Min Chinese dialect of China
Leizhou Min Pronunciation [lɔi˩ uɛ˨˦] (Lei city dialect)Native to China , Hong Kong and Macau , Taiwan , Singapore , Malaysia , Indonesia , United States (California )Region Leizhou Peninsula in southwestern Guangdong Native speakers
around 2.8 million in China (2004)[ 1] Early forms
Dialects
ISO 639-3 luh
Glottolog leiz1236
Linguasphere 79-AAA-jj
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Leizhou or Luichew Min (simplified Chinese : 雷州话 ; traditional Chinese : 雷州話 ; pinyin : Léizhōuhuà , [lěɪʈʂóʊ xwâ] ) is a branch of Min Chinese spoken in Leizhou city, Xuwen County , Mazhang District , most parts of Suixi County and also spoken inside of the linguistically diverse Xiashan District . In the classification of Yuan Jiahua , it was included in the Southern Min group, though it has low intelligibility with other Southern Min varieties. In the classification of Li Rong , used by the Language Atlas of China , it was treated as a separate Min subgroup.[ 5] Hou Jingyi combined it with Hainanese in a Qiong–Lei group.[ 6]
Leizhou Min has 17 initials, 47 rimes and 8 tones.
The phoneme given here as /b/ is described by Li and Thompson instead as /v/ .[ 7]
i 濟
u 敷
a 爸
ia 兵
ua 瓜
ɛ 馬
iɛ 爺
uɛ 妹
ɔ 波
iɔ 漿
ai 派
uai 蒯
au 包
iau 彪
ɛu 嘔
iu 休
ɔi 矮
ui 拉
m̩ 唔
am 耽
iam 添
em 冚
im 音
ŋ̩ 嗯
iŋ 興
uŋ 尊
aŋ 班
iaŋ 江
uaŋ 完
eŋ 冰
ieŋ 填
ɔŋ 磅
iɔŋ 永
ap 合
iap 臘
ep 鑷
ip 立
ik 集
uk 郁
ak 達
iak 燭
uak 括
ek 德
iek 即
uek 國
ɔk 鐸
iɔk 略
Leizhou has six tones, which are reduced to two in checked syllables.
Tone chart of the Leizhou dialect
Tone number
Tone name
Tone contour
Description
1
yin ping (陰平)
˨˦ (24)
rising
2
yin shang (陰上)
˦˨ (42)
falling (high falling)
3
yin qu (陰去)
˨˩ (21)
bottom (low falling)
4
yin ru (陰入)
˥̚ (5)
high checked
5
yang ping (陽平)
˨ (2)
low
6
yang shang (陽上)
˧ (3)
mid
7
yang qu (陽去)
˥ (5)
high
8
yang ru (陽入)
˩̚ (1)
low checked
^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[ 2] [ 3] [ 4]
^ 湛江市志·第三十六篇 方言·第三章 雷州话
^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , 30 : 86–110, doi :10.2307/2718766 , JSTOR 2718766
^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology , Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
^ Hammarström, Harald ; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin ; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min" . Glottolog . Leipzig : Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology . doi :10.5281/zenodo.7398962 . Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13 .
^ Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects" . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 54–55, 86. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2 .
^ Hou, Jingyi 侯精一 (2002). Xiàndài hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 现代汉语方言概论 [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects ]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海教育出版社. p. 238.
^ Li, Charles; Thompson, Sandra (1983). "A Grammatical description of Xuwen : A colloquial dialect of Lei-zhou Peninsula (Part I)" . Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale . 13 (1): 3–21.
Běijīng dàxué zhōngguóyǔyánwénxuéxì yǔyánxué jiàoyánshì. (1989) Hànyǔ fāngyīn zìhuì . Běijīng: Wénzìgǎigé chūbǎnshè.(北京大學中國語言文學系語言學教研室. 1989. 漢語方音字匯. 北京: 文字改革出版社)
Norman, Jerry . [1988] (2002). Chinese . Cambridge, England: CUP ISBN 0-521-29653-6
Yuán, jiāhuá (1989). Hànyǔ fāngyán gàiyào (An introduction to Chinese dialects). Beijing, China: Wénzì gǎigé chūbǎnshè. (袁家驊. 1989. 漢語方言概要. 北京:文字改革出版社.)
Zhū, yuèmíng. (2005) "Léizhōuhuà yú Pǔtōnghuà bǐjiàoyīnxì yánjiū" (Comparative phonological studies on the Leizhou dialect and Putonghua) Yúnnán shīfàndàxué xuébào (zhéxué shèhuìkēxué bǎn) (Yunnan Normal University Journal (philosophy and social sciences)): vol.37 no. 5 p. 133-136. (朱月明. 2005. "雷州話與普通話音系比較研究" 《雲南師範大學學報 (哲學社會科學版)》: 第 37 卷 第 5 期 頁133-136)
Office of Chorography of Zhanjiang City 湛江市地方志办公室 (2004). Zhan jiang shi zhi 湛江市志 ["Chorography of Zhanjiang City"] . Vol. 36. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company . ISBN 7-101-04214-7 .
Li, Charles; Thompson, Sandra (1983a). "A Grammatical description of Xuwen : A colloquial dialect of Lei-zhou Peninsula (Part I)". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale . 12 (1): 3–21. doi :10.3406/clao.1983.1123 .
Li, Charles; Thompson, Sandra (1983b). "A Grammatical description of Xuwen : A colloquial dialect of Lei-zhou Peninsula (Part II)". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale . 12 (2): 119–148. doi :10.3406/clao.1983.1138 .
Yue-Hashimoto, Anne O. (1985). The Suixi Dialect of Leizhou: A Study of Its Phonological, Lexical and Syntactic Structure . Chinese University of Hong Kong. OCLC 15111722 .
Research
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