Post-Brexit arrangements
Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom United Kingdom
Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories
Active agreements
Renegotiating active agreements
Agreement in principle
Negotiations ongoing
Discussions ongoing
Following its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom began negotiations on several free trade agreements to remove or reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, both to establish new agreements and to replace previous EU trade agreements . Withdrawal ended 47 years of membership during which all its trading agreements were negotiated by the European Commission on behalf of the bloc. The UK did not actually withdraw from the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union (and its trade agreements ) until 31 December 2020.
These treaties are divided into two types of free trade agreements: continuity agreements and 'new' agreements. Continuity agreements, also named rollover agreements, make use of a mutatis mutandis concept in order to quickly replicate the existing EU agreements, only having to call out those minor areas of differentiation. Most continuity treaties were provisionally applied , or through a "bridging mechanism", thus continuity was achieved.[ 1] Trade agreements negotiated after Brexit are termed 'new', or enhanced agreements: these agreements have been negotiated from scratch or have been renegotiated to enhance the deal since Brexit.[ 2]
As of May 2023[update] , the United Kingdom has 38 active free trade agreements with nations and trade blocs , covering 100 countries and territories .[ 3] [ 1] Five of these are 'new' trade agreements, such as with Australia and New Zealand .[ 4] The remaining 33 are continuity agreements. Furthermore, the UK has a customs union with its three Crown Dependencies .[ 5] The UK has further arrangements covering free trade with its 14 British Overseas Territories .[ 6]
The UK has also reached an agreement to accede to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership , which it signed in July 2023 and is expected to join, after the 11 present members ratify, in 2024.[ 7]
The United Kingdom has only suspended negotiations for a trade deal on one occasion; it suspended negotiations for a post-Brexit Canada Free Trade Agreement on 25 January 2024.[ 8]
Competence and ratification [ edit ]
According to UK law the United Kingdom Parliament has the power to pass law in all policy areas.[ 9]
The UK's negotiating team will consult with its Strategic Trade Advisory Group throughout the negotiations .[ 10]
The responsibility for concluding treaties involving the UK lies with the Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs . This remains the case even when the negotiation of the treaty is led by another government department.[ 11]
The Foreign & Commonwealth Office's legal advisers and Treaty Section:
must be given the opportunity to comment on the drafts of all treaties under negotiation
will advise on the form and substance of the treaty, though not substance which is technical and of which the other government department is the expert
will advise on related matters such as the production of Full Powers and Instruments of Ratification
will produce original signature copies of treaties and advise on the treaty signing ceremony
will arrange for the treaty to be published and laid before Parliament
is responsible for the registration of these treaties with the United Nations , allowing their subsequent publication in the United Nations Treaty Series
will transfer of the treaties to the National Archives for preservation[ 11]
Unless expressly authorised to do so by the United Kingdom government, Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories do not have the authority to contract treaties in their own right. The UK must extend the territorial scope of its ratification of treaties to include them. This may be done either at the time of ratification, or at some later date.[ 11]
The following bilateral and plurilateral agreements are currently in effect. Signature and entry into force dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization .[ 3]
Nation(s)
No. of nations represented
Signed
Effective
Coverage
Treaty
Mechanism[ 1]
Trade value (2023)[ 1] [ 12]
Ref.
Albania
1
5 February 2021
3 May 2021
Goods & Services
Continuity
Full ratification
£362m
[ 13] [ 14]
Andean Countries Colombia [ a] Ecuador Peru
3
15 May 2019
1 January 2021
Goods & Services
Continuity
Full ratification
£4,051m
[ 16] [ 17]
Australia
1
16 December 2021
31 May 2023
Goods & Services
New
Full ratification
£20,036m
[ 18] [ 19]
Cameroon
1
28 December 2020
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Full ratification
£1,029m
[ 20] [ 21]
Canada
1
22 December 2020
1 January 2021
Goods & Services[ b]
Continuity
Full ratification
£26,287m
[ 23] [ 24]
CARIFORUM Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname [ c] Trinidad and Tobago
14
22 March 2019[ d]
1 January 2021
Goods & Services
Continuity
Provisional application
£5,537m
[ 27] [ 28]
Central America Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama
6
18 July 2019
1 January 2021
Goods & Services
Continuity
Full ratification
£2,478m
[ 29] [ 30]
Chile
1
30 January 2019
1 January 2021
Goods & Services
Continuity
Full ratification
£1,804m
[ 31] [ 32]
Eastern and Southern Africa Madagascar [ e] Mauritius Seychelles Zimbabwe
4
31 January 2019
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Full ratification
£2,027m[ f]
[ 34] [ 35]
Egypt
1
5 December 2020
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Full ratification
£4,659m
[ 36] [ 37]
European Union
31[ k]
30 December 2020
1 January 2021
Goods & Services
New
Full ratification
£823,100m
[ 38] [ 39]
Faroe Islands
1
31 January 2019
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Full ratification
£1,108m
[ 40] [ 41]
Georgia
1
21 October 2019
1 January 2021
Goods & Services
Continuity
Full ratification
£500m
[ 42] [ 43]
Ghana
1
2 March 2021
5 March 2021
Goods
Continuity
Provisional application
£1,188m
[ 44] [ 45]
Iceland Liechtenstein [ l] Norway
3
8 July 2021
1 December 2021
Goods & Services
New
Provisional application
£41,537m[ m]
[ 46] [ 47]
Israel
1
18 February 2019
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Full ratification
£6,137m
[ 48] [ 49]
Ivory Coast
1
15 October 2020
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Full ratification
£841m
[ 50] [ 51]
Japan
1
23 October 2020
1 January 2021
Goods & Services
New
Full ratification
£27,575m
[ 52] [ 53]
Jordan
1
5 November 2019
1 May 2021
Goods
Continuity
Full ratification
£1,313m
[ 54] [ 55]
Kenya
1
8 December 2020
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Full ratification
£1,427m
[ 56] [ 57]
Kosovo
1
3 December 2019
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Full ratification
£12m
[ 58] [ 41]
Lebanon
1
19 September 2019
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Full ratification
£1,131m
[ 59] [ 60]
Liechtenstein [ n] Switzerland
2
11 February 2019
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Full ratification
£50,817m[ o]
[ 62] [ 63]
Mexico
1
15 December 2020
1 June 2021
Goods & Services
Continuity
Full ratification
£6,599m
[ 64] [ 65]
Moldova
1
24 December 2020
1 January 2021
Goods & Services
Continuity
Full ratification
£1,478m
[ 66] [ 67]
Morocco
1
26 October 2019
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Provisional application
£3,524m
[ 68] [ 69]
New Zealand
1
28 February 2022
31 May 2023
Goods & Services
New
Full ratification
£3,100m
[ 70] [ 71]
North Macedonia
1
3 December 2020
1 January 2021
Goods & Services
Continuity
Provisional application
£2,507m
[ 72] [ 73]
Pacific States Fiji Papua New Guinea Samoa [ p] Solomon Islands [ q]
4
14 March 2019
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Provisional application
£390m
[ 76] [ 77]
Palestinian Authority
1
18 February 2019
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Full ratification
£38m
[ 78] [ 79]
Serbia
1
16 April 2021
20 May 2021
Goods & Services
Continuity
Full ratification
£1,018m
[ 80] [ 81]
Singapore
1
10 December 2020
1 January 2021
Goods & Services
Continuity [ r]
Full ratification
£22,327m
[ 84] [ 85]
South Korea
1
22 August 2019
1 January 2021
Goods & Services
Continuity
Full ratification
£16,331m
[ 86] [ 87]
Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique Botswana Eswatini Lesotho Mozambique Namibia South Africa
6
9 October 2019[ s]
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Full ratification
£11,420m
[ 89] [ 90]
Tunisia
1
4 October 2019
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Full ratification
£693m
[ 91] [ 92]
Turkey
1
29 December 2020
1 January 2021
Goods
Continuity
Provisional application
£25,817m
[ 93] [ 94]
Ukraine
1
8 October 2020
1 January 2021
Goods & Services
Continuity
Full ratification
£1,523m
[ 95] [ 96]
Vietnam
1
29 December 2020
1 January 2021
Goods & Services
Continuity
Provisional application
£5,859m
[ 97] [ 98]
The following agreements govern the United Kingdom's free trade with British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies .
The United Kingdom is currently negotiating free trade agreements with the following countries and trade blocs:[ 4]
Nation (s)
No of nations represented
Coverage
Treaty
Trade value (2023)[ 1] [ 99]
Status
Progress
Ref.
Algeria
1
Goods
Continuity
£2,303m
Negotiations stagnated
A continuity trade agreement has been offered to Algeria; neither party has signed the agreement.
[ 105]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1
Goods & Services
Continuity
£255m
Negotiations stagnated
A continuity trade agreement has been offered to Bosnia and Herzegovina; neither party has signed the agreement.
[ 106] [ 105]
Canada
1
Goods & Services
New
£26,287m
Negotiations suspended
Negotiations suspended on 25 January 2024 by the United Kingdom; the two sides have completed eight rounds of talks since 2022.
[ 107] [ 108]
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership Australia Brunei Canada Chile Japan Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Peru Singapore Vietnam
11
Goods & Services
New
£121,355m
Agreement signed on 16 July 2023
Awaiting ratification of the UK's accession from member states.
Chile, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, and the UK have ratified the UK's accession.
At least two more CPTPP states need to ratify the UK's accession.
[ 109] [ 110]
Greenland
1
Goods
New
£12m
Negotiations stagnated
Negotiations opened on 27 January 2022.
[ 111] [ 112]
Gulf Cooperation Council Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates
6
Goods & Services
New
£57,433m
Negotiations ongoing
Sixth round of negotiations concluded on 9 February 2024.
[ 113] [ 114]
India
1
Goods & Services
New
£38,978m
Negotiations ongoing
Fourteenth round of negotiations concluded on 15 March 2024.
[ 115] [ 116]
Israel
1
Goods & Services
New
£6,137m
Negotiations ongoing
Fifth round of negotiations concluded on 17 April 2024.
[ 117] [ 118]
Maldives
1
Goods
New
£492m
Discussions ongoing
Trade consultation closed on 2 August 2023.
[ 119] [ 120]
Mexico
1
Goods & Services
New
£6,599m
Negotiations ongoing
Third round of negotiations concluded on 19 May 2023.
[ 121] [ 122]
Montenegro
1
Goods & Services
Continuity
£156m
Negotiations stagnated
A continuity trade agreement has been offered to Montenegro; neither party has signed the agreement.
[ 106] [ 105]
South Korea
1
Goods & Services
New
£18,349m
Negotiations ongoing
Second round of negotiations concluded on 22 March 2024.
[ 123] [ 124]
Switzerland
1
Goods & Services
New
£50,817m
Negotiations ongoing
Fourth round of negotiations concluded on 8 March 2024.
[ 125] [ 126]
Thailand
1
Goods & Services
New
£6,026m
Discussions ongoing
Free Trade Agreement initiative launched on 21 March 2024.
[ 127] [ 128]
Turkey
1
Goods & Services
New
£25,817m
Negotiations ongoing
Negotiations opened on 14 March 2024.
[ 129] [ 130]
Ukraine
1
Goods & Services
New
£1,523m
Agreement signed on 20 March 2023.
The Ukraine–United Kingdom Digital Trade Agreement will expand upon the existing FTA when it enters into force on the 1 September 2024.
[ 131] [ 132]
United States
1
Goods & Services
New
£310,840m
Negotiations stagnated
Fifth round of negotiations concluded on 30 October 2020.
[ 133] [ 134]
Potential enlargement [ edit ]
The following countries can accede to an existing plurilateral Economic Partnership Agreement with the United Kingdom.
Obsolete agreements [ edit ]
The following free trade agreements were previously active, however they have since been superseded or terminated. Signature, entry into force and obselete dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.[ 3]
The United Kingdom was previously a member of the following trade blocs , which include multilateral free trade with fellow members.
Obsolete EU agreements [ edit ]
The following agreements are European Union free trade agreements , of which the United Kingdom was a party until Brexit ; however continuity agreements were not reached to replace them.
Largest trading partners [ edit ]
Export and import markets for goods in 2020 & 2021, seasonally adjusted Figures in £millions sterling
Exports
Imports
Rank
Trade Partner
£millions
% of Total
Rank
Trade Partner
£millions
% of Total
European Union
153 951
47.8%
European Union
223 393
46.8%
1.
United States [ ao]
47 098
14.6%
1.
China
63 557
13.3%
2.
Germany (EU member)
29 595
9.2%
2.
Germany (EU member)
53 759
11.2%
3.
Netherlands (EU member)
27 085
8.4%
3.
United States
39 379
8.2%
4.
Ireland (EU member)
21 834
6.8%
4.
Netherlands (EU member)
31 786
6.7%
5.
France (EU member)
19 441
6.0%
5.
Norway (EFTA)
27 112
5.7%
6.
China
18 793
5.8%
6.
Belgium (EU member)
23 331
4.9%
7.
Belgium (EU member)
14 939
4.6%
7.
France (EU member)
23 128
4.8%
8.
Switzerland (EFTA)
10 309
3.2%
8.
Italy (EU member)
17 604
3.7%
9.
Italy (EU member)
9 112
2.8%
9.
Spain (EU member)
14 472
3.0%
10.
Spain (EU member)
7 878
2.4%
10.
Ireland (EU member)
13 861
2.9 %
EU
300.3
43.0%
EU
372.2
51.4%
Non EU
398.3
57.0%
Non EU
352.3
48.6%
World
698.6
100%
World
724.5
100%
Historically, WTO imports and exports are based on the rule of origin, while EU imports/exports are based on single market statistics.
The figures above are for 2020 & 2021[ 158] [ 159]
^ Joined 28 June 2022.[ 15]
^ The agreement only covered goods until 1 April 2021 when it expanded to cover services.[ 22]
^ Joined 5 March 2021.[ 25]
^ Trinidad and Tobago signed on 1 April 2019. Dominican Republic signed on 4 April 2019. Antigua and Barbuda signed on 6 June 2019. The Bahamas signed on 27 November 2019. Suriname signed on 4 March 2021.[ 26]
^ Joined 1 August 2024.[ 33]
^ This figure was published prior to Madagascar's accession to the Economic Partnership Agreement; thus excludes trade with Madagascar.
^ As an integral part of the EU Customs Union , Akrotiri and Dhekelia-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
^ Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement , the UK and the EU have agreed that Andorra be treated as a member of the EUCU . Therefore, Andorra-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[ 1]
^ As an integral part of the EU Customs Union , Monaco-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
^ Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement , the UK and the EU have agreed that San Marino be treated as a member of the EUCU . Therefore, San Marino-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[ 1]
^ This agreement covers the 27 EU members , additionally it governs UK trade with Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.[ 1]
^ Due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union , goods from Liechtenstein are governed in the Switzerland-UK FTA.
^ This figure only represents trade value between the UK and the cumulative value of Iceland and Norway. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 168m but is divided between two agreements.[ 1]
^ This treaty only governs Liechtenstein's goods due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union . Liechtenstein-UK trade is governed by the Iceland-Liechtenstein-Norway-UK FTA.[ 61]
^ This figure only represents trade value between the UK and Switzerland. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 168m but is divided between two agreements.[ 1]
^ Joined 11 January 2021[ 74]
^ Joined 5 January 2021[ 75]
^ Expanded upon by the Singapore–UK Digital Economy Agreement to cover digital trade, after entering into force on 14 June 2022.[ 82] [ 83]
^ South Africa signed the agreement on 16 October 2019.[ 88]
^ Joined 1 January 1970
^ Joined 1 January 1981
^ Joined 1 January 1986
^ Joined 1 January 1986
^ German reunification took place in 1990
^ Joined 1 January 1995
^ Joined 1 January 2007
^ Joined 1 July 2013
^ Joined 1 May 2004
^ Joined 1 May 2004
^ Joined 1 May 2004
^ Joined 1 January 1995
^ Joined 1 May 2004
^ Joined 1 May 2004
^ Joined 1 May 2004
^ Joined 1 May 2004
^ Joined 1 May 2004
^ Joined 1 January 2007
^ Joined 1 May 2004
^ Joined 1 May 2004
^ Joined 1 January 1995
^ including Puerto Rico
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: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link )
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