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Jim Talent

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Jim Talent
Official Senate portrait
United States Senator
from Missouri
In office
November 23, 2002 – January 3, 2007
Preceded byJean Carnahan
Succeeded byClaire McCaskill
Chair of the House Small Business Committee
In office
January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2001
Preceded byJan Meyers
Succeeded byDon Manzullo
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Missouri's 2nd district
In office
January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2001
Preceded byJoan Horn
Succeeded byTodd Akin
Member of the Missouri House of Representatives
from the 92nd district
In office
January 9, 1985 – January 6, 1993
Preceded byDonna Ann Coleman
Succeeded byDavid Klarich
Personal details
Born
James Matthes Talent

(1956-10-18) October 18, 1956 (age 68)
Des Peres, Missouri, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
Brenda Lee Lyons
​
(m. 1984)​
Children3
EducationWashington University (BA)
University of Chicago (JD)
Jim Talent's voice
Jim Talent speaks on legislation to fund sickle cell disease research and treatment
Recorded February 24, 2004

James Matthes Talent (born October 18, 1956) is an American politician who was a U.S. Senator from Missouri from 2002 to 2007. He is a Republican and resided in the St. Louis area while serving in elected office.

After serving for eight years in the U.S. House of Representatives and then working as a lobbyist, he ran for Governor of Missouri in 2000, losing to Democrat Bob Holden. Two years later, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, defeating Democrat Jean Carnahan in a special election to complete the term to which Carnahan's husband, Mel, had been elected posthumously in 2000.[1] In the Democratic wave of November 2006, Talent lost his re-election bid to Claire McCaskill, 50% to 47%.

Talent, a senior adviser to Mitt Romney's 2008 presidential campaign,[2] served as a member of Romney's 2012 economic policy team during the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign.[3] Talent is a distinguished fellow at The Heritage Foundation[4] and a member of the Defense Policy Board.[5] He is also a co-chairman at Mercury, a Washington D.C. lobbying firm.[6] Following Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election, Talent was rumored to be on the short list for United States Secretary of Defense,[7] a position ultimately offered to James Mattis.

Early life and education

[edit]

Talent grew up in Des Peres, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis.[8] His father, Milton Oscar Talent, was the son of Russian Jewish immigrants, and was the first in his family to go to college, graduating from Harvard Law School.[9][10] Talent's mother, Marie Frieda (née Matthes), was an independent court reporter who was raised on a small farm near DeSoto, Missouri. She was from a Christian background;[11] her German ancestors had settled in Jefferson County, Missouri beginning in 1832.

Talent graduated from Kirkwood High School in Kirkwood, Missouri, in 1973. He earned his B.A. in political science from Washington University in St. Louis, graduating with the Arnold J. Lien Prize as the most outstanding undergraduate in political science. Talent graduated Order of the Coif from the University of Chicago Law School, receiving his J.D. in 1981. Following law school, he served as a law clerk to Judge Richard A. Posner of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. Before winning political office Talent served as an adjunct professor at the Washington University School of Law. He married Brenda Lee Lyons in 1984. The Talents have three children.

Talent's interfaith family did not attend religious services,[11] and later in life Talent became a member of the Presbyterian Church in America.[12][13] He was inspired to become a Christian while listening to one of Luis Palau's radio broadcasts in his car. He pulled over and accepted Jesus Christ into his life then. He refers to it as the moment he "passed from death to life."[14]

Political career

[edit]

Talent began his political career in 1984 when he was elected to the Missouri House of Representatives. He served four terms there, the last two as minority leader.

House of Representatives

[edit]

In the 1992 House of Representatives election, Talent defeated Bert Walker, the cousin of then-president George H. W. Bush and won the Republican nomination for the state's 2nd Congressional District, based in St. Louis's western suburbs. He went on to defeat Democratic incumbent Joan Kelly Horn in the general election, despite being heavily outspent.

The district had been altered after the 1990 census to preserve large Democratic majorities in the neighboring 1st District of Bill Clay and 3rd District of Dick Gephardt. Horn had appealed for a new map, even asking for a share of St. Louis, but was rebuffed by Clay and Gephardt.

Although Talent won narrowly in 1992, he never had another close race in what became a solidly Republican district. The only challenge he faced came in the 1996 House election, when Horn sought a rematch. Even though popular Democratic Governor Mel Carnahan won the district in his concurrent election, Talent won the rematch with 61% of the vote.[15]

As a freshman in Congress, Talent authored and introduced the Welfare Reform Act of 1994, which was the precursor to the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act. Talent served as chairman of the Small Business Committee from 1997 to 2001.

Committee assignments

[edit]

2000 Missouri gubernatorial election

[edit]
Main article: 2000 Missouri gubernatorial election

Talent did not seek re-election to Congress in 2000, instead running for governor. He was narrowly defeated by Democratic state Treasurer Bob Holden, 49% to 48%.[17]

Work as a lobbyist

[edit]

For ten months in 2001, Talent worked for Washington lobbying firm Arent Fox,[18] During this time, Talent was not allowed to directly lobby Congress, and he was not licensed to practice law in Washington, leading some Democratic opponents to accuse the lobbying firm of using his appointment as an illegal conduit to donate toward his upcoming Senate race.[19] Arent Fox said the idea that Talent was not paid for genuine work was "absurd", but that "Talent's Republican ties did play a role in his hiring."[20]

U.S. Senate

[edit]

2002 election

[edit]
Main article: 2002 United States Senate special election in Missouri

In the November 2000 elections, Mel Carnahan, who had died in a plane crash three weeks before, remained on the ballot for election to the Senate. Missouri election law would not allow for Carnahan's name to be removed from the November ballot. Carnahan received more votes than his Republican opponent, incumbent senator (and later United States Attorney General) John Ashcroft. Lieutenant Governor Roger Wilson, as he had promised before the election, appointed Carnahan's widow, Jean, in her husband's place.

The Seventeenth Amendment requires that appointments to the Senate last only until a special election is held. Talent, who received the Republican nomination, narrowly defeated Jean Carnahan in the November 2002 election, 50% to 49%. He was sworn in later that month to fill out the balance of Mel Carnahan's term.[21][22]

Jack Abramoff contributed $2,000 to Talent's 2002 senatorial campaign[23] and Preston Gates & Ellis, a former Abramoff employer, had also contributed $1,000 to Talent's campaign.[24] Talent later returned both contributions.[25]

Talent was criticized for not returning the money received from Americans for a Republican Majority (ARMPAC), a PAC formed by Tom DeLay. DeLay was facing charges of money laundering and violation of campaign finance laws. A spokesman for Talent has stated that Talent had not yet made a decision about whether or not to return the ARMPAC contribution, stating "Senator Talent is not ready to presume guilt or innocence and wants to give the judicial process a chance to move forward."[26]

Senator Talent addresses a group of sailors from Missouri on board Naval Support Activity Bahrain in 2004

During his tenure, Talent served on the Senate Armed Services Committee, Special Committee on Aging, Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee, and Energy and Natural Resources Committee.

2006 election

[edit]
Main article: 2006 United States Senate election in Missouri

Talent sought re-election in the 2006 Senate election. His Democratic opponent was state Auditor Claire McCaskill. Talent held a fundraising advantage,[27] in part because of support from the Bush administration; on October 11, 2005, Vice President Dick Cheney held a fundraiser for Talent.[28] Talent accepted $5,000 from the lobbyist Jack Abramoff. Talent subsequently refunded all $5,000.[29]

Talent received a number of endorsements for his re-election, including from the Missouri Farm Bureau,[30] the St. Louis Police Officers' Association,[31] the Missouri Pork Association,[32] the National Association of Wholesaler-Distributors,[33] the Missouri Corn Growers Association,[34] and Veterans of Foreign Wars.[35]

In 2006, the Washington DC newspaper Roll Call reported that DC lobbying interests had pledged to raise $1 million for Talent's re-election.[36] Talent stated that he does not give favors in exchange for donations, and that he "wouldn't take five dollars from someone who expects something for it." [36]

McCaskill and Talent debated each other on Meet the Press on October 8, 2006.[37] McCaskill narrowly defeated Talent on November 7, 2006, with a 50% to 47% margin of victory.

Having lost his reelection bid, Talent was considered a possible candidate for Governor of Missouri in 2008 after incumbent and fellow Republican Matt Blunt decided to not seek re-election.[38] Talent did not enter the race, which was won by Democrat Jay Nixon.

Committee assignments

[edit]

Political views

[edit]
Jim Talent visited by then Chief Justice nominee John Roberts in 2005

Talent is widely regarded by political analysts as a reliable conservative, receiving a life score of 93 out of 100 from the American Conservative Union. The National Right to Life Committee gave Talent a 100% rating.[40] In 2005, Talent was tied for the third-highest rating among all senators and representatives as determined by the Republican Liberty Caucus, which promotes "liberty-minded, limited-government individuals to office."[41][42]

Energy

[edit]

Talent supported the new Renewable Fuel Standard, which would add 7.5 billion US gallons (28,000,000 m3) of renewable fuels to the national supply by 2012, including a measure to include tax credits for businesses offering soybean-based fuels.[43] In addition to renewable fuels, Talent supported drilling in the Arctic as a step in the direction of energy independence, which he sees as critical to national security.[44]

Health care

[edit]

Talent supported the Medicare prescription drug benefit called Medicare Part D, the purpose of which is to reduce the amount seniors pay for their prescription drugs.[45] Talent called for waiving a one percent penalty for senior citizens who missed the deadline to sign up for the program.[46]

Talent voted against an amendment allowing Medicare to negotiate a bulk purchase discount for prescription drugs.[47]

Talent supported limiting awards in medical liability lawsuits.[48] He believes that "medical liability relief will cut costs because physicians won't have to practice 'defensive medicine.'"[33]

Talent supported and proposed legislation to allow trade organizations to sponsor health insurance plans, which he believes would provide uninsured workers the opportunity for more affordable health care.[49]

Predatory lending

[edit]

Talent sponsored legislation to cap the annual percentage interest rate for payday loans to military service personnel from an average of around 39% to 36%.[50]

Stem cell research

[edit]

After joining the Senate in 2002, Talent supported federal legislation that would ban embryonic stem cell research or federal funding for embryonic stem cell research. This included cosponsoring a bill (S.658)[51] sponsored by Senator Sam Brownback, which would ban all forms of human cloning including embryonic therapeutic cloning techniques that are seen as crucial to stem cell research.

On February 10, 2006, Talent withdrew his support for the bill,[52] citing the need to balance research and protection against human cloning. This move followed criticism by Talent's opponent in the 2006 election, Claire McCaskill, as well as pressure from Missouri business interests that oppose restrictions on stem cell research. Though this reversal was criticized as being politically motivated,[53] Talent told the Associated Press, "The technology is changing all the time and so I'm always considering whether there is a better way to strike the balance."[54] Talent suggested that moral concerns might be put to rest through a possible future scientific breakthrough – replicating embryonic stem cells without the use of cloned embryos.

There was a ballot-initiative in Missouri in November 2006 to amend the state constitution and allow, in line with federal law, stem cell research and treatment.[55] On May 1, 2006, Talent announced his opposition to the proposed ballot-initiative.[56] Stem cell research and treatment is working up to be a divisive issue for many Republicans and is taking a particular prominence in Missouri.[57]

In July 2006, he voted against expanding federal funds for embryonic stem cell research in cases where the embryos were donated by fertility clinics or were created for purposes of fertility treatment.[58] This bill passed the Senate 63–37, but was vetoed by President Bush, in a move that was said to have significant political implications for Talent.[59]

Minimum wage

[edit]

Talent did take a position on the ballot-initiative in Missouri, called Proposition B, that would raise the minimum wage in the state to $6.50 per hour, or to the level of the federal minimum wage if that is higher, with subsequent adjustments for inflation.[55] He said he believed it was a state issue, but stated he supports minimum wage increases if they are coupled with tax breaks for small businesses.[60] Talent believed that increasing the minimum wage could reduce the number of jobs by raising the cost of doing business.[61]

Abortion

[edit]

Talent supported a ban on abortions, with exceptions for rape, incest, and the life of the mother.[62]

Bioterrorism

[edit]

Talent has been outspoken about what he sees as the nation's vulnerability to a growing bioterrorism threat. He is Vice Chair of the bipartisan Commission on the Prevention of WMD proliferation and terrorism, which has concluded that, unless action is taken, a biological attack within the United States is increasingly likely and will become a probability by 2013.[63] Together with former Senator Bob Graham, Chairman of the commission, he has criticized the federal government's readiness to deal with major public health crisis'. On January 4, 2010, the two senators published an op-ed in the Washington Post, arguing that an unsatisfactory response to the 2009 flu pandemic shows the need for better medical emergency plans.[64]

Electoral history

[edit]
  • 2006 election for U.S. Senate
  • 2002 election for U.S. Senate
  • 2000 election for Missouri Governor
  • 1998 election for U.S. House of Representatives
    • Jim Talent (R), 70%
    • John Ross (D), 28%
    • Brian Lundy (L), 2%
  • 1996 election for U.S. House of Representatives
  • 1994 election for U.S. House of Representatives
    • Jim Talent (R), 67%
    • Pat Kelley (D), 31%
    • Jim Higgens (L), 2%
  • 1992 election for U.S. House of Representatives
  • 1992 Race for U.S. House of Representatives (Republican Primary)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascity/news/politics/elections/15869206.htm. Retrieved February 7, 2007. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link‍]
  2. ^ "Press Releases". Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  3. ^ "Mitt Announces His Economic Policy Team". Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  4. ^ Haislmaier, Edmund F. "Jim Talent". Heritage.org. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  5. ^ "James Talent". policy.defense.gov. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
  6. ^ "House, Senate campaigns welcome lobbyists shunned by Team Obama". TheHill. October 10, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  7. ^ Herb, Jeremy (November 16, 2016). "Trump's Latest Defense Secretary Shortlist". Politico. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
  8. ^ "TALENT, James Matthes – Biographical Information". Bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  9. ^ "About Senator Jim Talent". talentforsenate.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2006. Retrieved October 25, 2006.
  10. ^ "Milton Oscar Talent (obituary)". Rome News-Tribune. October 29, 2002. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  11. ^ a b Murphy, Kevin (October 20, 2002). "Politics of the past echo in Senate race Republican wants to 'make a difference'". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved May 15, 2009."Talent is deeply religious, although that was not his upbringing. His father was Jewish, his mother Christian. The family did not attend religious services."[dead link‍]
  12. ^ "Family matters : >BRENDA TALENT, wife of U.S. Sen. Jim Talent, uses on her husband's behalf the skills that have made her a top tax attorney and litigator". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. August 27, 2006. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  13. ^ "Presbyterian & Reformed News : October -December 2002" (PDF). Presbyteriannews.org. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  14. ^ Video on YouTube[dead link‍]
  15. ^ "Official Election Returns: U.S. Representative – District 2 – Summary". Office of Secretary of State, Missouri. November 21, 1996. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  16. ^ a b "TRIBUTES TO HON. JAMES M. TALENT" (PDF). 2007.
  17. ^ "Official Election Returns: Governor – Summary". Office of Secretary of State, Missouri. December 4, 2000. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  18. ^ http://sopr.senate.gov/cgi-win/m_opr_viewer.exe?DoFn%3D3%26LOB%3DTALENT%2C+JAMES+M.%26LOBQUAL. Retrieved October 16, 2006. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link‍]
  19. ^ "ST. Louis Post-Dispatch Newspaper Archives". Nl.newsbank.com. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  20. ^ "ST. Louis Post-Dispatch Newspaper Archives". Nl.newsbank.com. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  21. ^ "Senators of the United States : 1789–present" (PDF). Senate.gov. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  22. ^ "Official Election Returns: U.S. Senator – Summary". Office of Secretary of State, Missouri. November 21, 2012. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  23. ^ "Individuals Who Gave To James Matthes Talent". Query.nictusa.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  24. ^ "Committees Who Gave To This Candidate". Query.nictusa.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  25. ^ "Returned Abramoff Personal Donations" (PDF). National Journal. January 6, 2006. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2007. Retrieved February 19, 2016 – via citizensforethics.org.
  26. ^ "Sun-News of the Northland - News - Top Stories". Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 12, 2006.
  27. ^ "MSN". Retrieved February 23, 2006.[dead link‍]
  28. ^ "Cheney talks at Talent fundraiser". Columbia Daily Tribune. Associated Press. October 22, 2005. Archived from the original on May 31, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  29. ^ "Lawmakers return Abramoff donations – politics". NBC News. January 5, 2006. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  30. ^ "Missouri Farm Bureau Endorses Talent for Senate". KOMU-TV. August 11, 2006. Archived from the original on November 5, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  31. ^ "STL Blogger Network : Stltoday". Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2006.
  32. ^ "Marshall Democrat-News: Local News: Talent receives endorsement of Missouri Pork Association (07/31/06)". Marshallnews.com. July 31, 2006. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  33. ^ a b "WDPAC Endorses Senator Jim Talent for Re-Election". National Association of Wholesaler-Distributors. September 30, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  34. ^ "Missouri Corn Growers Endorse Senator Talent" (Press release). Missouri Corn Growers Association. July 16, 2006. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  35. ^ "VFW Endorses Senator Talent". talentforsenate.com. September 22, 2006. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  36. ^ a b http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascity/15096600.htm. Retrieved October 25, 2006. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link‍]
  37. ^ http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascitystar/news/politics/15221409.htm. Retrieved August 8, 2006. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link‍]
  38. ^ "STLtoday - Gov. Blunt says he won't run again". Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  39. ^ "Armed Services Committee Announces Subcommittee Chairs and Ranking Members" (PDF). January 30, 2003.
  40. ^ "Vote ScoreCard". Capwiz.com. January 17, 2006. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  41. ^ "Project Vote Smart – The Voter's Self Defense System". Vote-smart.org. Archived from the original on December 4, 2006. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  42. ^ "RLC Endorses Candidates". Republican Liberty Caucus. January 19, 2006. Archived from the original on November 27, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  43. ^ Bolte, Laura; Nelson, Hannah (July 6, 2006) [Pre-Harvest 2006]. "U.S. Sen. Talent Supports Missouri Agriculture" (PDF). Missouri Soybean Farmer. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 24, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  44. ^ "Talent: 'We're going to be in a new world – a renewable world'". Local News. The Marshall Democrat-News. Marshallnews.com. August 17, 2006. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
  45. ^ "Bush Promotes Medicare Prescription Drug Plan in Missouri". Fox News. Associated Press. April 11, 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
  46. ^ Walsh, Steve (May 17, 2006). "Talent Calls for Waiver of Penalty for Seniors Enrolling in Drug Benefit". Missourinet. Learfield Communications. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  47. ^ "Jim Talent on Health Care". Issues2000.org. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  48. ^ "President's Remarks at Talent for Senate Dinner". Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  49. ^ "Denied:1up! Software". Archived from the original on October 8, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2006.
  50. ^ "Congress to limit rates for payday loans – Business – US business". NBC News. September 29, 2006. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  51. ^ "Bill Text – 109th Congress (2005–2006) – THOMAS (Library of Congress)". Thomas.loc.gov. March 17, 2005. Archived from the original on January 17, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  52. ^ Stearns, Matt; Kraske, Steve (March 13, 2006). "Talent changes stem-cell stance". The Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on March 13, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  53. ^ Clift, Eleanor (February 17, 2006). "Stem-Cell Dilemmas". Newsweek. Archived from the original on November 29, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  54. ^ "Fort Worth/Dallas news, sports, cars and jobs". Archived from the original on October 29, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  55. ^ a b "SOS, Missouri – Elections: 2006 Ballot Measures". Sos.mo.gov. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  56. ^ Kristen Hinman (July 17, 2006). "A wedge issue that helps Democrats: Stem cell research is dividing Missouri's GOP". Salon.com.
  57. ^ http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/04/24/news/stem.php. Retrieved May 2, 2006. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link‍]
  58. ^ Ganey, Terry (October 22, 2006). "Missouri race catches nation's eye". Columbia Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on October 24, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  59. ^ "Stem Cell Bill Gets Bush's First Veto". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  60. ^ Matt Franck (October 19, 2006). "Many jabs in debate but no KO". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.[permanent dead link‍]
  61. ^ Lauren Phillips (September 29, 2006). "Talent's Bid for Second Term Just Like His First – a Tossup". CQPolitics.com. Archived from the original on October 27, 2006.
  62. ^ "News-Leader.com | Elections - U.S. Senate". Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  63. ^ "Sen. Talent: Washington Post Op-Ed". freedomsolutions.org. American Freedom & Enterprise Foundation. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
  64. ^ Graham, Bob; Talent, Jim (January 4, 2010). "H1N1 response shows need for better medical emergency plans". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jim Talent.
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Missouri's 2nd congressional district
1993–2001 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the House Small Business Committee
1997–2001 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Republican nominee for Governor of Missouri
2000 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Missouri
(Class 1)
2002, 2006 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Missouri
2002–2007
Served alongside: Kit Bond 		Succeeded by
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byas Former US Senator Order of precedence of the United States Succeeded byas Former US Senator
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