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Forsythia europaea

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Forsythia europaea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Forsythia
Species:
F. europaea
Binomial name
Forsythia europaea

Forsythia europaea, commonly known as Albanian forsythia or European forsythia,[2][3] is a species of flowering plant in the olive family, with a native range from Montenegro to northern Albania.[4] It is the only species of Forsythia native to Europe;[2] prior to its discovery in Albania in 1897, it was thought that all Forsythia were native to East Asia.[5]

Description

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F. europaea is a shrub,[6] and can grow up to 10 ft (3 m) tall.[7] Its leaves are 5–8 cm (2.0–3.1 in) in length, and are generally entire (smooth edged).[8] It produces numerous yellow flowers,[5] which are 1.25 in (3.2 cm) in diameter.[7]

The shrub produces prolonged elliptical fruit capsules that grow to 5.4−6.0 mm by 1.8−2.2 mm. The fruit capsules have a fine granulate, slightly lustrous, glabrous, gold-yellow to brown appearance.[9]

Phylogeny

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The closest relative of F. europaea is F. giraldiana, a species of Forsythia native to China.[10]

Cultivation

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F. europaea was first cultivated in 1899, at Kew Gardens in London, United Kingdom.[7] It is not as widely cultivated as other species of Forsythia as it is not as ornamental,[6] although it is still occasionally grown in parks and gardens.[6][11]

Cultivars produced by hybridisation of F. europaea with F. ovata, a more ornamental species of Forsythia native to Korea,[12] include:

  • Forsythia 'Meadowlark', which was developed at North Dakota State University.[13] It produces deep-yellow flowers from its third year onwards,[14] the buds of which are hardy to −35 °F (−37 °C).[15] Its leaves are ivy-green.[14]
  • Forsythia 'Northern Sun', which was developed at the University of Minnesota.[13] It grows 10 ft (3 m) tall and 8 ft (2.4 m) wide.[16] Plants produce large, gold-coloured flowers,[16] the buds of which are hardy to −30 °F (−34 °C).[15]

References

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  1. ^ Shuka, L.; Rivers, M.C. (2017). "Forsythia europaea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  2. ^ a b "Forsythia europaea (FOSEU)". gd.eppo.int. 2002-02-14. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  3. ^ "Forsythia europaea | Albanian forsythia". rhs.org.uk. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  4. ^ "Forsythia europaea Degen & Bald". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  5. ^ a b Wilson, Ernest Henry (1930). "For many years". Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 4 (3): 12. doi:10.5962/p.322127. ISSN 0196-6057. JSTOR 42961929. S2CID 239435277.
  6. ^ a b c DeWolf, Gordon P.; Hebb, Robert S. (1971). "The Story of Forsythia". Arnoldia. 31 (2): 41–63. ISSN 0004-2633. JSTOR 42953867.
  7. ^ a b c Wilson, Ernest Henry (1928). "Forsythia europaea". Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 2 (1): 4. doi:10.5962/p.321901. ISSN 0196-6057. JSTOR 42962296. S2CID 253930976.
  8. ^ "The Forsythias" (PDF). Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 4. 4 (1): 1–8. 2 April 1937.
  9. ^ Bojnanský, Vít; Fargašová, Agáta (2007-09-17). Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-5362-7.
  10. ^ Kim, Ki-Joong (1999-03-01). "Molecular phylogeny of Forsythia (Oleaceae) based on chloroplast DNA variation". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 218 (1): 113–123. doi:10.1007/BF01087039. ISSN 1615-6110. S2CID 25856546.
  11. ^ OLEKSIICHENKO, Nadiia; GATALSKA, Nadiia; MAVKO, Mariana (2018). "The Colour-Forming Components of Park Landscape and the Factors That Influence the Human Perception of the Landscape Colouring". Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management. 13 (2): 38–52. ISSN 2065-3913. JSTOR 26422068.
  12. ^ Anderson, Edgar (1934). "HARDY FORSYTHIAS: With a Short Account of the History of Garden Forsythias and Remarks Regarding Their Possible Future Development". Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 2 (3): 9–14. doi:10.5962/p.322249. ISSN 0196-6057. JSTOR 42962071.
  13. ^ a b Mahr, Susan (18 April 2016). "Forsythia, Forsythia spp" (PDF). Wisconsin Master Gardener. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  14. ^ a b Herman, Dale E.; Evers, Norman P. (1984). "More on Forsythia 'Meadowlark'". Arnoldia. 44 (2): 30–31. ISSN 0004-2633. JSTOR 42954190.
  15. ^ a b "Forsythia x intermedia". hvp.osu.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  16. ^ a b "Forsythia 'Northern Sun'". www.chicagobotanic.org. Chicago Botanic Garden. Retrieved 2021-04-02.


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