Fort Myer

Fort Myer Historic District
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark District
Virginia Landmarks Register
Orville Wright flying at Fort Myer September 9, 1908
Location	Arlington County, Virginia
Coordinates	38°52′49″N 77°04′47″W / 38.880343°N 77.079735°W / 38.880343; -77.079735
Built	1861
Architect	US Army
Architectural style	Late Victorian
NRHP reference No.	72001380
VLR No.	000-0004
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	November 28, 1972[2]
Designated NHLD	November 28, 1972[3]
Designated VLR	June 19, 1973[1]

Fort Myer is the previous name used for a U.S. Army post next to Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia, and across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. Founded during the American Civil War as Fort Cass and Fort Whipple, the post merged in 2005 with the neighboring Marine Corps installation, Henderson Hall, and is today named Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall.

In 1861, the land that Fort Myer would eventually occupy was part of the Arlington estate, which Mary Anna Custis Lee, the wife of Robert E. Lee, owned and at which Lee resided when not stationed elsewhere (see Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial).^[4] When the Civil War began, the Commonwealth of Virginia seceded from the United States, Lee resigned his commission, and he and his wife left the estate. The United States Government then confiscated the estate and began to use it as a burial ground for Union Army dead (see Arlington National Cemetery), to house freed slaves (Freedmen's Village),^[5] and for military purposes, including the Civil War defenses of Washington (see Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War).^[6]

Shortly after the Union Army's rout at the First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) in late July 1861, the Army constructed in August 1861 a lunette (Fort Ramsay) on the future grounds of Fort Myer. One of the first fortifications built on the Arlington Line, the lunette was located at and near the present post's Forest Circle.^[7] Later renamed to Fort Cass, the lunette had a perimeter of 288 yards (263 m) and emplacements for 12 guns.^[7]

A May 17, 1864, report from the Union Army's Inspector of Artillery (see Union Army artillery organization) noted the following:

Fort Cass, Maj. N. Shatswell commanding.–Garrison, two companies First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery—8 commissioned officers, 1 ordnance-sergeant, 220 men. Armament, three 6-pounder field guns (smooth), five 20-pounder Parrotts (rifled), three 24-pounder siege guns (smooth), one 24-pounder F. D. howitzer (smooth), one 24-pounder Coehorn mortar. Magazines, two; dry and in good condition. Ammunition, full supply, well packed and in serviceable condition. Implements, complete and serviceable. Drill in artillery, fair. Drill in infantry, fair. Discipline, fair. Garrison sufficient for the work.^[8]

Although the Army abandoned the lunette in 1865 at the end of the Civil War, the United States War Department continued to control its property.

Following the Union Army's defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) in August 1862, the Army constructed Fort Whipple on the grounds of the former Arlington estate during the spring of 1863. The fort was located a short distance southeast of Fort Cass. The Army named the fort after Brevet Major General Amiel Weeks Whipple, who died in May 1863 of wounds received during the Battle of Chancellorsville.^[9] The fort was considered to be one of the strongest fortifications erected for the defense of Washington during the Civil War.^[9][10] It had a perimeter of 658 yards and places for 43 guns.^[10][11]

The May 17, 1864, report from the Union Army's Inspector of Artillery noted the following:

Fort Whipple, Major Rolfe commanding.–Garrison, three companies First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery– l major, 13 commissioned officers, 1 ordnance-sergeant, 414 men. Armament, six 12-pounder field guns (smooth), four 12-pounder field howitzers (smooth), eight 12-pounder James guns (rifled), eleven 4.5-inch ordnance Magazines, four; two not in a serviceable condition. Ammunition, full supply; good condition. Implements, complete and serviceable. Drill in artillery, fair. Drill in infantry, fair. Discipline, fair. Garrison sufficient; interior work.^[12]

The Civil War ended in 1865. Fort Whipple, with its fortifications abandoned, then became the home of the Signal School of Instruction for Army and Navy Officers, established in 1869.^[13]

On February 4, 1881, the Army post containing Fort Whipple was renamed Fort Myer as an honor to Brigadier General Albert J. Myer, who had commanded the newly established Signal School of Instruction for Army and Navy Officers from 1869 until he died in August 1880.^[9] Since then, the post has been a Signal Corps post, a showcase for the US Army's cavalry, and, since the 1940s, home to the Army's elite ceremonial units—The United States Army Band ("Pershing's Own") and the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment ("The Old Guard").

The National Weather Service was originated there by General Albert J. Myer in 1870.^[14]

Fort Myer was the site of the first flight of an aircraft at a military installation. Several exhibition flights by Orville Wright took place there in 1908. On 17 September 1908 it became the location of the first aviation fatality, as Lt. Thomas Selfridge was killed when on a demonstration flight with Orville, at an altitude of about 100 feet (30 m), a propeller split, sending the aircraft out of control. Selfridge suffered a concussion in the crash and later died, the first person to die in powered fixed-wing aircraft. Orville was badly injured, suffering broken ribs and a leg.^[15]

Quarters One on Fort Myer, which was originally built as the garrison commander's quarters, has been the home of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army since 1908 when Major General J. Franklin Bell took up residence. It has been the home of every succeeding Chief of Staff, except for General John J. Pershing.

The United States Navy established the nation's first radio telecommunications station, NAA, near Fort Myer in 1913. In 1915, the station's radio towers, "The Three Sisters", transmitted to Paris the first wireless communication that crossed the Atlantic Ocean.^[16]

During World War I, Fort Myer was a staging area for a large number of engineering, artillery, and chemical companies and regiments. The area of Fort Myer now occupied by Andrew Rader Health Clinic and the Commissary were made into a trench-system training grounds where French officers taught the Americans about trench warfare.

General George S. Patton Jr., who was posted at Fort Myer four different times, started the charitable "Society Circus" after World War I.^[17] He ultimately was post commander and commanded the 3rd Cavalry Regiment that was stationed at Fort Myer from the 1920s to 1942 when the regiment was sent to Georgia to get mechanized.^[18]

In late 2001, troops, deployed in response to the September 11th attacks, were bivouacked at Fort Myer. These troops were under Operation Noble Eagle.^[19] These included both active and National Guard Military Police units from around the nation. In 2005 the last remaining deployed responders were demobilized.^[20]

As a result of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission initiative to create more efficiency of efforts, the Army's Fort Myer and the Marines' Henderson Hall became the first Joint Base in the Department of Defense. Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall (JBMHH) consists of military installations at Fort Myer, Henderson Hall, The Pentagon, and Fort Lesley J. McNair. These installations and departments serve over 150,000 active duty, DoD civilian, and retired military personnel in the region.^[21]

The fort was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1972, for its well-preserved concentration of cavalry facilities and officers' quarters, and for its importance in military aviation history.^[22] On September 1, 1970, the United States Postal Service issued its first day cover of a postcard celebrating the 100th anniversary of Weather Services at Fort Myer.

A pamphlet and one book have been published about Fort Myer.^[23] The book, Images of America: Fort Myer, contains a copy of a handwritten letter from Abraham Lincoln that appointed General Whipple's oldest son to the United States Military Academy at West Point.^[24]

• List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Arlington County, Virginia

• Cooling III, Benjamin Franklin; Owen II, Walton H. (2010). Mr. Lincoln's Forts: A Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington (New ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810863071. LCCN 2009018392. OCLC 665840182. Retrieved March 5, 2018 – via Google Books.
• Michael, John (2011). Fort Myer: Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738587356. LCCN 2010936703. OCLC 701016030. Retrieved March 7, 2018 – via Google Books.
• Staff of the Fort Myer Post (1963). The History of Fort Myer Virginia: 100th Anniversary Issue (Special Centennial Edition Of The Fort Myer Post). Arlington, Virginia: Fort Myer Post. LCCN 58061390. OCLC 7903755. Retrieved March 7, 2018 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Myer, Virginia.

• "Joint Base Myer – Henderson Hall". Army.mil. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013.
• "Fort Myer Historic District". Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. November 18, 2003. Archived from the original on May 8, 2012.
• Images of Fort Myer in the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) via Library of Congress:

1. Quartermaster Workshops at Arlington Boulevard & Second Street
2. Quartermaster Garage at Arlington Boulevard & Second Street
3. Commissary Sergeant's Quarters on Washington Avenue between Johnson Lane & Custer Road
4. First Sergeant's Quarters on Washington Avenue between Johnson Lane & Custer Road
5. Noncommissioned Officers Quarters on Washington Avenue between Johnson Lane & Custer Road

• Historical Perspective