History of the Red Terror (Ethiopia)

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The History of the Red Terror refers to the political repression launched by the Derg military junta in Ethiopia from 1976 to 1978, resulting in the deaths of more than 10,000 people.

The government officially uses the term "Red Terror" to refer to these events.^[1][2]

During the 1960s and early 1970s, the Haile Selassie government faced heavy criticism, particularly from the educated class, including university students who supported left-wing ideologies. These students harbored deep resentment toward their living and studying conditions, as well as the limited career opportunities available to them after graduation. This dissatisfaction ultimately led to the adoption of hostile methods to overthrow the government.^[3]

Students' songs praised figures like Ho Chi Minh and Che Guevara, and a popular slogan at the time was "Through Bale, not Bole." This slogan reflected the expectation of revolution through rural insurgency (as in Bale) rather than through returning exiles who arrived in Addis Ababa via Bole International Airport.^[4][1]

Soon after, opposition movements shifted toward radical elements, leading to the formation of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP) and the All-Ethiopia Socialist Movement (known by its Amharic acronym, MEISON). While these groups had tactical differences, particularly regarding the status of Eritrea, their overarching political ideology was rooted in Marxism.^[5][6]

By 1976, the primary distinction between them was that MEISON supported the military government as a means to achieve communism, whereas the EPRP opposed the government.^[5][7]

In mid-1976, in response to government crackdowns on its student members and opposition, the EPRP began assassinating senior Derg officials and members of its affiliated institutions. The group was also suspected of attempting a coup d'état against the government in July 1976.^[8][9] As a result, 21 coup plotters were executed, and mass arrests of EPRP members began in August.^[1]

On 23 September 1976, the first of nine suspects was implicated in an attempted assassination of Mengistu Haile Mariam.^[10] On 2 October, the EPRP assassinated Fikre Merid, a prominent MEISON member and government cadre.^[11] Over the following two months, ten senior government officials and 15 members of the secret service were killed. Public assassinations continued throughout 1977.^[12]

The killing of individuals suspected of being affiliated with the EPRP began in September 1976. On 21 October, 21 people were executed, and the deaths of an additional 17 individuals were announced on 18 November.^[13] However, it was not until February 1977, following the execution of General Tafari Benti by Mengistu Haile Mariam, that the Red Terror was officially declared, marking the beginning of mass killings.^[14]

Mengistu labeled the EPRP's sporadic campaign of assassinations as the "White Terror," while Lt. Col. Atnafu Abate vowed that "for every revolutionary killed, a thousand counter-revolutionaries would be executed."^[15][16] However, this was not followed strictly in practice. Instead, Atnafu organized the "Defense of the Revolution Squads," arming loyal members of the Addis Ababa kebeles.

On 17 April 1977, Mengistu delivered a speech at Meskel Square, issuing a stark warning against the "enemies of the revolution." To symbolize the destruction of imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucratic capitalism, he dramatically smashed three bottles filled with blood-like liquid.^[17]

On 26 February 1977, 44 prisoners were taken outside Addis Ababa and executed.^[18] On 2 March 1977, several individuals were executed by the government for distributing EPRP literature during a pro-government demonstration.^[1]

May Day became a significant revolutionary event, with large rallies organized in support of the EPRP's plans.^[19] On the night of 29 April 1977, the Defense Squads arrived in the capital, and together with local kebele officials, they began a massacre of suspected EPRP supporters.^[20]

On 7–8 May 1977, a daytime curfew was imposed, and house-to-house searches were conducted, resulting in thousands being detained by the Defense Squads and soldiers.

On 17 May, the Secretary-General of the Swedish Save the Children Fund reported that "one thousand children have been massacred in Addis Ababa, and their bodies, lying in the streets, are ravaged by roving hyenas."^[21][22] He also estimated that between 100 and 500 young people—some as young as 12—were killed every night.

On 4–5 June, approximately 400 students were killed. In total, 2,500 people were killed in the first phase of the terror.^[2]

Initially, the EPRP penetrated Addis Ababa during the first phase but later retreated to a rural base in Tigray.^[23] Haile Fida, the leader of MEISON and a confidant and ideologue of Mengistu, was detained in August 1977.^[24] After spending several months in prison, he disappeared, while many MEISON cadres were arrested shortly afterward.^[25][12]

In October 1977, the second phase of the terror began, resulting in an estimated 3,000 to 4,000 deaths.^[14] The massacres were largely attributed to a civil war between MEISON and the remnants of the EPRP.^[26] By the end of 1977, MEISON members had been thoroughly purged from the ranks of government and the higher offices of the kebeles.^[16] However, many remained at lower levels, particularly in the provinces.

The third wave of violence took place between December 1977 and February 1978, during which 300 people were killed on the night of 16 December.^[12] On 21 December, Defense Squads attacked a mosque with machine guns. By the end of the year, Amnesty International estimated that 30,000 political prisoners were held in central prisons and detention centers across the 291 kebeles of Addis Ababa. It is estimated that around 5,000 were killed in Addis Ababa during these months, with more casualties in provincial towns.^[4]

Traders and shopkeepers were significant victims of the massacre. By 1975, grain traders had become targets of the Derg. However, the campaign against merchants, unlike that against landlords, was not officially part of the Red Terror.^[27]

As the Derg's political radicalism became more apparent, merchants were blamed for causing the famines of 1972–1974 and were viewed as class enemies of the revolution. Many prominent merchants aligned themselves with conservative parties, such as the Ethiopian Democratic Union (EDU), which was militarily active in Tigray and Gondar.^[2]

In 1973, 90% of all marketed grain was sold by an estimated 20,000–30,000 grain merchants. A small minority of 25 merchants dominated the supply to Addis Ababa, collectively owning a storage capacity of 100,000 tonnes. This group was capable of mitigating shortages in the city; however, their primary contribution to the famine of 1973 was exporting grain from famine-stricken Wollo to the more prosperous Addis Ababa. This led to a 20% increase in food prices during the scarcity.

The Special Penal Code of November 1974 further prohibited economic actions deemed harmful to the state. Article 27 of the code was drafted in a vague manner, and the Special Court Martial enforced it in a draconian way, completely outlawing any economic activities considered "illegal."^[2]

While most detentions and executions took place in Addis Ababa, there were also numerous massacres across the country, particularly in 1978. Cities such as Asmara, Gondar, Bahir Dar, and Jimma suffered heavily during this period.^[1][2]