Kalasha

A kalasha, also called Pūrṇa-Kalaśa, Pūrṇa-Kumbha, Pūrṇa-Ghaṭa, also called ghat or ghot or kumbh (Sanskrit: कलश kalaśa, Telugu: కలశము Kannada: ಕಳಶ literally "pitcher, pot"), is a metal (brass, copper, silver or gold) pot with a large base and small mouth. It is employed in the rituals in Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist traditions as a ceremonial offering to the deity or to an honoured guest and as an auspicious symbol used to decorate shrines and buildings.^[2]

Sometimes "kalasha" also refers to such a pot filled with water and topped with a coronet of mango leaves and a coconut. This combination is often used in Hindu rites and depicted in Hindu iconography. The entire arrangement is called Purna-Kalasha (पूर्णकलश), Purna-Kumbha (पूर्णकुम्भ), or Purna-ghata (पूर्णघट). Each of these names literally means "full or complete vessel" when the pot is referred to as the Kalasha (to avoid confusion, this article will refer to the pot as Kalasha and the entire arrangement as Purna-Kalasha).

Sometimes the Kalasha is filled with coins, grain, gems, gold, or a combination of these items instead of water. The coronet of 5, 7, or 11 mango leaves is placed such that the tips of the leaves touch water in the Kalasha. The coconut is sometimes wrapped with a red cloth and red thread; the top of the coconut (called Shira – literally "head") is kept uncovered. A sacred thread is tied around the metal pot. The Shira is kept facing the sky.

The Kalasha is viewed as an auspicious object in Jainism. The Kalasha is used as a ceremonial object as well as a decorative motif in Indian art and architecture. The Kalasha motif was used in decorating bases and capitals of pillars during 1st century BCE and 1st century CE.^[3]^[4] Before their depiction on stone, terracotta kalash were used as decorative feature placed on roof-tops of buildings and it is now mostly used on temples roofs called Mandir Kalasha.^[5]

In Hinduism

Relief detail on Baitala Deula temple with the symbol of Purna Kalasha surrounded by garlands.

The Purna-Kalasha is considered a symbol of abundance and "source of life" in the Vedas. Purna-Kumbha is preeminently a Vedic motif, known from the time of Rigveda. It is also called Soma-Kalasha, Chandra-Kalasha, Indra-Kumbha, Purnaghata, Purna-Virakamsya, Bhadra ghata, or Mangala ghata. It is referred to as "overflowing full vase" (purno-asya Kalasha) in the Vedas.^[6]

The Kalasha is believed to contain amrita, the elixir of life, and thus is viewed as a symbol of abundance, wisdom, and immortality. The Kalasha is often seen in Hindu iconography as an attribute, in the hands of Hindu deities like the creator god Brahma, the destroyer god Shiva as a teacher, and the goddess of prosperity Lakshmi.^[7]

The Purna-Kalasha is believed to be a symbol of auspiciousness embodying either Ganesha, remover of obstacles, or his mother Gauri, the goddess of household bounty or Lakshmi. The Purna-Kalasha is worshipped in all Hindu festivities related to marriage and childbirth, as a mother goddess or Devi. In this context, the metal pot or Kalasha represents material things: a container of fertility - the earth and the womb, which nurtures and nourishes life. The mango leaves associated with Kama, the god of love, symbolize the pleasure aspect of fertility. The coconut, a cash crop, represents prosperity and power. The water in the pot represents the life-giving ability of Nature.^[8]

Sometimes, a silver or brass face of the Goddess is attached over the coconut of the Purna-Kalasha. In this form, the Purna-Kalasha symbolizes the Goddess as the manifestation of mother earth with her water, minerals, and vegetation. This method of Kalash pooja (worship) has come in for Vishnu in household functions too.^[9]

The Purna-Kalasha is also worshipped at Hindu ceremonies like Griha Pravesha (house warming), child naming, havan (fire-sacrifice), Vaastu dosha rectification, and daily worship.

Other interpretations of the Purna-Kalasha associate with the five elements or the chakras. The wide base of metal pot represents the element Prithvi (Earth), the expanded centre - Ap (water), neck of pot - Agni (fire), the opening of the mouth - Vayu (air), and the coconut and mango leaves - Akasha (aether). In contexts of chakras, the Shira (literally "head") - top of the coconut symbolizes Sahasrara chakra and the Moola (literally "base") - base of Kalasha - the Muladhara chakra.^[10]

A kalash is placed with due rituals on all important occasions. It is placed near the entrance as a sign of welcome.

In Jainism

The Kalasha is a symbol of the nineteenth Tirthankara Mallinatha. It is also included in the Ashtamangala lists of both the Śvetāmbara and Digambara sects of Jainism. Two eyes are depicted around the Kalasha, symbolising right faith and right knowledge. It is used for religious and social ceremonies. It is used in temples when certain images are being worshipped. When one enters a new home it is customary to carry the kalasha on the head reciting mantras. This ceremony is performed to welcome grace and happiness into the new home. They first appear in stone in during 1st century BCE and 1st century CE.^[11]^[12]

Buddhism

The Pūrṇakumbha refers to “full vessel” or "auspicious abundance" in Buddhism. It is used as flower offering to Buddha and Bodhisattvas at prayer alters, as well as representing treasure of wisdom. Purnakumbha represents health, longevity, wealth, prosperity, wisdom and symbolizes the Buddha's infinite quality of teaching the dharma.^[13] Japanese art of Ikebana emerged from this Buddhist floral offering tradition.^[14]

In heraldry

A variant of the Kalasha called Purna Kumbha or Purna Ghataka from Amaravati archaeological site is part of the official state emblem of Andhra Pradesh state in India.^[15]^[16]

References

^ Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary Padmotpalakumudvat (पद्मोत्पलकुमुद्वत्):— [=padmotpala-kumud-vat] [from padma] mfn. furnished with the lotus flowers called Padma, Utpala and Kumuda, [Bhāgavata-purāṇa]
^ Aryan, K. C. (1981). Basis of Decorative Element in Indian Art. Rekha Prakashan. p. 93. ISBN 978-81-900002-8-4.
^ Aryan, K. C. (1981). Basis of Decorative Element in Indian Art. Rekha Prakashan. p. 93. ISBN 978-81-900002-8-4.
^ Students' Britannica India by Dale Hoiberg, p. 183 Published 2000, Popular Prakashan, ISBN 0-85229-760-2
^ Uesugi, Akinori; Oya, Hiroshi; Peter, Jenee (2020). "Roof Tiles in Ancient South Asia: Its Developments and Significance". Center for Cultural Resource Studies, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa.
^ The Abode of Mahashiva: Cults and Symbology in Jaunsar-Bawar in the Mid Himalayas by Madhu Jain. Contributor O. C. Handa. Published 1995, Indus Publishing. 199 pages ISBN 81-7387-030-6 p. 171 "Drona Parva, 11, 29"
^ The Book of Hindu Imagery: Gods, Manifestations and Their Meaning by Eva Rudy Jansen
^ The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine by Devdutt Pattanaik p.54 Published 2000, Inner Traditions / Bear & Company, 176 pages, ISBN 0-89281-807-7
^ Flipside of Hindu Symbolism (Sociological and Scientific Linkages in Hinduism) by M. K. V. Narayan p.137 Published 2007, Fultus Corporation, 200 pages, ISBN 1-59682-117-5
^ India: Known Things, Unknown Secrets by R. Venugopalan pp.130-132 Published 2004 B. Jain Publishers 290 pages ISBN 81-8056-373-1
^ Aryan, K. C. (1981). Basis of Decorative Element in Indian Art. Rekha Prakashan. p. 93. ISBN 978-81-900002-8-4.
^ Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence by Kurt Titze and Klaus Bruhn p.234 Published 1998, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 267 pages, ISBN 81-208-1534-3
^ Hyytiäinen, Tiina (2008). "The Eight Auspicious Symbols". In Saloniemi, Marjo-Riitta (ed.). Tibet: A Culture in Transition. Vapriikki. p. 196. ISBN 978-951-609-377-5.
^ "History of Ikebana | IKENOBO ORIGIN OF IKEBANA". www.ikenobo.jp. With the introduction of Buddhism to Japan in the 6th century, the custom of offering flowers on the Buddhist altar became common. As indicated by the use of the Chinese character meaning "flower" is the names of sutras such as the "Kegon-kyo (Avatamsaka Sutra)" and "Hokke-kyo (Lotus Sutra)," from the beginning flowers have been deeply related to Buddhism. Lotus is widely found in India where Buddhism originated, and it is a representative flower for Buddhist offerings. In Japan, however, other suitable flowers for each season were selected for this purpose. Among various ways of Buddhist offering, placing Mitsugusoku, a set of three ceremonial objects - flower vase, incense burner and candle holder – became popular in the Kamarura and Nanbokucho periods.
^ "Coat of Arms- Emblem of Government of Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). Government of Andhra Pradesh. 2018-11-14. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
^ "About General Administration Department (Links for emblem and other state symbols)". Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 2023-06-16.

[1] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary Padmotpalakumudvat (पद्मोत्पलकुमुद्वत्):— [=padmotpala-kumud-vat] [from padma] mfn. furnished with the lotus flowers called Padma, Utpala and Kumuda, [Bhāgavata-purāṇa]

[2] Aryan, K. C. (1981). Basis of Decorative Element in Indian Art. Rekha Prakashan. p. 93. ISBN 978-81-900002-8-4.

[3] Aryan, K. C. (1981). Basis of Decorative Element in Indian Art. Rekha Prakashan. p. 93. ISBN 978-81-900002-8-4.

[4] Students' Britannica India by Dale Hoiberg, p. 183 Published 2000, Popular Prakashan, ISBN 0-85229-760-2

[Uesugi2020-5] Uesugi, Akinori; Oya, Hiroshi; Peter, Jenee (2020). "Roof Tiles in Ancient South Asia: Its Developments and Significance". Center for Cultural Resource Studies, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa.

[6] The Abode of Mahashiva: Cults and Symbology in Jaunsar-Bawar in the Mid Himalayas by Madhu Jain. Contributor O. C. Handa. Published 1995, Indus Publishing. 199 pages ISBN 81-7387-030-6 p. 171 "Drona Parva, 11, 29"

[7] The Book of Hindu Imagery: Gods, Manifestations and Their Meaning by Eva Rudy Jansen

[8] The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine by Devdutt Pattanaik p.54 Published 2000, Inner Traditions / Bear & Company, 176 pages, ISBN 0-89281-807-7

[9] Flipside of Hindu Symbolism (Sociological and Scientific Linkages in Hinduism) by M. K. V. Narayan p.137 Published 2007, Fultus Corporation, 200 pages, ISBN 1-59682-117-5

[10] India: Known Things, Unknown Secrets by R. Venugopalan pp.130-132 Published 2004 B. Jain Publishers 290 pages ISBN 81-8056-373-1

[11] Aryan, K. C. (1981). Basis of Decorative Element in Indian Art. Rekha Prakashan. p. 93. ISBN 978-81-900002-8-4.

[12] Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence by Kurt Titze and Klaus Bruhn p.234 Published 1998, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 267 pages, ISBN 81-208-1534-3

[13] Hyytiäinen, Tiina (2008). "The Eight Auspicious Symbols". In Saloniemi, Marjo-Riitta (ed.). Tibet: A Culture in Transition. Vapriikki. p. 196. ISBN 978-951-609-377-5.

[14] "History of Ikebana | IKENOBO ORIGIN OF IKEBANA". www.ikenobo.jp. With the introduction of Buddhism to Japan in the 6th century, the custom of offering flowers on the Buddhist altar became common. As indicated by the use of the Chinese character meaning "flower" is the names of sutras such as the "Kegon-kyo (Avatamsaka Sutra)" and "Hokke-kyo (Lotus Sutra)," from the beginning flowers have been deeply related to Buddhism. Lotus is widely found in India where Buddhism originated, and it is a representative flower for Buddhist offerings. In Japan, however, other suitable flowers for each season were selected for this purpose. Among various ways of Buddhist offering, placing Mitsugusoku, a set of three ceremonial objects - flower vase, incense burner and candle holder – became popular in the Kamarura and Nanbokucho periods.

[15] "Coat of Arms- Emblem of Government of Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). Government of Andhra Pradesh. 2018-11-14. Retrieved 2023-06-16.

[16] "About General Administration Department (Links for emblem and other state symbols)". Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 2023-06-16.

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