Jiang Qin

Jiang Qin
Jiang Qin
蔣欽
Right Protector of the Army (右護軍)
	In office; c. late 210s – 219
Area Commander of Ruxu (濡須督)
	In office; c. 215–?
General Who Defeats Bandits (盪寇將軍)
	In office; c. 215–?
Personal details
Born	Unknown; Shou County, Anhui
Died	late 219/early 220
Children	Jiang Yi; Jiang Xiu;
Occupation	General
Courtesy name	Gongyi (公奕)

Jiang Qin (died late 219/early 220),^[1] courtesy name Gongyi, was a military general and naval specialist serving under the warlord Sun Quan during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He previously served under Sun Quan's elder brother and predecessor, Sun Ce, and participated in various battles throughout his service under the Sun family, including Sun Ce's conquests in Jiangdong, the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford and Lü Meng's invasion of Jing Province, twice holding joint command of the Sun armies.^[2]^[3]

Service under Sun Ce

Jiang Qin was from Shouchun County (壽春縣), Jiujiang Commandery (九江郡), which is in present-day Shou County, Anhui. He and Zhou Tai^[4] joined Sun Ce in 194, serving as an Attendant (給事) under Sun Ce when Sun Ce served under the warlord Yuan Shu. When Sun Ce crossed the Yangtze River to start his conquests of the territories in the Jiangdong region, Jiang Qin was appointed as a Major of Separate Command (別部司馬) and placed in command of some troops. He accompanied Sun Ce on the campaigns and assisted in the conquests of Danyang (丹陽), Wu (吳), Kuaiji (會稽) and Yuzhang Commanderies (豫章郡).^[3] He was later reassigned to be the Commandant of Geyang (葛陽尉) and was placed in charge of three counties. During his tenure, he defeated bandits and rebels so was promoted by Sun Quan to Commandant of the West (西部都尉) where he could help the new regime.^[5]^[6]

When Lü He (呂合) and Qin Lang (秦狼) led an uprising in the five eastern counties in Kuaiji Commandery, Jiang Qin led his troops to fight them and succeeded in pacifying the five counties and capturing the two rebel leaders. For his achievement, he was promoted to General of the Household Who Attacks the Yue (討越中郎將) and placed in charge of Jingqu (涇拘) and Zhaoyang (昭陽) counties. Jiang Qin later led 10,000 troops to assist He Qi in expanding Sun reach south against the local people (黝縣) in Min River and Xindu camapigns.^[7]^[3]^[8]

Service under Sun Quan

Jiang Qin participated in the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford in 214-215. Was with his lord Sun Quan when they came under attack by the enemy general Zhang Liao at Xiaoyao Ford, Jiang Qin fought bravely and was promoted to General Who Defeats Bandits (盪寇將軍). He shared joint command with Lü Meng, whom Sun Quan had both urged to study,^[9] in the 217 defense of Ruxu against Cao Cao with Jiang Qin controlling the navy, though they suffered in a storm and lost Dong Xi, Cao Cao retreated.^[10] He was later recalled to the Wu capital and was commissioned as Right Protector of the Army (右護軍) which gave him responsibility for army discipline.^[11]

In 219, Sun Quan ordered Lü Meng to lead an army to invade Jing Province when its defender, Guan Yu (a general under Liu Bei), was away at the Battle of Fancheng. Jiang Qin participated in the campaign and led a naval force up the Mian (沔), acting as a guard against any counter measure by Guan Yu.^[12] However, after the victory, Jiang Qin fell sick and died on the way back to Wu. Sun Quan personally donned mourning attire when he attended Jiang Qin's funeral. He also gave 200 taxable households and 200 acres (0.81 km²) of land in Wuhu to Jiang Qin's family.^[13] Rafe De Crespigny notes Jiang Qin seems to have been something of a naval specialist and a notable loss to Sun Quan.^[14]

Anecdotes

Sun Quan's home visit

Sun Quan once visited Jiang Qin's house and saw that Jiang's mother had only a light bed-curtain and cotton blankets, while Jiang's wife and concubines wore only simple cloth dresses. Sun Quan was so impressed with Jiang Qin's frugality that he ordered his own household to make silk blankets for Jiang's mother and exchange her curtains for better ones. Jiang Qin's wife and concubines also received silk and embroidered garments.^[15]

Incident with Xu Sheng

Once, when Jiang Qin was stationed in Xuancheng County (宣城縣) and was out fighting rebels in Yuzhang Commandery, Xu Sheng, who was then the Prefect (令) of Wuhu, arrested an officer under Jiang Qin and requested for permission from Sun Quan to have the officer executed. As Jiang Qin was away at that time, Sun Quan denied the request. Xu Sheng had since estranged himself from Jiang Qin. Later, during the Battle of Ruxu in 217, Jiang Qin and Lü Meng were put in charge of military discipline. Xu Sheng was constantly worried that Jiang Qin would find fault with him, but, much to his surprise, Jiang praised him instead, and Xu was very impressed by Jiang's virtuous behaviour. Jiang Qin became more highly regarded after this incident.^[16] Sun Quan later asked Jiang Qin, "Xu Sheng offended you earlier on, but yet now you praise him. You wish to emulate Qi Xi,^[b] don't you?” Jiang Qin replied, “I heard that one should not let his personal feuds affect his official duties. Xu Sheng is loyal and hardworking, possesses both courage and talent, and is capable of leading thousands of troops. Now, we've yet to accomplish our great task, so I should help to scout for and recommend talents to serve the state instead of letting my private problems cloud my judgment.” Sun Quan was very pleased.^[17]

Descendants

Jiang Qin's son, Jiang Yi (蔣壹), received the title "Marquis of Xuancheng” (宣城侯) and fought well at the Battle of Xiaoting in 221-222 against Liu Bei's forces. He was later dispatched to Nan Commandery (南郡) to join in the Battle of Jiangling but was killed in service of Wu. Jiang Yi had no son so his military post was inherited by his younger brother, Jiang Xiu (蔣休). Jiang Xiu was later discharged from service for committing an offence.^[18]

Romance Of The Three Kingdoms

First appears when Sun Ce fights Liu Yao, he and Zhou Tai are brigands who hear Sun Ce values men of talent so gather three hundred supporters and set fire to Zhang Ying's camp to force Liu Yao to retreat, he and Zhou Tai are given a command role in the vanguard. Against Yan Baihu with Yan Yu holding a key bridge, goes with Chen Wu on a small boat to fire upon the defenders on the bank then charges with sword out, forcing the defenders back. Takes part at Battle of Red Cliffs with command of the right squadron of Zhou Yu's naval force. Successfully volunteers to lead vanguard in Battle of Jiangling but is nearly executed for failure to stop Cao Ren and Niu Jin cutting their way out of trap. Takes leading part in the fictional attempt to stop Liu Bei and his new wife Lady Sun leaving, pressing the other Sun officers to pursue but Zhuge Liang arrives in time to thwart them.

Notes

^ The Sanguozhi recorded that Jiang Qin died of illness on his way back to Wu after participating in Lü Meng's invasion of Jing Province in 219.^[1]
^ Qi Xi (祁奚) was a politician in the Jin state during the Spring and Autumn period. He once recommended Xie Hu (解狐), whom he had a personal feud with, to assist Duke Dao of Jin.

References

^ ^a ^b (權討關羽，欽督水軍入沔，還，道病卒。) Sanguozhi vol. 55. However, it is possible that Pan Zhang died in the final days of that year, which ends on 21 Feb 220 in the Julian calendar.
^ de Crespigny (2007), p. 377.
^ ^a ^b ^c De Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD. Boston: Brill. p. 377. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
^ 與蔣欽隨孫策為左右，服事恭敬，數戰有功 Sanguozhi vol.55.
^ (蔣欽字公弈，九江壽春人也。 ... 孫策之襲袁術，欽隨從給事。及策東渡，拜別部司馬，授兵。與策周旋，平定三郡，又從定豫章。調授葛陽尉，歷三縣長，討平盜賊，遷西部都尉。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). p. 180. ISBN 9780731509010.
^ (會稽冶賊呂合、秦狼等為亂，欽將兵討擊，遂禽合、狼，五縣平定，徙討越中郎將，以涇拘、昭陽為奉邑。 ... 賀齊討黝賊，欽督萬兵，與齊并力，黝賊平定。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2008 ed.). pp. 264–265. ISBN 9780731509010.
^ 初，權謂蒙及蔣欽曰：「卿今並當塗掌事，宜學問以自開益。」蒙曰：「在軍中常苦多務，恐不容復讀書。」Jiāngbiǎozhuàn in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). pp. 299–300. ISBN 9780731509010.
^ (從征合肥，魏將張遼襲權於津北，欽力戰有功，遷盪寇將軍，領濡須督。後召還都，拜津右護軍，典領辭訟。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). p. 312. ISBN 9780731509010.
^ (權討關羽，欽督水軍入沔，還，道病卒。 ... 權素服舉哀，以蕪湖民二百戶、田二百頃，給欽妻子。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). p. 317. ISBN 9780731509010.
^ (權甞入其堂內，母踈帳縹被，妻妾布裙。權歎其在貴守約，即勑御府為母作錦被，改易帷帳，妻妾衣服悉皆錦繡。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
^ (初，欽屯宣城，甞討豫章賊。蕪湖令徐盛收欽屯吏，表斬之，權以欽在遠不許，盛由是自嫌於欽。曹公出濡須，欽與呂蒙持諸軍節度。盛常畏欽因事害己，而欽每稱其善。盛旣服德，論者美焉。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
^ (江表傳曰：權謂欽曰：「盛前白卿，卿今舉盛，欲慕祁奚邪？」欽對曰：「臣聞公舉不挾私怨，盛忠而勤彊，有膽略器用，好萬人督也。今大事未定，臣當助國求才，豈敢挾私恨以蔽賢乎！」權嘉之。) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 55.
^ (子壹封宣城侯，領兵拒劉備有功，還赴南郡，與魏交戰，臨陣卒。壹無子，弟休領兵，後有罪失業。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.

Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).

[2] The Sanguozhi recorded that Jiang Qin died of illness on his way back to Wu after participating in Lü Meng's invasion of Jing Province in 219.^[1]

[18] Qi Xi (祁奚) was a politician in the Jin state during the Spring and Autumn period. He once recommended Xie Hu (解狐), whom he had a personal feud with, to assist Duke Dao of Jin.

[death_year-1] (權討關羽，欽督水軍入沔，還，道病卒。) Sanguozhi vol. 55. However, it is possible that Pan Zhang died in the final days of that year, which ends on 21 Feb 220 in the Julian calendar.

[FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2007377-3] Crespigny (2007), p. 377.

[:0-4] De Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD. Boston: Brill. p. 377. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.

[5] 與蔣欽隨孫策為左右，服事恭敬，數戰有功 Sanguozhi vol.55.

[6] (蔣欽字公弈，九江壽春人也。 ... 孫策之襲袁術，欽隨從給事。及策東渡，拜別部司馬，授兵。與策周旋，平定三郡，又從定豫章。調授葛陽尉，歷三縣長，討平盜賊，遷西部都尉。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.

[7] De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). p. 180. ISBN 9780731509010.

[8] (會稽冶賊呂合、秦狼等為亂，欽將兵討擊，遂禽合、狼，五縣平定，徙討越中郎將，以涇拘、昭陽為奉邑。 ... 賀齊討黝賊，欽督萬兵，與齊并力，黝賊平定。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.

[9] De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2008 ed.). pp. 264–265. ISBN 9780731509010.

[10] 初，權謂蒙及蔣欽曰：「卿今並當塗掌事，宜學問以自開益。」蒙曰：「在軍中常苦多務，恐不容復讀書。」Jiāngbiǎozhuàn in Sanguozhi vol. 54.

[11] De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). pp. 299–300. ISBN 9780731509010.

[12] (從征合肥，魏將張遼襲權於津北，欽力戰有功，遷盪寇將軍，領濡須督。後召還都，拜津右護軍，典領辭訟。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.

[13] De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). p. 312. ISBN 9780731509010.

[14] (權討關羽，欽督水軍入沔，還，道病卒。 ... 權素服舉哀，以蕪湖民二百戶、田二百頃，給欽妻子。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.

[15] De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). p. 317. ISBN 9780731509010.

[16] (權甞入其堂內，母踈帳縹被，妻妾布裙。權歎其在貴守約，即勑御府為母作錦被，改易帷帳，妻妾衣服悉皆錦繡。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.

[17] (初，欽屯宣城，甞討豫章賊。蕪湖令徐盛收欽屯吏，表斬之，權以欽在遠不許，盛由是自嫌於欽。曹公出濡須，欽與呂蒙持諸軍節度。盛常畏欽因事害己，而欽每稱其善。盛旣服德，論者美焉。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.

[19] (江表傳曰：權謂欽曰：「盛前白卿，卿今舉盛，欲慕祁奚邪？」欽對曰：「臣聞公舉不挾私怨，盛忠而勤彊，有膽略器用，好萬人督也。今大事未定，臣當助國求才，豈敢挾私恨以蔽賢乎！」權嘉之。) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 55.

[20] (子壹封宣城侯，領兵拒劉備有功，還赴南郡，與魏交戰，臨陣卒。壹無子，弟休領兵，後有罪失業。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.

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Jiang Qin
蔣欽

Right Protector of the Army (右護軍)
In office c. late 210s (c. late 210s) – 219 (219)
Area Commander of Ruxu (濡須督)
In office c. 215 (c. 215)–? (?)
General Who Defeats Bandits (盪寇將軍)
In office c. 215 (c. 215)–? (?)

Personal details
Born	Unknown Shou County, Anhui
Died	late 219/early 220^[a]
Children	Jiang Yi Jiang Xiu
Occupation	General
Courtesy name	Gongyi (公奕)