Gradual emancipation (United States)

Gradual emancipation was a legal mechanism used by some U.S. states to abolish slavery over some time, such as An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery of 1780 in Pennsylvania.^[1]

In the 16th century, Bartolomé de las Casas advocated ending enslavement. He stated that it was immoral, but there was pressure economically and politically to maintain slavery. Some of those who advocated for change wanted to end the transatlantic slave trade, because of how torturous it was, but still supported slavery. Others wanted to end slavery entirely.^[2]

The Age of Enlightenment of the late 17th century influenced increasing support for emancipation in the 18th century.^[2] In the 1770s, Black people throughout New England began sending petitions to northern legislatures demanding freedom.^[3] Pennsylvania's An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery of 1780 was the first legislative enactment in the United States.^[4] It specified that

Every Negro and Mulatto child born within the State after the passing of the Act (1780) would be free upon reaching age twenty-eight."^[4]

Once the Pennsylvania residents were freed, they were supposed to be treated the same as indentured servants who were contracted for four years of service. For instance, they were to receive tools of their trade or other privileges.^[4]

Four other Northern states adopted policies to at least gradually abolish slavery: New Hampshire and Massachusetts in 1783, and Connecticut and Rhode Island in 1784. The Republic of Vermont had already limited slavery in its original constitution (1777), before it joined the United States as the 14th state in 1791. These state jurisdictions thus enacted the first abolition laws in the Americas.^[3] By 1808, the importation of enslaved people was prohibited (though smuggling continued), and by the 1820s all Northern states enacted laws for either gradual or immediate emancipation.^[5] By 1860, U.S. Census data showed that almost all Northern states had no slaves except for New Jersey which had enacted such gradual emancipation that there were still 18 slaves enumerated by the census.^{[6][circular reference]}

Abraham Lincoln proposed an amendment to the Constitution for gradual emancipation in 1861 and 1862, culminating with the Second Message to Congress in December 1862. However, he realized that immediate emancipation was what was needed, because there was increasing support for emancipation in the north and slaves helped the Confederates during the war. This led to the Emancipation Proclamation, which went into effect on January 1, 1863.^[7] The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified at the end of the war, making slavery illegal in every state, and all enslaved people were freed.^[8]

• Back-to-Africa movement
• Compensated emancipation
• Slave states and free states
• Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
• Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War