Iranians in the United Kingdom

British-Iranians
ایرانیان بریتانیا

Total population
Iranian-born residents in the United Kingdom: 114,432 (2021/22 census)[note 1]  England: 106,801 (2021)[1]  Scotland: 4,803 (2022)[2]  Wales: 2,367 (2021)[1] Northern Ireland: 461 (2021)[3] Previous estimates: 42,494 (2001 census) 84,735 (2011 census) 70,000 (2017 ONS estimate)
Regions with significant populations
London,[4] Manchester, Liverpool
Languages
British English, Persian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Kurdish and other languages of Iran. (see Languages of Iran)
Religion
Shia Islam, Non-religion, Christianity, Judaism, Baháʼí, Sunni Islam, Zoroastrianism, Other. ^ Does not include ethnic Iranians born in the United Kingdom or those with Iranian ancestry
Related ethnic groups
Iranian diaspora (Iranians of UAE • Ajam of Bahrain • Ajam of Qatar • Ajam of Iraq • 'Ajam of Kuwait • Iranians of Canada • Iranians of America • Iranians of UK • Iranians of Germany • Iranians of Israel • Iranians in Turkey) Iranian peoples (Lurs, Achomis, Baluchs, Kurds, Iranian Azeris), Turkic peoples (Qashqai, Azerbaijanis), Huwala

Iranians in the United Kingdom consist of people of Iranian nationality who have settled in the United Kingdom, as well as British residents and citizens of Iranian heritage. Iranians in the United Kingdom are referred to by hyphenated terms such as British-Iranians, British-Persians, Iranian-Britons, or Persian-Britons.^[5]

As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the British-Iranian population was approximately 114,432 people. The vast majority of British-Iranians arrived after the Islamic Revolution of 1979, with an estimated 8,000 Iranian asylum seekers arriving in the United Kingdom in the following five years. Due to intensifying religious and political persecution, particularly of Iranian Christians, the numbers of Iranian asylum seekers arriving at UK soil has significantly risen in recent years.^{[vague][6][7]}

British-Iranian is used interchangeably with British-Persian,^{[8][9][10][11]} partly due to the fact^[12] that, in the Western world, Iran was known as "Persia". On the Nowruz of 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran, the endonym of the country used since the Sasanian Empire, in formal correspondence. Since then the use of the word "Iran" has become more common in the Western countries. This also changed the usage of the terms for Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from "Persian" to "Iranian". In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Reza Shah's son, announced that both "Persia" and "Iran" could officially be used interchangeably.^[13] However the issue is still debated today.^[14][15]

There is a tendency among British-Iranians to categorize themselves as "Persian" rather than "Iranian", mainly to dissociate themselves from the Islamic regime of Iran which has been in power since the 1979 revolution and the negativity associated with it, and also to distinguish themselves as being of Persian ethnicity, which comprise about 65% of Iran's population.^[8][16] While the majority of British-Iranians come from Persian backgrounds, there is a significant number of non-Persian Iranians such as Azerbaijanis^[17][18][19] and Kurds within the British-Iranian community,^[16][20] leading some scholars to believe that the label "Iranian" is more inclusive, since the label "Persian" excludes non-Persian minorities.^[16] The Collins English Dictionary uses a variety of similar and overlapping definitions for the terms "Persian" and "Iranian".^[21][22]

The vast majority of Iranians in the UK arrived after the Iranian Revolution of 1979. In the following five years, an estimated 8,000 Iranian asylum seekers arrived in the country. The 1981 census showed 28,617 persons born in Iran (18,132 men, 10,485 women). Iranians were not separately distinguished in the 1991 census.^[23] The 2001 census recorded 42,494 persons born in Iran.^[24] In the 2011 census, 79,985 Iranian-born people were recorded in England, 1,695 in Wales,^[25] 2,773 in Scotland^[26] and 282 in Northern Ireland.^[27] The Office for National Statistics estimates that, in 2017, 70,000 Iranian-born people were living in the UK.^[28] In 2004, the Iranian embassy in London estimated that as many as 75,000 Iranians might reside in the country.^[23] Most adults are themselves immigrants; the second generation are quite young, and so there are relatively few adults of Iranian background born and raised in the UK.^[29]

In the six-year period between 2018 and 2023, 21,565 Iranian nationals entered the United Kingdom by crossing the English Channel using small boats – the most common nationality of all small boat arrivals.^[30][31]

Iran is a primarily Shia Muslim country with Jewish, Baháʼí, Christian and Zoroastrian communities, a fact reflected in the migrant population in the UK.^[32][33] However, there is an increasing number of Iranian atheists and agnostics. Some Iranians in the UK have converted from Shi'ism to various sects of Christianity.^[34] There are also active Jewish and Christian communities among British Iranians.^[35][36]

• List of British Iranians
• Iranian diaspora
• Iran–United Kingdom relations

• Harbottle, Lynn (2004), Food For Health, Food For Wealth: Ethnic and Gender Identities in British Iranian Communities, The Anthropology of Food and Nutrition, Oxford: Berghahn Books, ISBN 978-1-57181-634-4
• Spellman, Kathryn (2004), Religion and Nation: Iranian Local and Transnational Networks in Britain, Forced Migration, Oxford: Berghahn Books, ISBN 978-1-57181-576-7

• Baghaei-Yazdi, Namdar (2002). "Great Britain xii. The Persian Community in Britain (2)". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XI/3: Great Britain IV–Greece VIII. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 275–276. ISBN 978-0-933273-64-1.
• Gharibi, Khadij; Mirvahedi, Seyed Hadi (2021). "'You are Iranian even if you were born on the moon': family language policies of the Iranian diaspora in the UK". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 45 (4): 1017–1032. doi:10.1080/01434632.2021.1935974. hdl:10037/21819. S2CID 236221735.
• Spellman, Kathryn (2002). "Great Britain xii. The Persian Community in Britain (1)". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XI/3: Great Britain IV–Greece VIII. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 273–275. ISBN 978-0-933273-64-1.
• Spellman, Kathryn (2004), "Gendered spaces of exchange: Iranian Muslim religious practices in London", in Titley, Gavan (ed.), Resituating culture, Council of Europe. Directorate of Youth and Sport, pp. 151–161, ISBN 978-92-871-5396-8

• The Flight from Tehran: British-Iranians 30 Years On, a series of radio programmes from the BBC
• Iranian Association, Iranian Association was established as a registered charity in 1985 providing information and advice. It is also involved with art and culture, working with the British and Victoria & Albert museums to improve Iranian participation in London's cultural life.
• Iran Heritage Foundation, A non-political charity promoting the history and culture of Iran. It organises everything from lectures and talks to poetry recitals.
• Kayhan London, Kayhan London is a publication for Iranian expats in London and beyond.