14 October 2011. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  197. ^ "Saharawi National Council granted observer membership in the Andino Parliament". Sahara Press Service. 29 October 2011. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  198. ^ "Saharawi Ambassador to Nicaragua participates in meetings of PARLACEN". Sahara Press Service. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2010.[dead link‍]
  199. ^ "Polisario Front calls on Ibero-American states to help settling Western Sahara conflict". Sahara Press Service. 17 November 2012. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  200. ^ "Building a life in the desert" (PDF). Refugee Participation Network. Refugee Studies Program. February 1990. pp. 18–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2012."The Sahrawi Red Crescent has observer status with the League of Red Cross Societies and is the formal channel for all external assistance to the Sahrawi people, (full membership is precluded until SADR has gained membership of the United Nations)."
  201. ^ Aguirre, Diego; Ramón, Jose (1991). Guerra en el Sáhara. p. 176. ISBN 84-7090-252-0."...in April the Sahrawi Red Crescent obtained the status of observer at the IX Congress of the Arab Red Crescent, analog to the International Red Cross, what supposed also the boycott of this reunion by Morocco."
  202. ^ "Asia-Afro partnership meeting held in Durban". IOL news. 1 September 2006. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  203. ^ "Latin America". ARSO - Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. September 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  204. ^ "Saharawi Representation to Mexico attends COPPPAL-ICAPP meeting". Sahara Press Service. 15 October 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  205. ^ "Participants". Progressive Alliance. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
  206. ^ "Socialist International makes Polisario observer". The Daily Star. Agence France-Presse. 3 July 2008. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  207. ^ "Polisario Front becomes consultative member of Socialist International association". Sahara Press Service. 4 March 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  208. ^ "List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance" (PDF). African Union. 17 June 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  209. ^ "List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the African charter on human and people's rights" (PDF). African Union. 4 February 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  210. ^ "List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child" (PDF). African Union. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  211. ^ "List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the African Charter on Values and Principles of Public Service and Administration" (PDF). African Union. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  212. ^ "List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the Agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area" (PDF). African Union. 8 August 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  213. ^ "List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the African nuclear-weapon-free zone treaty" (PDF). African Union. 27 August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  214. ^ "List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the African Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption" (PDF). African Union. 6 August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  215. ^ "List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the AU Convention for the protection and assistance of internally displaced persons in Africa" (PDF). African Union. 6 August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  216. ^ "List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the AU Non-aggression and common defence pact" (PDF). African Union. 28 March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  217. ^ "List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the Convention of the African Energy Commission" (PDF). African Union. 3 February 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  218. ^ "Polisario Front becomes party to Geneva Conventions, launches solemn appeal to companies operating in Western Sahara". Sahara Press Service. 28 June 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  219. ^ "Unilateral declaration pursuant to Article 96, paragraph 3, of Protocol I" (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  220. ^ "Autorité ayant fait la déclaration unilatérale prévue à l'article 96, paragraphe 3" (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  221. ^ "List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the OAU Convention on the prevention and combating of terrorism" (PDF). African Union. 3 February 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  222. ^ "List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights" (PDF). African Union. 15 June 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  223. ^ "List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights" (PDF). African Union. 6 August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  224. ^ "List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa" (PDF). African Union. 22 July 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  225. ^ "Treaty establishing the African Economic Community" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  226. ^ "List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the Treaty establishing the African Economic Community" (PDF). African Union. 4 February 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  227. ^ "Global Preferential Trade Agreements Database". World Bank. 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  228. ^ "11th All Africa Games". Association of National Olympic Committees. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  229. ^ "SADR participates in preparatory meeting of African Games in 2015". Sahrawi Press Service. 1 March 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  230. ^ "Historical participation of Western Sahara in Africa Games". Equipe Media. 20 January 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
[edit]
Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic
1 |
↧ Download as ZWI file
Encyclosphere.org EncycloReader is supported by the EncyclosphereKSF