Levantine Sea

Levantine Sea
Map of the Levantine Sea
The location of the Levantine Sea
Location	Mediterranean
Coordinates	34°N 34°E / 34°N 34°E / 34; 34 (Levantine Sea)
Type	Sea
Basin countries	Greece, Turkey, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Cyprus, Iraq, A large number of countries included in drainage basins for inflow rivers
Surface area	320,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi)

The Levantine Sea (Arabic: بحر الشام, romanized: baḥr as-Shām, or Arabic: البحر الشامي, romanized: al-Baḥr as-Shāmī; Turkish: Levanten Denizi, or Turkish: Levant Denizi; Greek: Θάλασσα του Λεβάντε, romanized: Thálassa tou Levánte; Hebrew: הים הלבנטיני, romanized: ha-Yam ha-Levantíni) is the easternmost part of the Mediterranean Sea.^[1][2]

The Levantine Sea is bordered by Turkey in the north and north-east corner, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Palestine in the east, Egypt in the south, and the Aegean Sea in the northwest. Where it is used as a term its western border is amorphous, hence Mediterranean is more commonly used. The open western border to the next part of the Mediterranean (the Libyan Sea) is defined as a line from headland Ras al-Helal in Libya to Gavdos, south of the western half of Crete.

The largest island in its subset of water is Cyprus. The greatest depth of 4,384 m (14,383 ft) is found in the Pliny Trench, about 80 km (50 mi) south of Crete. The Levantine Sea covers 320,000 km² (120,000 sq mi).

The northern part of the Levantine Sea between Cyprus and Turkey can be further specified as the Cilician Sea, a term more arcane. Also in the north are two large bays, the Gulf of İskenderun (to the northeast) and the Gulf of Antalya (to the northwest).

The Leviathan gas field is quite central in the south-eastern corner, the Levantine Basin.^[3][4]

To the west of the Levantine Deep Marine Basin is the Nile Delta Basin, followed by the Herodotus Basin, 130,000 km² (50,000 sq mi) large and up to 3,200 m (10,500 ft) deep,^[5] which – at a possible age of 340 million years – is believed to be the oldest known ocean crust worldwide.^[6]

The Suez Canal was completed in 1869, linking the Levantine Sea to the Red Sea – and mainly for large vessels. The Red Sea sits a little higher than the Eastern Mediterranean, so the canal is an intermittent tidal strait discharging water into the Mediterranean. The Bitter Lakes – hypersaline natural lakes, interacting with the canal – were a bar to migration of Red Sea species northward for many decades, but as their salinity has virtually equalized with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonize the eastern Mediterranean. This is the Lessepsian migration, after Ferdinand de Lesseps, the chief engineer of the canal.

Most of the river discharge is from the Nile. Since the Aswan High Dam sits across the river in the 1960s it has facilitated the multiplication of Egyptian agriculture and population. It has reduced, to the sea, the flow of freshwater, mountainous minerals in the silt, and the distance traveled by silt (before this, borne by floodwater). This makes the sea slightly saltier and nutrient-poorer than before. This has decimated the morning sardine litorine haul in nets but favored many Red Sea species.

• Eastern Mediterranean
• Levant

• Kubin, Elisabeth; Poulain, Pierre-Marie; Mauri, Elena; Menna, Milena; Notarstefano, Giulio. 2019. "Levantine Intermediate and Levantine Deep Water Formation: An Argo Float Study from 2001 to 2017" Water 11, no. 9: 1781. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091781
• Özsoy, E. and H. Güngör (1993). The Northern Levantine Sea Circulation Based on Combined Analysis of CTD and ADCP Data, In: P. Brasseur (editor), Data Assimilation: Tools for Modelling the Ocean in a Global Change Perspective, NATO ASI Series, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
• Sur, H. İ., Özsoy, E., and Ü. Ünlüata, (1992). Simultaneous Deep and Intermediate Depth Convection in the Northern Levantine Sea, Winter 1992, Ocean.

• Media related to Levantine Sea at Wikimedia Commons
• Study and Analysis of Water Masses Formation in the Levantine Sea
• Long Term Ecological Research