Jupiter Hammon

Jupiter Hammon (October 17, 1711 – c. 1806)^[1] was an American writer who is known as a founder of African-American literature, as his poem published in 1761 in New York was the first by an African American man in North America. He subsequently published both poetry and prose. In addition, he was a preacher and a commercial clerk on Long Island, New York.

Born into slavery at the Lloyd Manor on Long Island,^[2][3] Hammon learned to read and write. In 1761, at nearly 50, Hammon published his first poem, "An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ with Penitential Cries". He was the first African-American poet published in North America.^[2] Also a well-known and well-respected preacher and clerk-bookkeeper, he gained wide circulation for his poems about slavery. As a devoted Christian evangelist, Hammon used his biblical foundation to criticize the institution of slavery.^[4]

The facts of Hammon's personal life are limited. Opium and Rose, enslaved people purchased by Henry Lloyd, are believed to have been the parents of Jupiter Hammon.^[4] They are the first enslaved people on record in the Lloyd Papers to serve the Lloyd family continually after their purchase.^[4] Born into slavery at the Lloyd Manor (at what is now Lloyd Harbor, New York), Hammon served the Lloyd family his entire life, working under four generations of the family.^[4]

The Lloyds allowed Hammon to receive a rudimentary education through the Anglican Church's Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts system, likely in exchange for his cooperative attitude.^[2][4] Hammon's ability to read and write aided his holders in their commercial businesses; these supported institutionalized slavery.^[4] It has been argued that Hammon's goal was to take advantage of literary skills by exhibiting intellectual awareness through literature.^[4] He created literature layered with metaphors and symbols, giving him a safe means to express his feelings about slavery.^[4]

"An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ, with Penitential Cries" was Jupiter Hammon's first published poem.^[5] Composed on December 25, 1760, it appeared as a broadside in 1761.^[5] The printing and publishing of this poem established Jupiter Hammon as the first published Black poet.^[2]

Eighteen years passed before his second work appeared in print, "An Address to Miss Phillis Wheatley".^[2] Hammon wrote the poem during the Revolutionary War, while Henry Lloyd had temporarily moved his household and enslaved people from Long Island to Hartford, Connecticut, to evade British forces.^[4] Phillis Wheatley, then enslaved in Massachusetts, published her first book of poetry in 1773 in London. She is recognized as the first published black female author.^[3] Hammon never met Wheatley but was a great admirer.^[4] His dedication poem to her contained twenty-one rhyming quatrains, each accompanied by a related Bible verse.^[6] Hammon believed his poem would encourage Wheatley along her Christian journey.^[4]

In 1778, Hammon published "The Kind Master and Dutiful Servant", a poetic dialogue, followed by "A Poem for Children with Thoughts on Death" in 1782.^[4] These works set the tone for Hammon's "An Address to Negros in the State of New York".^[2] At the inaugural meeting of the African Society in New York City on September 24, 1786, Hammon delivered what became known as the Hammon "Address to Negroes of the State of New-York".^[6] He was seventy-six years old and still enslaved.^[7] In his address he told the crowd, "If we should ever get to Heaven, we shall find nobody to reproach us for being black, or for being slaves."^[7] He also said that while he had no wish to be free, he did wish others, especially "the young negroes, were free".^[7]

Hammon's speech draws heavily on Christian motifs and theology, encouraging Black people to maintain their high moral standards because "being slaves on Earth had already secured their place in heaven."^[4] Scholars believe Hammon supported gradual abolition as a way to end slavery, believing that the immediate emancipation of all enslaved people would be challenging to achieve.^[4][8] New York Quakers who supported the abolition of slavery published Hammon's speech, and it was reprinted by several abolitionist groups, including the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery.^[8]

Hammon's entire body of work consists of eight publications: four poems and four prose pieces, all with religious content.^[2] "An Address to Negroes in the State of New York" was Hammon's last literary work and likely his most influential.^[2] It is believed that Jupiter Hammon died within or before the year 1806.^[4] Though his death was not recorded, Hammon was believed to be buried separately from the Lloyds on the Lloyd family property in an unmarked grave.^[4]

Two previously unknown poems by Hammon have been discovered in recent years. In 2011, University of Texas Arlington doctoral student Julie McCown discovered the first in the Manuscripts and Archives library at Yale University. The poem, dated 1786, is described by McCown as a 'shifting point' in Hammon's worldview surrounding slavery.^[9] The second was found in 2015 by Claire Bellerjeau, a researcher investigating the Townsend family and their slaves who lived at Raynham Hall in nearby Oyster Bay.^[10]

• "An Evening Thought" (1761)
• "Untitled" (1770, unpublished)
• "An Address to Miss Phillis Wheatly" (1778)
• "An Essay on the Ten Virgins" (1779, lost work)
• "A Winter Piece" (1782)
• "A Poem for Children with Thoughts on Death" (1782)
• "An Evening's Improvement" (1783)
• "The Kind Master and Dutiful Servant" (1783)
• "An Essay on Slavery" (1786, unpublished)
• An Address to the Negroes in the State of New-York (1787)

• List of slaves

• The Collected Works of Jupiter Hammon: Poems and Essays, ed. Cedrick May, University of Tennessee Press, 2017
• Preservation Long Island, Jupiter Hammon Project
• Jonathan M. Olly, Long Road to Freedom: Surviving Slavery on Long Island, The Long Island Museum, 2021

Wikisource has original works by or about:
Jupiter Hammon

• Works by Jupiter Hammon at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)