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Hamilton East (New Zealand electorate)

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 12 min

Hamilton East
Single-member general constituency for the New Zealand House of Representatives
Formation1972
RegionWaikato
CharacterUrban and suburban
Term3 years
Member for Hamilton East

Ryan Hamilton
since 14 October 2023
PartyNational
Previous MPJamie Strange (Labour)
Party vote distribution




Hamilton East is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate.

Population centres

[edit]

Since the 1969 election, the number of electorates in the South Island was fixed at 25, with continued faster population growth in the North Island leading to an increase in the number of general electorates. There were 84 electorates for the 1969 election,[1] and the 1972 electoral redistribution saw three additional general seats created for the North Island, bringing the total number of electorates to 87.[2] Together with increased urbanisation in Christchurch and Nelson, the changes proved very disruptive to existing electorates.[2] In the South Island, three electorates were abolished, and three electorates were newly created.[3] In the North Island, five electorates were abolished, two electorates were recreated, and six electorates were newly created (including Hamilton East).[4]

The earlier Hamilton electorate dates from 1922. In 1969 Hamilton West was split off; that electorate initially extended to the west coast. In 1972 the additional electorate of Hamilton East was created, and Hamilton was abolished.[5]

The electorate is mainly urban, and covers the eastern part of the city of Hamilton. The Waikato River divides the city in half and forms the boundary between the Hamilton East and Hamilton West electorates. Only one other electorate borders Hamilton East, the rural electorate of Waikato to the east.[6]

Hamilton East includes the suburbs of Rototuna, Flagstaff, Queenwood, Chedworth Park, Fairfield, Fairview Downs, Enderley, Claudelands, Hamilton East, Hillcrest, Silverdale and Riverlea.[6]

Hamilton East is home to the University of Waikato, and 11.3% of the electorate's workforce is employed in education and training, the second-highest proportion in the country. The majority of households are families, and the median family income is NZ$61,500, which is $2,500 higher than the national median.[6]

History

[edit]

Nearly every party since 1972 that has won Hamilton East and its sister seat of Hamilton West has gone on to form the government, earning these seats a reputation as bellwether seats. One notable exception was in 1993, when Labour captured both Hamilton seats from National, but failed to win a parliamentary majority. In recent years, such as the 1999 and 2005 elections, Hamilton East has been won more often by a National candidate, despite the Labour Party forming the government.

Members of Parliament

[edit]

Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

Key

  Labour   National   NZ First

Election Winner
1972 election Rufus Rogers
1975 election Ian Shearer
1978 election
1981 election
1984 election Bill Dillon
1987 election
1990 election Tony Steel
1993 election Dianne Yates
1996 election Tony Steel
1999 election
2002 election Dianne Yates
2005 election David Bennett
2008 election
2011 election
2014 election
2017 election
2020 election Jamie Strange
2023 election Ryan Hamilton

List MPs

[edit]

Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the Hamilton East electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

Election Winner
1996 election Doug Woolerton
Dianne Yates
1999 election Doug Woolerton
Dianne Yates
2002 election Doug Woolerton
2005 election Doug Woolerton
Dianne Yates1
2008 election Sue Moroney
2017 election Jamie Strange
2020 election David Bennett

1Resigned March 2008, list seat taken by William Sio

Election results

[edit]

2023 election

[edit]
2023 general election: Hamilton East[7]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Ryan Hamilton 17,950 47.79 — 16,373 42.66 +15.44
Labour Georgie Dansey 12,890 34.32 — 9,497 24.74 -24.00
ACT Himanshu Parmar 1,679 4.47 — 3,085 8.04 +1.18
Te Pāti Māori Awatea Parker 1,227 3.27 — 565 1.47 +0.99
NZ First Russelle Knaap 1,206 3.21 — 1,914 4.99 +2.90
Opportunities Alex Corkin 1,195 3.18 — 1,040 2.71 +0.54
NZ Loyal Tanya Ban 517 1.38 — 341 0.89 —
Animal Justice Lily Carrington 321 0.85 — 69 0.18 —
Independent Jacobus Gielen 40 0.11 —
Independent Nathan Lee Couper 27 0.07 —
Green   4,718 12.29 +4.36
NewZeal   204 0.53 +0.25[a]
Legalise Cannabis   110 0.29 -0.02
New Conservative   91 0.24 -1.75
Freedoms NZ   80 0.21 —
Women's Rights   40 0.10 —
DemocracyNZ   39 0.10 —
Leighton Baker Party   25 0.07 —
New Nation   19 0.05 —
Informal votes 509 173
Total valid votes 37.561 38,383
National gain from Labour Majority 5,060 13.47 +5.95

2020 election

[edit]
2020 general election: Hamilton East[8]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Jamie Strange 18,542 46.92 +10.16 19,471 48.74 +13.36
National Red XN David Bennett 15,569 39.40 -13.59 10,875 27.22 -20.23
Green Rimu Bhooi 1,676 4.24 -1.48 3,171 7.93 +1.87
Opportunities Naomi Pocock 848 2.14 — 868 2.17 -0.99
ACT Myah Deedman 721 1.82 +1.43 2,744 6.86 +6.25
New Conservative Julie Manders 665 1.68 — 796 1.99 +1.79
NZ First Stuart Husband 368 0.93 -2.18 836 2.09 -3.57
Advance NZ Siggi Henry 298 0.75 — 291 0.72 —
Vision NZ Destry Murphy 101 0.25 — 57 0.14 —
Independent Matt Coleman 67 0.16 —
RONZ Jack Gielen 28 0.07 -0.11
Māori Party   193 0.48 -0.06
Legalise Cannabis   126 0.31 -0.07
ONE   113 0.28 —
Outdoors   27 0.06 ±0.00
TEA   20 0.05 —
Sustainable NZ   17 0.04 —
Social Credit   14 0.03 +0.01
Heartland   7 0.01 —
Informal votes 630 320
Total valid votes 39,513 39,946
Turnout 39,946
Labour gain from National Majority 2,973 7.52 -8.71

2017 election

[edit]
2017 general election: Hamilton East[9]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Green tickY David Bennett 18,975 52.99 −4.38 17,380 47.45 −2.58
Labour Jamie Strange 13,165 36.76 +9.56 12,958 35.38 +11.61
Green Sam Taylor 2,048 5.72 −1.47 2,221 6.06 −4.96
NZ First Pita Paraone 1,113 3.11 −0.72 2,074 5.66 −1.48
ACT James McDowall 140 0.39 −0.02 225 0.61 −0.11
RONZ Jack Gielen 65 0.18 —
Opportunities   1,157 3.16 —
Māori Party   199 0.54 −0.10
Legalise Cannabis   89 0.24 −0.08
Conservative   75 0.20 −4.61
United Future   29 0.08 −0.22
Outdoors   23 0.06 —
People's Party   22 0.06 —
Ban 1080   17 0.05 −0.03
Mana Party   10 0.03 —
Internet   9 0.02 —
Democrats   6 0.02 −0.01
Informal votes 304 135
Total valid votes 35,810 36,630
National hold Majority 5,810 16.23 −13.94

2014 election

[edit]
2014 general election: Hamilton East[10]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Green tickY David Bennett 19,393 57.37 +0.26 17,395 50.03 -1.36
Labour Cliff Allen 9,194 27.20 -4.37 8,264 23.77 -0.40
Green Mark Servian 2,430 7.19 +1.95 3,833 11.02 -0.86
NZ First Richard Taurima 1,296 3.83 +1.37 2,481 7.14 +1.77
Conservative Katrina Day 991 2.93 +0.61 1,672 4.81 +1.37
Internet Mana Ray Calver (Internet) 217 0.64 +0.64 348 1.00 +0.73[b]
ACT Ron Smith 139 0.41 -0.30 250 0.72 -0.31
United Future Quentin Todd 72 0.21 +0.21 104 0.30 -0.48
Democrats Carolyn McKenzie 70 0.21 +0.04 29 0.08 +0.03
Māori Party   222 0.64 +0.05
Legalise Cannabis   110 0.32 -0.07
Ban 1080   28 0.08 +0.08
Civilian   23 0.07 +0.07
Focus   5 0.01 +0.01
Independent Coalition   3 0.01 +0.01
Informal votes 295 167
Total valid votes 34,097 34,934
National hold Majority 10,199 30.17 +4.63

2011 election

[edit]
2011 general election: Hamilton East[11]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Green tickY David Bennett 18,505 57.11 -1.47 17,085 51.39 +1.88
Labour Sehai Orgad 10,230 31.57 -0.43 8,217 24.17 -6.09
Green Nick Marryatt 1,697 5.24 +0.92 3,942 11.88 +4.67
NZ First Gordon Stewart 797 2.46 -0.04 1,786 5.37 +2.08
Conservative Robyn Jackson 752 2.32 +2.32 1,145 3.44 +3.44
ACT Garry Mallett 230 0.71 -0.56 341 1.03 -3.07
Pirate Bruce Kingsbury 137 0.42 +0.42
Democrats Carolyn McKenzie 54 0.17 +0.17 18 0.05 +0.004
United Future   260 0.78 -0.57
Māori Party   195 0.59 -0.37
Legalise Cannabis   131 0.39 +0.01
Mana   89 0.27 +0.27
Libertarianz   25 0.08 +0.01
Alliance   8 0.02 -0.03
Informal votes 636 317
Total valid votes 32,402 33,249
National hold Majority 8,275 25.54 -1.04

Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 45,420[12]

2008 election

[edit]
2008 general election: Hamilton East[13]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Green tickY David Bennett 19,441 58.58 +7.46 16,745 49.50 +4.06
Labour Sue Moroney 10,621 32.00 -4.79 10,420 30.80 -4.72
Green Linda Persson 1,433 4.32 +0.71 2,439 7.21 +1.68
NZ First Doug Woolerton 830 2.50 -1.32 1,113 3.29 -2.56
ACT Garry Mallett 420 1.27 -0.18 1,387 4.10 +2.16
Kiwi Robyn Jackson 180 0.54 189 0.56
United Future Rochelle White 168 0.51 -0.97 458 1.35 -2.06
Democrats Carolyn McKenzie 54 0.16 17 0.05 +0.01
RONZ Jack Gielen 41 0.12 16 0.05 +0.04
Māori Party   323 0.95 +0.33
Bill and Ben   243 0.72
Progressive   190 0.56 -0.36
Legalise Cannabis   129 0.38 +0.23
Family Party   90 0.27
Libertarianz   21 0.06 +0.01
Alliance   17 0.05 +0.01
Workers Party   15 0.04
Pacific   13 0.04
RAM   2 0.01
Informal votes 236 112
Total valid votes 33,188 33,827
Turnout 34,176 80.48 -2.50
National hold Majority 8,820 26.58 +12.25

2005 election

[edit]
2005 general election: Hamilton East[14]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National David Bennett 18,901 51.12 +12.47 17,122 45.44 +21.71
Labour Red XN Dianne Yates 13,603 36.79 -3.80 13,377 35.52 -0.11
NZ First Doug Woolerton 1,411 3.82 -2.82 2,202 5.85 -4.35
Green Daniel Howard 1,334 3.61 -1.45 2,083 5.53 -1.62
United Future Adam Archer 547 1.48 -2.00 2,083 5.53 -2.75
ACT Garry Mallett 534 1.44 -0.94 732 1.94 -7.83
Māori Party Poutawa Biasiny-Tule 309 0.84 234 0.62
Progressive Peter Banks 243 0.66 347 0.92
Independent Jared Phillips 59 0.16
Libertarianz Robin Thomsen 34 0.09 21 0.06
Destiny   109 0.29
Legalise Cannabis   56 0.15 -0.34
Christian Heritage   37 0.10 -1.14
Alliance   17 0.05 -1.09
Democrats   15 0.04
99 MP   12 0.03
One NZ   8 0.02 -0.03
Direct Democracy   5 0.01
Family Rights   3 0.01
RONZ   2 0.01
Informal votes 292 113
Total valid votes 36,975 37,658
Turnout 38,024 82.98 +4.61
National gain from Labour Majority 5,298 14.33 +16.27

2002 election

[edit]
2002 general election: Hamilton East[15]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Dianne Yates 12,827 40.59 -1.34 11,369 35.63 +0.20
National Red XN Tony Steel 12,213 38.65 -5.41 7,573 23.73 -11.70
NZ First Doug Woolerton 2,099 6.64 +3.22 3,256 10.20 +6.26
Green Cathy Olsen 1,665 5.27 2,281 7.15 +1.93
United Future Richard Carter 1,101 3.48 2,643 8.28 +6.42a
ACT Brian George Dawson 751 2.38 +0.12 3,116 9.77 +0.64
Christian Heritage Gavin Denby 307 0.97 -1.28 395 1.24 -1.15
Alliance Ravaani D K Ghaemmaghamy 177 0.56 -3.54 365 1.14 -6.16
Progressive Jim Medland 177 0.56 356 1.12
ORNZ   255 0.80
Legalise Cannabis   157 0.49 -0.44
Mana Māori   18 0.06 +0.02
One NZ   17 0.05 -0.03
NMP   2 0.01
Informal votes 284 105
Total valid votes 31,601 31,908
Turnout 32,085 78.37 -7.23
Labour gain from National Majority 614 1.94 +4.07
a United Future swing compared to results of United NZ and Future NZ, as the two merged in 2000.

1999 election

[edit]
1999 general election: Hamilton East[16][17]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Green tickY Tony Steel 14,329 44.06 11,620 35.43
Labour Dianne Yates 13,637 41.93 10,738 32.74
Alliance Peter Jamieson 1,334 4.10 2,394 7.30
NZ First Doug Woolerton 1,113 3.42 1,293 3.94
ACT Gavin Denby 734 2.26 2,993 9.13
Christian Heritage Madeleine Flannagan 732 2.25 783 2.39
McGillicuddy Serious Leanee V. Ireland 370 1.14 67 0.21
Mauri Pacific Helen Akhtari 179 0.55 35 0.11
Natural Law John Cleary 96 0.30 39 0.12
Green   1,712 5.22
Christian Democrats   446 1.36
Legalise Cannabis   304 0.93
United NZ   163 0.50
Libertarianz   100 0.30
Animals First   50 0.15
One NZ   27 0.08
Mana Māori   13 0.04
NMP   6 0.02
People's Choice 5 0.02
Freedom Movement 4 0.01
South Island   3 0.01
Republican   2 0.01
Informal votes 571 298
Total valid votes 32,524 32,797
Turnout 33,763 85.60
National hold Majority 692 2.13

1996 election

[edit]
1996 general election: Hamilton East[18][19][20]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Tony Steel 14,020 43.19 +6.15 13,029 39.92
Labour Red XN Dianne Yates 11,673 35.96 -1.47 8,219 25.18
NZ First Doug Woolerton 2,920 8.99 3,604 11.04
Alliance Ashok Parbhu 1,684 5.19 2,757 8.45
Christian Coalition Lindsay Priest 798 2.46 1,734 5.31
ACT Graeme Williams 578 1.78 2,088 6.40
McGillicuddy Serious Justine Francis 354 1.09 123 0.38
Progressive Green Dianna Tawharu 176 0.54 88 0.27
Independent Pat Neagle 129 0.40
Natural Law John Cleary 67 0.21 63 0.19
Superannuitants & Youth Leslie Stroud 64 0.20 47 0.14
Legalise Cannabis   430 1.32
United NZ   279 0.85
Animals First   63 0.19
Ethnic Minority Party 31 0.09
Mana Māori   29 0.09
Libertarianz   19 0.06
Green Society   16 0.05
Conservatives   9 0.03
Asia Pacific United 5 0.02
Advance New Zealand 4 0.01
Te Tawharau 0 0.00
Informal votes 254 80
Total valid votes 32,463 32,637
National gain from Labour Majority 2,347 7.23

1993 election

[edit]
1993 general election: Hamilton East[21]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Dianne Yates 7,677 37.43
National Tony Steel 7,597 37.04 −12.09
Alliance Paula Singh 2,556 12.46
NZ First Rex Widerstrom 1,860 9.07
Christian Heritage Tony Randell 494 2.40
McGillicuddy Serious Tania Leigh Smeaton 274 1.33
Natural Law Alison Clark 48 0.23
Majority 80 0.39
Turnout 20,506 85.07 −0.16
Registered electors 24,104

1990 election

[edit]
1990 general election: Hamilton East[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Tony Steel 9,717 49.13
Labour Bill Dillon 7,596 38.41 −13.69
NewLabour Shirley McKay 963 4.86
McGillicuddy Serious Graeme Cairns 449 2.27
Independent Pat Neagle 329 1.66
Christian Heritage Warwick Frank Jones 328 0.65
Social Credit Frank Strange 207 1.04
Democrats Douglas Lever 110 0.55
Independent Huw Evans 76 0.38
Majority 2,121 10.72
Turnout 19,775 85.23 −3.98
Registered electors 23,200

1987 election

[edit]
1987 general election: Hamilton East[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Bill Dillon 10,397 52.10 +7.50
National Sandra Shearer 8,726 43.73
Democrats Bill Cooker 478 2.39 −1.06
McGillicuddy Serious S Evans 265 1.32
NZ Party Pamela Martin 88 0.44
Majority 1,671 8.37 +2.69
Turnout 19,954 89.21 −3.50
Registered electors 22,367

1984 election

[edit]
1984 general election: Hamilton East[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Bill Dillon 8,633 44.60
National Ian Shearer 7,533 38.92 −4.09
NZ Party Margaret Evans 2,467 12.74
Social Credit Bill Cooker 669 3.45
McGillicuddy Serious Patricia Gunn 32 0.16
Independent Rex Stone 19 0.09
Majority 1,100 5.68
Turnout 19,353 92.71 +4.84
Registered electors 20,873

1981 election

[edit]
1981 general election: Hamilton East[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Ian Shearer 8,525 43.01 +0.05
Labour Lois Welch 7,337 37.01 +1.05
Social Credit Lorna Booth 3,958 19.96 +1.14
Majority 1,188 5.99 −1.01
Turnout 19,820 87.87 −23.07
Registered electors 22,556

1978 election

[edit]
1978 general election: Hamilton East[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Ian Shearer 8,352 42.96 −6.23
Labour Lois Welch 6,991 35.96
Social Credit Lorna Booth 3,659 18.82
Values Rachel Elizabeth Stevenson 399 2.05
Independent Peter James Osborne 38 0.19
Majority 1,361 7.00 −4.04
Turnout 19,439 64.80 −17.56
Registered electors 29,994

1975 election

[edit]
1975 general election: Hamilton East[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Ian Shearer 10,001 49.19
Labour Rufus Rogers 7,765 38.19 −8.63
Social Credit Charles Wilmot-Stilwell 1,754 8.62 +1.92
Values Nick Mulligan 783 3.85
Socialist Unity Joan Mary Jones 17 0.08
Majority 2,246 11.04
Turnout 20,330 82.36 −6.90
Registered electors 24,684

1972 election

[edit]
1972 general election: Hamilton East[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Rufus Rogers 7,872 46.82
National Ross Jansen 7,475 44.46
Social Credit Charles Wilmot-Stilwell 1,128 6.70
Values Peter Francis Cuttance 213 1.26
Independent Henry Brian Bishop 64 0.38
New Democratic Allan Stanley Lewin 42 0.24
Liberal Reform Allan Robert Wells 18 0.10
Majority 397 2.36
Turnout 16,812 89.26
Registered electors 18,833

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Compared to ONE Party
  2. ^ 2014 Internet Mana swing is relative to the votes for Mana in 2011; it shared a party list with Internet in the 2014 election.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ McRobie 1989, p. 111.
  2. ^ a b McRobie 1989, p. 115.
  3. ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 112, 116.
  4. ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 111, 115.
  5. ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 83, 110, 114.
  6. ^ a b c "Hamilton East" (PDF). Parliamentary Library. March 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
  7. ^ "Hamilton East – Official Result". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  8. ^ "Hamilton East – Official Result". Electoral Commission. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  9. ^ "Official Count Results – Hamilton East (2017)". Electoral Commission. 7 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  10. ^ "Official Count Results – Hamilton East". Electoral Commission. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  11. ^ Hamilton East results, 2011
  12. ^ "Enrolment statistics". Electoral Commission. 26 November 2011. Archived from the original on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
  13. ^ "2008 election results". Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  14. ^ Official Count Results – Hamilton East
  15. ^ Official Count Results – Hamilton East
  16. ^ "Official Count Results (1999) – Electoral Votes for registered parties by electorate". NZ Electoral Commission. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  17. ^ "Official Count Results (1999) – Candidate Vote Details". NZ Electoral Commission. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  18. ^ "Electorate Candidate and Party Votes Recorded at Each Polling Place – Hamilton East, 1996" (PDF). Retrieved 13 July 2013.
  19. ^ "Part III – Party Lists of Successful Registered Parties" (PDF). Electoral Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  20. ^ "Part III – Party Lists of unsuccessful Registered Parties" (PDF). Electoral Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  21. ^ Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1993. p. 32.
  22. ^ Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1990. p. 36.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Norton 1988, p. 234.

References

[edit]
  • McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.
  • Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. p. 266. OCLC 154283103.
  • Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.
[edit]
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