Johann Georg Sulzer

Johann Georg Sulzer (German: [ˈzʊltsər]; 16 October 1720 in Winterthur – 27 February 1779 in Berlin) was a Swiss professor of Mathematics, who later on moved on to the field of electricity. He was a Wolffian philosopher and director of the philosophical section of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and translator of David Hume's An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals into German in 1755.

Anticipating galvanism

Sulzer is best known as the subject of an anecdote in the history of the development of the battery. In 1752, Sulzer happened to put the tip of his tongue between pieces of two different metals whose edges were in contact. He thought the metals set up a vibratory motion in their particles which excited the nerves of taste.^[1]^[2]

Si l'on joint deux pièces, une de plomb, & l'autre d'argent, de forte que les deux bords fassent un même plan, & qu'on les approche fur la langue on en sentira quelque goût, assez approchant au goût du Vitriol de fer, pendant que chaque pièce à part ne donne aucune trace de ce goût. Il n’est pas probable, que par cette jonction des deux metaux, il arrive quelque solution de l’un ou de l’autre, & que les particules dissuotes s’insinuent dans la langue. Il faut donc conclurre, que la jonction de ces métaux opère dans l’un ou l’autre, ou dans tous les deux, une vibration dans leurs particules, & que cette vibration, qui doit nécessairement affecter les nerfs de la langue, y produise le goût mentionné.

If we join two pieces, one of lead, and the other of silver, so that the two edges join, and if we approach them with the tongue we will feel some taste, quite similar to the taste of vitriol of iron [iron(II) sulfate], while each piece apart gives no trace of this taste. It is not probable that through this junction of the two metals, any solution of one or the other occurs, and that the dissolved particles penetrate the tongue. We must therefore conclude that the junction of these metals produces in one or the other, or in both, a vibration in their particles, and that this vibration, which must necessarily affect the nerves of the tongue, produces there the taste mentioned.

—“Recherches sur l'origine des sentimens agréables et désagréables: Troisième partie. Des plaisirs des sens”

The event became known as the "battery tongue test": the saliva serves as the electrolyte carrying the current between two metallic electrodes.

General Theory of the Fine Arts

His General Theory of the Fine Arts has been called "probably the most influential aesthetic compendium of the closing years of the eighteenth century".^[3] In it, he "extended Baumgarten's approach into an even more psychological theory that the primary object of enjoyment in aesthetic experience is the state of one's own cognitive condition."^[4] Kant had respectfully disagreed with Sulzer's metaphysical hopes. Kant wrote: "I cannot share the opinion so frequently expressed by excellent and thoughtful men (for instance Sulzer) who, being fully conscious of the weakness of the proofs hitherto advanced, indulge in a hope that the future would supply us with evident demonstrations of the two cardinal propositions of pure reason, namely, that there is a God, and that there is a future life. I am certain, on the contrary, that this will never be the case...."^[5]

Bibliography

Unterredungen über die Schönheit der Natur (1750)
Gedanken über den Ursprung der Wissenschaften und schönen Künste (1762)
Allgemeine Theorie der schönen Künste (1771–74)
Vermischte philosophische Schriften (1773/81)

Notes

^ Whittaker, Edmund Taylor (1910). "Chapter III: Galvanism: From Galvani to Ohm". A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity: From the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century. (Dublin University Press Series). Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 67.
^ Sulzer, Johann Georg (1754). "Recherches sur l'origine des sentimens agréables et désagréables: Troisième partie. Des plaisirs des sens". Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et des Belles-Lettres de Berlin 1752. p. 356.
^ Petra Maisak, in Pape & Burwick (Eds.), The Boydell Shakespeare Gallery, Peter Pomp 1996, ISBN 3893551344, p. 59
^ Kant, Immanuel, translated and edited by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood, Critique of Pure Reason, Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-65729-6, Editor's note on p. 752.
^ Critique of Pure Reason, A 742

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[1] Whittaker, Edmund Taylor (1910). "Chapter III: Galvanism: From Galvani to Ohm". A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity: From the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century. (Dublin University Press Series). Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 67.

[2] Sulzer, Johann Georg (1754). "Recherches sur l'origine des sentimens agréables et désagréables: Troisième partie. Des plaisirs des sens". Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et des Belles-Lettres de Berlin 1752. p. 356.

[3] Petra Maisak, in Pape & Burwick (Eds.), The Boydell Shakespeare Gallery, Peter Pomp 1996, ISBN 3893551344, p. 59

[4] Kant, Immanuel, translated and edited by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood, Critique of Pure Reason, Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-65729-6, Editor's note on p. 752.

[5] Critique of Pure Reason, A 742

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