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Greece–India relations

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Greco-Indian relations
Map indicating locations of Greece and India

Greece
India
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Greece, New DelhiEmbassy of India, Athens
Envoy
Greek Ambassador to India Aliki KoutsomitopoulouIndian Ambassador to Greece Rudrendra Tandon

Greece–India relations are the bilateral relations between India and Greece. Greece has an embassy in New Delhi. India has an embassy in Athens. As of 2023, the relation between the two countries is closer than ever and is considered historical and strategic by both parts.[1][2]

Historical relations

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Ancient era

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Main articles: Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations and Indo-Greek Kingdom
Pataliputra Palace capital, showing Greek and Persian influence, early Mauryan Empire period, 3rd century BC.

For the ancient Greeks, "India" (Greek: Ινδία) referred to the polity situated east of Persia and south of the Himalayas (with the exception of Serica). However, during different periods of history, "India" referred to a much wider or much less extensive place.[3] The Greeks referred to the ancient Indians as "Indói" (Greek: Ἰνδοί, lit. 'people of the Indus River'); the Indians referred to the Greeks as "Yonas (Yavanas)"[4] in reference to the Ionians.[5]

18–19th century

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The settlement of Greek merchants in Bengal began in the early eighteenth century and lasted until the middle of the twentieth century.[6]

The trading house of the Ralli Brothers which operated in Kolkata and Dhaka was the most important Greek business presence in India during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Dimitrios Galanos (Greek: Δημήτριος Γαλανός, 1760–1833) was the first modern Greek Indologist who lived for 40 years in India and translated many Sanskrit texts into Greek making available the knowledge of the philosophical and literary traditions of India in Greece and the rest of the world.

The church, cemetery and property of the Greek community of Bengal are currently managed by the Charitable Foundation of the Greek Orthodox Church in Kolkata.

DNA analysis from the skeletons of the Roopkund Lake, revealed that 14 skeletons (dated ~1800 CE) had a genetic ancestry tied to Greece.[7][8]

Modern

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5th Indian Infantry Brigade tour the Acropolis in 1944.

Diplomatic relations between Greece and India started in May 1950. India opened its resident Embassy in Athens in March 1978. The new Greek Embassy building in New Delhi was inaugurated on 6 February 2001.

The graves of Indians who died in Greece during the two World Wars are located in the memorial grounds of the cemeteries of the Allied Forces in Athens, Thessaloniki[9] and Lemnos.

Thessaloniki was twinned with Kolkata in January 2005.[10]

India and Greece enjoy close bilateral relations and Greece supports India's candidacy as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.

The two nations are closer than ever amidst their shared rivalry with Turkey. Greece is one of the few nations which openly support India on the Kashmir issue. In 2023, India and Greece along with Cyprus and Israel also formed an informal economic partnership for extraction of oil in Western Mediterranean.

Cultural Relations

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On 26 November 1926, Nobel Laureate Poet Rabindranath Tagore visited Athens.[11]

The "Dimitrios Galanos" Chair for Greek Studies was established at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, India in September 2000.

The official language of India, Hindi, has been taught at the Foreign Language Teaching Center of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens since 2005.

Sanskrit, Hindi, Indian philosophy and South Asian history and Culture have been taught at the Athens Center for Indian and Indo-Hellenic Studies since 2016.

In March and April 1995, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) and the Hellenic Foundation for Culture co-organized an International Symposium on "India – Greece: 2500 Years of Cultural Exchange" at the India International Center in New Delhi.

In February 2018, Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts (IGNCA) and Benares Hindu University (BHU) organized an international conference entitled "Dimitrios Galanos and his Legacy: Indo-Greek Studies 1790–2018" held in two phases, one in New Delhi and one in Varanasi, India.[12]

In November 2018, Europe's 1st International Symposium on Jainism was organized by ELINEPA at the Corfu Museum of Asian Art.[13]

In June 2019, the 17th International Hindi Conference was organized by ELINEPA in Athens.[14]

On 26 June 2021, the Ministers of External Affairs of Greece and India Nikos Dendias and S. Jaishankar and the Mayor of Athens Kostas Bakoyannis unveiled the statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Athens.[15]

In November 2021, ELINEPA and the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) co-organized a painting exhibition and a series of cultural events in New Delhi and Chandigarh as part of the celebrations for the 200th anniversary of the Greek Revolution.[16]

On 1 March 2022, a conferment ceremony was organized in Athens to present the Padma Shri Award from the President of India Ram Nath Kovind to the Greek Indologist Prof. Nicholas Kazanas for his distinguished service and contribution towards the enrichment of literature and education.[17]

In December 2022, the chair for Greek Studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University and the Hellenic Institute of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Studies (Venice) co-organized an International Conference on: "The Greek World and India: History, Culture and Trade from Hellenistic Period to Modern Times' at Jawaharlal Nehru University Conference Centre, New Delhi.[18]

In June 2023, the Academy of Athens organized an Event on: "The research work of Indologist Miltiadis Spyrou and the unknown publications of Demetrios Galanos in India".[19]

In April 2024, the chair for Greek Studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University in collaboration with the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the International Hellenic University and the National & Kapodistrian University of Athens organized a multi-disciplinary International Conference on “Greece and India: History, Society, Science and Entrepreneurship”[20]

Economic Relations

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About 35000 to 36000 Indian people live and work in Greece.[citation needed]

Annual bilateral trade stands at $0,83 billion. The figures from the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT) indicate that the trade balance is consistently in deficit to the detriment of Greece. In 2021, a deficit of €564,8 million was recorded as Greek exports amounted to €134,2 million, recording a significant increase of 74,6% compared to 2020, while imports to €699,1 million, recording an increase of 68,4% compared to 2020.[21]

Some Indian companies, like restaurants, mini markets and tourist agents, have started operating in Athens, Myconos, Santorini and other places in Greece. Greek companies also have partners in India.

An infrastructure consortium made up of India's GMR Airports Limited (GAL) and Greek GEK Terna has won the tender for the construction of the new Kastelli airport in Heraklion, Crete.[22]

India has been an honored country at the 74th (2009)[23] and the 84th (2019)[24] Thessaloniki International Fair.

The first Greek Indian Business Association was established in Athens in June 2019.[25]

List of recent bilateral visits

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Foreign Minister of Greece Nikos Dendias and Minister of External Affairs of India S. Jaishankar, during a bilateral meeting in 2022.

List of bilateral treaties

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  • Agreement on Cultural Exchange, 1961
  • Agreement on Avoidance of Double Taxation, 1967
  • Agreement for Joint Commission for Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation, 1983.
  • Joint Business Council of FICCI and ASSOCHAM and the Athens Chamber of Commerce, 1996.
  • Agreement of Co-operation between Hellenic Foreign Trade Board and India *Trade Promotion Organisation, 1996.
  • Agreement on Tourism Cooperation, 1998.
  • MoU on Defence Cooperation, 1998.
  • MoU for Cooperation in Agriculture, 2001.
  • Agreement on Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (BIPA), 2007.
  • Agreement on Co-operation in Science & Technology, 2007.
  • MOU between CII and Federation of Greek Industries, 2007.
  • MOU for Co-operation between Institute of Science, Bengaluru and *National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 2007

Resident diplomatic missions

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Indian FM Emphasizes "historical Friendship" with Greece as Bilateral Ties Rapidly Foster – Greek City Times". 30 October 2020.
  2. ^ "Indian FM: Greece is Our Strategic Partner – Greek City Times". 15 November 2020.
  3. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) William Smith, LLD, Ed. – India
  4. ^ "The Influence of Greek Classics on Indian Culture in Ancient Era" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Lal, Shyam Bihari (2004). "Yavanas in the Ancient Indian Inscriptions". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 65: 1115–1120. JSTOR 44144820.
  6. ^ "Three Centuries of Hellenic Presence in Bengal". 31 December 2005.
  7. ^ Harney, Éadaoin; Nayak, Ayushi; Patterson, Nick; Joglekar, Pramod; Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Sedig, Jakob; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Culleton, Brendan J.; Ferry, Matthew; Harper, Thomas K.; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Zhang, Zhao; Harashawaradhana; Bartwal, Maanwendra Singh; Kumar, Sachin; Diyundi, Subhash Chandra; Roberts, Patrick; Boivin, Nicole; Kennett, Douglas J.; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Reich, David; Rai, Niraj (2019). "Ancient DNA from the skeletons of Roopkund Lake reveals Mediterranean migrants in India". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 3670. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11357-9. PMC 6702210. PMID 31431628.
  8. ^ DNA study deepens mystery of lake full of skeletons
  9. ^ "The Indian Cemetery in Salonica". 30 November 2006.
  10. ^ "The Twinning of Thessaloniki and Calcutta". 21 January 2005.
  11. ^ "RABINDRANATH TAGORE – 90 YEARS SINCE HIS VISIT TO GREECE". 11 January 2023.
  12. ^ "International Conference on "Demetrios Galanos and His Legacy: Indo-Greek scholarship 1790–2018"". 11 January 2023.
  13. ^ "International Symposium on Jainism". 11 January 2023.
  14. ^ "17th International Hindi Conference in Athens". 11 January 2023.
  15. ^ "Unveiling of the statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Athens". 11 January 2023.
  16. ^ "Painting exhibition dedicated to the 200 years since the Greek Revolution – New Delhi". 11 January 2023.
  17. ^ "Padma Shri Award conferred to Greek Indologist Prof. Nicholas Kazanas". 11 January 2023.
  18. ^ "Report of the International Conference "The Greek World and India: History, Culture and Trade from the Hellenistic period to Modern Times"". 11 January 2023.
  19. ^ "Review and Video of the event "The research work of Indologist Miltiadis Spyrou and the unknown publications of Demetrios Galanos in India"". 18 June 2023.
  20. ^ "International Conference on "Greece and India: History, Society, Science and Entrepreneurship" – Report". 14 April 2024.
  21. ^ "Greek Indian Economic Forum, no. 2 (2022), p.16". 21 May 2022.
  22. ^ "Greek-Indian cooperation for the construction of the airport in Kastelli, Crete". 2 June 2017.
  23. ^ "India – Honored Country in the 74th Thessaloniki International Trade Fair". 9 September 2009.
  24. ^ "India Honored country at the 84th Thessaloniki International Fair". 6 September 2019.
  25. ^ "GIBA | Greek Indian Business Association".
  26. ^ "The official visit of King Paul and Queen Frederica in India". 2 February 1963.
  27. ^ "Official Visit of Constantinos Karamanlis in India". 8 March 1982.
  28. ^ "Visit of Indira Gandhi in Athens and Delphi". 23 September 1983.
  29. ^ "Finance Minister Alogoskoufis Visits India". 11 February 2007.
  30. ^ "H.E. The President of India Dr. Abdul Kalam in Greece". 27 April 2007.
  31. ^ "Official Visit of P.M. Kostas Karamanlis to India". 11 January 2008.
  32. ^ "Greek Difence Minister Panos Kammenos visits India". 20 December 2015.
  33. ^ "Visit of India's State Minister of Agriculture Shri Gajendra Singh Shekhawat to Greece". 18 April 2018.
  34. ^ "Visit of President of India Shri Ram Nath Kovind to Greece". 13 June 2018.
  35. ^ "Thessaloniki International Fair – Inauguration of the Indian Pavilion". 6 September 2019.
  36. ^ "Visit of the Indian Minister of External Affairs Dr. S. Jaishankar in Athens". 25 June 2021.
  37. ^ "Official Visit of Foreign Minister Nikos Dendias to India". 23 March 2022.
  38. ^ "Visit of Smt. Meenakashi Lekhi, Minister of State for External Affairs and Culture, to Greece (January 30-31, 2023)". 31 January 2023.
  39. ^ "Official visit of the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Athens". 25 August 2023.
  40. ^ "Official visit of the Minister of Rural Development and Food, Eleftherios Avgenakis, to India". 4 November 2023.

Further reading

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