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Kızılırmak Delta

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 21 min

Kızılırmak Delta
Kızılırmak Deltası
The delta from a bridge over the river
Map showing the location of Kızılırmak Delta
Map showing the location of Kızılırmak Delta
LocationSamsun Province, Black Sea Region, Turkey
Nearest townBafra
Coordinates41°36′N 36°05′E / 41.600°N 36.083°E / 41.600; 36.083
Area560 km2 (220 sq mi)
Websitesamsun.ktb.gov.tr/TR-216809/kus-cenneti.html
Official nameKizilirmak Delta
Designated15 April 1998
Reference no.942[1]

The Kızılırmak Delta is the delta of the Kızılırmak River where it flows into the Black Sea, 40 km east of the city of Samsun, Turkey.[2] The delta is the third largest in Turkey[3] and has the biggest wetland in Turkey's Black Sea region,[4] with many lagoons.[5] The wetland is a key biodiversity area and one of several internationally important Ramsar sites in Turkey because of its rich bird and plant life.[6] The delta's bird reserve is important for migration.[7]

The land is very fertile, and more than half is farmed,[2] with the two older plains and most of the newer plain dominated by agriculture.[8] There is a management plan to 2034, but it is not publicly available as of March 2025.[9]

The ecology of the delta faces some threats. Seawater is intruding as water is pumped from fields, making part of the delta saltier. The coastline is receding because sediment is caught in upstream dams; this is forecasted to continue. Additionally, sea level is rising due to climate change.

History

[edit]
See also: Bafra § History

In the past half million years, the North Anatolian Fault has pushed up the southern part of the delta, and changes in climate and sea level have created an alternating cycle of lagoons and lakes in the eastern portion.[10]

Ottoman map of the delta

Strabo described the plains around the town of Gadilon at the mouth of the delta as abundant in fruit,[11] deer,[11] gazelles and soft-wooled sheep,[12] During the Ottoman Empire and early years of the early Republic of Türkiye, malaria was widespread near the marshes, and the lower lands were occupied seasonally.[13] As in some other parts of the country, much of the population was forcibly exchanged between Greece and Turkey in the early 20th century.[13] Malaria hindered attempts to resettle migrants from lands lost by the empire, and water drainage efforts began in the 1960s to combat mosquitos and provide agricultural land for these people and those coming from Turkey's eastern Black Sea region.[13][14] As a result, rice production was expanded.[13] Woodlands were felled in the 1950s and 1960s, sometimes to make fields.[15]

Tobacco was a major crop on the higher lands,[13] and Bafra has opened a tobacco museum to preserve this heritage.[16] The delta has historically been a source of cut reeds and medicinal leeches.[14][17] Combined with the Yeşilırmak Delta, the Kızılırmak Delta accounts for 90% of Turkey's medicinal leech exports as of 2012.[17]

Festivals included a stork feast, the spring release of water buffaloes, and sheep breeding.[18] Traditionally, killing certain animals and plants is considered sinful at all times or at certain times of year, depending on the species.[18]

In the late 20th century, the ecological value of the marshes was recognized, and attempts to protect them began, although some residents opposed restrictions on agriculture and building.[13] At the end of the 20th century, the marshes were designated a Ramsar site, and nature tourism became popular.[13] In 2016, Turkey nominated the wetland as a World Heritage Site,[2] but the IUCN said it did not meet the criteria.[19] Some illegally built holiday homes were demolished by Samsun Council.[15][when?] Since 2017, hunting has been banned in part of the delta.[14] The river was straightened.[20][when?]

Geography

[edit]

The Kızılırmak is the longest river entirely within Turkey and has the second largest drainage basin.[2] The delta covers an area of about 56,000 hectares,[2] of which 11,600 are wetland ecosystems and related habitats.[14]: 3  The delta is located north of the Black Sea coastal road in the Ondokuzmayıs, Bafra and Alaçam districts. Bafra – which has about 150,000 people – is the largest of the three municipalities located in the delta; the other two are 19 Mayıs and Ondokuzmayıs. In addition to these three towns, more than 30 villages are located in the delta.[2] The largest portion of the plain is used for agriculture, followed by hazelnut and human infrastructure and settlements.[21] From 2010 to 2020, water surface and built-upon areas increased, and the amount of arable land decreased.[21]

A canyon cut into the previous delta platform during the Last Glacial Period has filled,[22] and the delta is now a quaternary plain.[2] For the past 545,000 years, tectonic processes have pushed the delta plain upward at a rate of approximately 0.28 m per thousand years; terraces originally at sea level have been raised to 120 m above the present sea level. The present delta was not formed until the Holocene. As the delta continues to be uplifted, the region occasionally experiences low-magnitude earthquakes, though some larger-magnitude quakes have occurred offshore.[23] In the past, the coast was advancing,[24] but it has since begun retreating, mainly because dams built upstream (such as those on Altınkaya and Derbent) have reduced the amount of sediment coming down the river[25][13][26]Most of the delta's soil is hydromorphic alluvium,[2][27] either Cambisol or Kastanozem,[28] and there are dunes on the coast.[14]: 14 

Balık Lake

There are over 20 lakes,[2] which average 1.5 m in depth but are twice as deep in spring,[29] when their area can exceed 9,000 hectares.[2] The Tatlı and Gıcı lakes are freshwater; the rest are brackish.[14] Some of the lakes are eutrophic due to agricultural pollution.[26] Thirty drainage canals drain agricultural land and ultimately convey water to the sea.[14]: 18  Groundwater flows northeast, north, and northwest freely through the delta's alluvium aquifer. An excess of calcium – caused by natural weathering of rocks and the immoderate usage of certain fertilisers, such as agricultural lime – has rendered water in the northeast part unsuitable for drinking.[30]

The climate is temperate,[31] with hot and dry summers, warm and wet winters, and foggy and rainy springs.[14]: 15  Rainfall averages 719 mm per year.[29] The wind usually blows from the west, which has shaped the delta such that most of the marshland is in the eastern part of the delta.[15]

Biology

[edit]

The delta is an Important Bird Area, Important Plant Area and Key Biodiversity Area.[7] It contains 21,700 hectares of wetlands, including most major wetland ecosystems in addition to farmland.[2] Its habitats are classified in the European Nature Information System as 37.07% constant coastal dunes with grass, 3.37% coastal dune bushes, 10.54% permanent mesotrophic lakes and ponds, 1.48% wide reed beds, 26.23% Juncus marshes, 3.35% humid or wet eutrophic and mesotrophic meadows, 5.45% flooded forests, 1.46% thermophilic deciduous forests, and 11.04% mixed market gardens and agricultural sites.[14]: 32 

Flora

[edit]
Sea daffodil

The delta is home to approximately 500 plant species.[2] Seagrass is a particularly important species in the marine wetlands.[14] Lagoons with a higher salt concentration have less volume of phytoplankton and fewer phytoplankton species than their less salty counterparts.[32]: 23  When the lake water recedes in the summer, Paspalum paspalodes grass grows and is eaten by water buffalo.[33]

Dunes further from the coast possess a greater variety of plant species. Prickly juniper bushes grow on the dunal hills relatively far from the coast on the west side of the delta. Herds of sheep have damaged plants in the dunes.[14]: 32–33, 56 

Fauna

[edit]

About 12,000 water buffalo inhabit the region,[34] many of which have been branded and are set free to roam in the summer.[35][14]: 30 [36] Marsh frogs climb on them to catch flies, and up to 20 frogs can be found on a single buffalo.[35]

Dalmatian pelican

The delta is important for birds crossing the Black Sea,[37] and three-quarters of bird species in Turkey have been recorded in the delta.[38] About 950 pairs of white storks migrate to Africa and return to breed here, and their numbers are increasing. Almost all nest in trees, and some are now resident year-round.[39][40] Other birds species in the region include the grey-headed swamphen and the great egret. Bird ringing takes place at Cernek Ringing Station[41] and Ondokuz Mayıs University's bird research center,[42] which has ringed 165 thousand birds from 175 species in the delta.[43] The university's two bird watching towers are open to visitors.[44]

Reptile species found in the delta include the Greek tortoise, European pond turtle, Darevskia saxicola lizard, European green lizard, Balkan green lizard, slow worm, European cat snake, Caspian whipsnake, grass snake, dice snake, and horned viper.[45]

Of the nine species of amphibians found in the delta, two species are salamanders and seven species are frogs. These are the southern banded newt, southern crested newt, common toad, European green toad, European tree frog, eastern spadefoot toad, agile frog, and Uludağ frog.[45]

Lake fishers catch carp, mullet, zander and Turkish crayfish.[13][46] So-iuy mullet are also sold.[47] Small numbers of sturgeon have been observed in the estuary and may still attempt to migrate upstream.[48] Invasive prussian carp have disrupted the native fishes.[14]: 69  Veined rapa whelk are an invasive shellfish but are valuable as exports for consumption in the Far East.[47] They are dredged from the sea around Samsun.[49] Other invasive aquatic species include the fishes Gambusia holbrooki, Gambusia affinis, Pseudorasbora parva, and the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi.[47] 15 species of freshwater snails inhabit the delta.[50]

Resident people

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Bafra.[edit]
Bafra is a municipality and district of Samsun Province, Turkey.[51] Covering about 1,500 km2,[52] and with over 140,000 inhabitants[53] it is a settlement located 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the Black Sea, in the fertile Kızılırmak Delta. The Bafra Plain is famous in Turkey for its rich soil and high quality tobacco growing conditions. The city is well known in Turkey for its ice cream, cigarettes, tobacco and agricultural produce. The city is located 52 km northwest of Samsun and is connected by State road D.010.

Yörüks reside in the region,[54] and there is a village called Yörükler [tr].

Tourism

[edit]
Tourists on open-top bus
See also: Bafra § Festivals, and List of birds of Turkey

About 100,000 people visit each year.[55] Residents say that tourism benefits local employment.[56] Common tourist activities include walking, enjoying the landscape, photography, picnicking, cycling and watching wildlife such as birdwatching. [57] A 2019 study said the over 50 km of beach provide great potential for sea tourism as well as ecotourism.[58] Botanical tourism has also been suggested.[59] The 2019 study questioned visiting families and found that most associated the Kızılırmak Delta with wetlands, agriculture, being one of the largest deltas of Turkey, being Turkey's largest river, fertile lands, and fertile fields. Over 70% had not heard of the Ramsar site designation, and over 70% thought wetlands are at risk of climate change.[3]

Management

[edit]

In the late 2010s, experts issued a management plan for the delta but could not agree with residents on what should be done;[13] as the existing management plan ran to the end of 2023, a revised plan is being discussed.[60] The 2017–2023 management plan called for sub-plans to manage water, visitors, grazing and aquaculture.[14]: 82–88  A buffer zone was created around the strictly protected area.[14] Land within the region was classified by whether it is owned by individuals, owned by the government, or disputed. Several government departments are responsible, which can cause confusion.[14]: 9, 71 

A plan for some coastal protection of Liman Lagoon was published in 2019.[61] In October 2023, strategic environmental assessment drought plan was released for the river basin.[62] A management plan for 2025–2034 was approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in December 2024,[63] but it is not publicly available as of March 2025.

Doğa, a conservationist organization in Turkey, is resurveying all Key Biodiversity Areas in Turkey.[64] The EU is funding a “coastal city living lab”,[65] and ecosystem-based adaptations that might be considered include floodplain enlargement and dune and seagrass meadow restoration.[66] A year-long project for young farmers to receive training in sustainable agriculture began in February 2025.[67] Some traditional practices help with environmental management. For example, water buffalo and fishing boats help keep the connections between the lakes open.[18]

Agriculture

[edit]

The delta is one of the most fertile plains for agriculture in Turkey.[2] Rice is the most important crop,[2] but some[who?] say it uses too much water, which is needed for nature or buffaloes.[13] Vegetables and other grains are grown in addition to rice.[14][2]

Threats

[edit]

The delta's freshwater is affected by several issues. A 2020 study found both sewage and agricultural pollution in drainage channels.[68] Calcium and magnesium levels in the groundwater exceed the limits set by the World Health Organization.[30] Additionally, pumping of groundwater has caused seawater intrusion,[69] which prompted academics to call for such pumping to be stopped in 2021.[70]

Although prohibited in the Ramsar site, sand extraction along the river has damaged the delta; construction of spurs has only halted coastal erosion in some places.[71] From 1984 to 2022, coastal retreat averaged seven meters a year, and this is expected to continue as of 2023.[72]

Climate change has changed bird migrations: some birds (such as geese and swans) have become less common, while others (such as black storks) have begun wintering at the delta.[37] The region occasionally experiences wildfires.[73][better source needed] Gendarmeries are stationed to prevent illegal hunting.[74]

See also

[edit]
  • Altınkaya Dam – dam on the Kızılırmak River that feeds Lake Derbent
  • Derbent Dam – dam on the Kızılırmak River downstream of Altınkaya Dam

References

[edit]
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  57. ^ Başkanlığı, İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilgi İşlem. "The importance of wet areas and an example for the evaluation of tourism (Kızılırmak delta plain)". iupress.istanbul.edu.tr. Retrieved 2024-03-06. Sulak alanların çevresinde kamping, manzara seyretmek, fotoğraf çekmek, yürüyüş yapmak, piknik yapmak, bisiklete binmek, yabani hayatı gözlemlemek amacıyla kullanılan rekreasyon alanlarının yanı sıra, konaklama ve ağırlama tesisleri de bulunmaktadır. [There are accommodation and hospitality facilities around the wetlands, as well as recreation areas for camping, viewing the landscape, taking photographs, hiking, picnicking, cycling and observing wildlife.]
  58. ^ "The importance of wet areas and an example for the evaluation of tourism (Kızılırmak delta plain)". iupress.istanbul.edu.tr. Retrieved 2024-03-06. …. bu alanlar eko turizm açısından da büyük bir potansiyel taşımaktadırlar. Bafra ovası kıyıları yaklaşık 50-60 km'lik plaj uzunluğuyla deniz turizmi açısından turist beklemektedir. [… these areas have a great potential in terms of eco-tourism. The coasts of the Bafra plain are waiting for tourists in terms of sea tourism with a beach length of approximately 50-60 km.]
  59. ^ Özenli̇, Betül; Özenli̇, Ali (2024-07-01). "Evaluation of the Botanical Tourism Potential of the Protected Areas in the Central Black Sea Region". Journal of Tourism & Gastronomy Studies. 12 (2): 1261–1276. doi:10.21325/jotags.2024.1435. ISSN 2147-8775.
  60. ^ "Kızılırmak Deltası Sulak Alan Revize Yönetim Planı Çalıştayı Gerçekleştirildi". ABC Haber (in Turkish). 2023-09-20. Archived from the original on 2023-12-09. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  61. ^ "Samsun İli̇, Bafra İlçesi̇, Kizilirmak Deltasi 1. Derece Doğal Si̇t Alaninda, Kiyi Koruma Yapisi (Ayrik Dalgakiran) Amaçli 1/5000 Ölçekli̇ Koruma Amaçli Nazim İmar Plani 1/1000 Ölçekli̇ Koruma Amaçli Uygulama İmar Plani Araştirma ve Açiklama Raporu" (PDF). 2019.
  62. ^ Kizilirmak Havzasi Kuraklik Yönetim Plani: Strateji̇k Çevresel Değerlendi̇rme Bi̇lgi̇lendi̇rme Raporu [Kızılırmak Basin Drought Management Plan: Strategic Environmental Assessment Information Report] (PDF) (Report).
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  67. ^ "Kızılırmak Deltası Genç Çiftçilere Emanet Projesi Hayata Geçiyor". Bafra 55 (in Turkish). 2025-02-22. Retrieved 2025-03-16.
  68. ^ Şener, Şehnaz; Şener, Erhan; Varol, Simge (2020-11-01). "Hydro-chemical and microbiological pollution assessment of irrigation water in Kızılırmak Delta (Turkey)". Environmental Pollution. 266 (Pt 1): 115214. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115214. ISSN 0269-7491. PMID 32688111. S2CID 220671466.
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  70. ^ Ersoy, Arzu; Turan, Nazli; Arslan, Hakan; Kuleyin, Ayse (2021). "Assessment of seawater intrusion in Kızılırmak delta coastal area (North Turkey) using hydrochemical and isotopic data". Environmental Earth Sciences. 80 (11): 400. Bibcode:2021EES....80..400F. doi:10.1007/s12665-021-09700-9. ISSN 1866-6280. S2CID 235128048. Archived from the original on 2023-05-11. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
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  73. ^ "Kızılırmak Deltası Kuş Cenneti'nde yangın". Gazete Duvar (in Turkish). 2024-10-02. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
  74. ^ "Kızılırmak Deltası'nı, atlı jandarma timi koruyor" [Mounted gendarmerie team guards the Kızılırmak Delta.]. Hürriyet (in Turkish). 22 June 2018. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019.

Further reading

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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kızılırmak Delta Bird Reserve.

Media related to Kızılırmak Delta at Wikimedia Commons

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