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Link light rail

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Not to be confused with the Baltimore Light RailLink system in Baltimore or the Terminal Link (formerly "Link Train") in Toronto.
"Seattle subway" redirects here. For the subterranean walkways, see Seattle Underground.

Link light rail
Clockwise from top: the 1 Line near Mount Baker station, the T Line at Convention Center station, and the 1 Line at Othello station in Seattle
Overview
OwnerSound Transit
LocaleSeattle, Washington, U.S.
Transit typeLight rail
Number of lines3
Number of stations45[1]
Daily ridership95,600 (weekdays, Q1 2025)[2]
Annual ridership30,835,272 (2024)[3]
Websitesoundtransit.org
Operation
Began operationAugust 22, 2003; 21 years ago (2003-08-22)
Operator(s)Sound Transit, King County Metro
Number of vehicles226
Technical
System length48.05 mi (77.33 km)
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
ElectrificationOverhead line;

Link light rail is a light rail system with some rapid transit characteristics that serves the Seattle metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Washington. It is managed by Sound Transit in partnership with local transit providers, and comprises three non-connected lines: the 1 Line (formerly Central Link) in King County and Snohomish County, which travels for 33 miles (53 km) between Lynnwood, Seattle, and Seattle–Tacoma International Airport; the 2 Line in King County's Eastside region, which travels for 10 miles (16.1 km) between Bellevue and Redmond; and the T Line (formerly Tacoma Link) in Pierce County, which runs for 4 miles (6.4 km) between Downtown Tacoma and Tacoma Dome Station. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 30.8 million, or about 95,600 per weekday as of the first quarter of 2025, primarily on the 1 Line. Trains run at frequencies of 8 to 24 minutes.

The Link light rail system was originally conceived in the 1980s following several earlier proposals for a heavy rail system that were rejected by voters. Sound Transit was created in 1993 and placed a ballot measure to fund and build the system, which was passed on a second attempt in 1996. Tacoma Link began construction first in 2000 and opened on August 22, 2003, at a cost of $80 million. Central Link construction was delayed because of funding issues and routing disputes, but began in November 2003 and was completed on July 18, 2009, for $2.4 billion. Central Link trains initially ran from Downtown Seattle to Tukwila International Boulevard station before being extended south to the airport in December 2009, north to the University of Washington in March 2016, and further south to Angle Lake station in September 2016. An extension to Northgate station opened on October 2, 2021, and a further extension to Lynnwood City Center station opened on August 30, 2024.

The first phase of the 2 Line opened on April 27, 2024, between South Bellevue and Redmond Technology stations, an extension east to Downtown Redmond opened in May 2025. It is scheduled to be extended west to Seattle in early 2026. Sound Transit plans to expand the Link light rail network to 116 miles (187 km) and 83 stations by 2044, using funding approved by voters in 2008 and 2016 ballot measures. A suburban extension to Federal Way is scheduled to open in 2025 after construction delays. Later projects will expand the system to cover the metropolitan area from Everett to Tacoma, along with branches to Kirkland, Issaquah, and the Seattle neighborhoods of Ballard and West Seattle.

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Link light rail

The first public transit networks in the Puget Sound region were various streetcar, cable cars, and interurbans constructed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which spurred the development of streetcar suburbs. Some of these systems were consolidated into the Seattle Municipal Street Railway, a city-owned network established in 1918, while others remained under the operation of their private owners.[4][5] Unsuccessful proposals for a rapid transit system to connect Seattle's neighborhoods, and later other cities in the region, also emerged during the peak and later decline of streetcar and interurban service, both of which were dismantled by 1941.[5]

Following the 1968 and 1970 rejection of the Forward Thrust ballot measure to build a rapid transit system, voters in King County approved the creation of a new countywide bus system under the management of Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, an existing water treatment and sewage agency.[6] The system began operating in 1973 and later included the construction of the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel in the late 1980s to relieve bus congestion on downtown streets.[7] Metro and the Puget Sound Council of Governments also began planning a regional transit system at that time; a joint 1981 study named light rail as the preferred mode that would be able to operate on streets in some areas but generally follow freeway corridors to regional centers.[8][9] A non-binding advisory ballot measure on further development of a light rail system approved by voters in 1988.[10] Metro's transit tunnel opened for buses in September 1990 and included tracks and electrical systems that would be compatible for future conversion to light rail.[11]

In 1993, the state legislature formed a new agency, the Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority (commonly known as Sound Transit), to oversee development of an inter-county transit system that would include light rail, commuter rail, and express buses in King, Pierce, and Snohomish counties. A ballot measure to fund a $6.7 billion plan (equivalent to $12.2 billion in 2023 dollars)[12] with a 70-mile (110 km) light rail network, which would connect Seattle to Lynnwood, Bellevue, and Tacoma, was rejected by 53 percent of voters on March 14, 1995.[13][14] A revised plan announced the following year cut the light rail line to 25 miles (40 km) between Seattle–Tacoma International Airport and University District in Seattle and a section connecting Downtown Tacoma to the Tacoma Dome.[15] The new package, estimated to cost $3.9 billion (equivalent to $7 billion in 2023 dollars)[12] with funding from a sales tax and motor vehicle excise tax, was approved by voters on November 5, 1996.[16] In August 1997, Sound Transit adopted "Link" as the name for the light rail system along with Sounder for commuter rail and Regional Express for buses.[17][18]

The Downtown Tacoma line, named Tacoma Link, was preceded by a shuttle bus from the new Tacoma Dome multimodal station built by Pierce Transit in 1997. The project was anticipated to revitalize the city's downtown and serve the new University of Washington Tacoma campus.[19] The line's 1.6-mile (2.6 km) route—primarily on Commerce Street and Pacific Avenue—was approved in 1999 and construction officially began on October 18, 2000.[20][21] Tacoma Link opened on August 22, 2003, with five stations, and cost $80.4 million (equivalent to $128 million in 2023 dollars)[12] to construct.[22] The line had no fares and exceeded its 2010 ridership projections by early 2003, carrying its 500,000th passenger in April of the year.[23]

During the late 1990s and early 2000s, debates raged over various issues surrounding the Central Link line, which would connect Sea-Tac to Seattle. In the late nineties and early 2000s, Sound Transit underwent a series of financial and political difficulties. The cost of the line rose significantly,[24] and the federal government threatened to withhold necessary grants.[25] In 2001, Sound Transit was forced to shorten the line from the original proposal, and growing enthusiasm for the proposed monorail brought rising opposition to the light rail from Seattle-area residents.[26]

On November 8, 2003, a groundbreaking ceremony was held for the Central Link light rail line. Central Link opened between Westlake Station and Tukwila on July 18, 2009, at a cost of $2.4 billion (equivalent to $3.31 billion in 2023 dollars).[12][27][28] It was extended 1.7 miles (2.7 km) to SeaTac/Airport on December 19, 2009.[29]

In November 2006, the U.S. Federal Transit Administration approved Sound Transit's plan for University Link, a project to extend light rail 3.1 miles (5 km) north to the University of Washington after completion of an Environmental Impact Study. A grant was approved in November 2008, which allowed University Link to begin construction in December 2008. The line opened, including the University Link Tunnel, on March 19, 2016.[30]

In September 2019, Sound Transit renamed Central Link to the Red Line and Tacoma Link to the Orange Line as part of their update to transit branding.[31] Two months later, the agency announced that it would consider a new name for the Red Line after complaints because of the similarity of the "Red Line" with redlining as well as confusion over King County Metro's RapidRide system (which utilizes red bullets for its service routes).[32] A new naming scheme came into effect in 2021, using the "1 Line" (green) for the existing line in Seattle, the "2 Line" (blue) for East Link, and the "T Line" (orange) for Tacoma Link. Future light rail extensions will use the "3 Line" (magenta) and the "4 Line" (purple), alongside new names for Sounder and bus rapid transit services.[33][34]

Lines

[edit]
Map
A geographic map of the Link light rail system with the three active lines: the 1 Line in green, the 2 Line in blue, and the T Line in orange.

1 Line (Lynnwood–Angle Lake)

[edit]
Main article: 1 Line (Sound Transit)

The 1 Line, formerly Central Link, is a light rail line serving 23 stations in Lynnwood, Mountlake Terrace, Shoreline, Seattle, Tukwila, and SeaTac.[1][35] It uses trains of three to four cars that each have a normal capacity of 194 passengers with up to 74 seats.[36][37] The line connects Northgate, the University of Washington, and Downtown Seattle to the Rainier Valley and Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, using tunnels, elevated guideways, and surface-running sections.[38] Trains run every 8 minutes during peak periods and 10–15 minutes at other times.[39][40] The 1 Line carried over 28.9 million passengers and averaged over 83,000 on weekdays in 2024, making it the busiest transit route in the Seattle region.[41]

The initial 13.9-mile (22.4 km) segment of Central Link was opened on July 18, 2009, between Westlake and Tukwila International Boulevard stations.[29] The northernmost four stations, in the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel, were shared with buses until they were rerouted in 2019.[42] The line was extended six months after opening to SeaTac/Airport station, a 1.7-mile (2.7 km) project that began construction in 2006 due to delays in planning.[43][44] A northern extension to the University of Washington campus with two stations in a 3.15-mile (5.07 km) tunnel opened on March 19, 2016.[45] A one-stop extension to Angle Lake station to the south opened in September of that year.[46] An extension to Northgate, with two intermediate stations, opened on October 2, 2021.[36] The first cross-county extension, through Shoreline and Mountlake Terrace to Lynnwood, opened on August 30, 2024, and brought the line to over 33 miles (53 km).[47]

2 Line (South Bellevue–Redmond)

[edit]
The inaugural 2 Line trains at Bellevue Downtown station on April 27, 2024
Main article: 2 Line (Sound Transit)

The 2 Line connects the Eastside suburbs of Bellevue and Redmond. It has 6.6 miles (10.6 km) of tracks and eight stations with termini at South Bellevue station and Downtown Redmond station. Construction of the line, also known as the East Link Extension, was funded by the Sound Transit 2 ballot measure and began in 2016 at a cost of $3.7 billion.[48] The initial phase on the Eastside opened on April 27, 2024 from Bellevue to Redmond Technology station, and an extension to Downtown Redmond opened May 10, 2025.[49] The 2 Line carried 1.2 million total passengers in 2024.[41] The remainder of the line is expected to open in early 2026 with additional stations in Seattle and Mercer Island.[50][51]

T Line (Tacoma Dome–St. Joseph)

[edit]
Main article: T Line (Sound Transit)

The T Line, formerly Tacoma Link, is a streetcar line that connects Downtown Tacoma and nearby neighborhoods to Tacoma Dome Station, a regional hub for buses and Sounder commuter rail. The line is 4 miles (6.4 km) long[52] and has twelve stations that serve the University of Washington's Tacoma campus, museums, hospitals, and other facilities.[53][54] It runs primarily in traffic lanes, sharing the Commerce Street transit mall with buses, and uses a mix of single and double-tracked sections.[53][55] Service on the original 1.6-mile (2.6 km) section between Tacoma Dome Station and Downtown Tacoma began on August 26, 2003,[56] and was expanded with the opening of an infill station at Commerce Street/South 11th Street in 2011.[57] An extension to the Hilltop neighborhood with 2.4 miles (3.9 km) of track and seven new stations opened on September 16, 2023.[58]

Trains on the line typically run every 12 minutes on weekdays and Saturdays and every 20 minutes on Sundays and holidays. The T Line has service from 4:30 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. on weekdays and reduced hours on other days,[59] but operating hours are extended for major evening events at the Tacoma Dome.[39][60] The line carried 992,082 total passengers in 2024 and averaged 3,277 riders on weekdays.[61] Patronage peaked in 2012 at over 1 million passengers, but has declined since then.[62] Fares were not collected until the 2023 opening of the Hilltop Extension; the T Line was the first Link line to use a flat fare rather than a distance-based fare.[63][64]

Stations

[edit]
Main article: List of Link light rail stations

As of 2025, the Link light rail system has 45 stations: 23 are served by the 1 Line, 10 are served by the 2 Line, and 12 are served by the T Line.[61][65] All stations have weather canopies, signage, information kiosks, ticket vending machines, seating, electronic information displays, bicycle parking, and public artwork.[66][67] Link, like many other light rail systems in the United States, also uses proof-of-payment for fare validation with marked paid fare zones instead of turnstiles.[68] All stations have accessible features and comply with requirements from the federal Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). These features include accessible seating, signage with Braille lettering, pathways, level boarding, and tactile paving on the edge of platforms.[69]

Platforms for all lines have a minimum width of 12 feet (3.7 m) each for a pair of side platforms and 20 feet (6.1 m) for an at-grade center platform.[70] The majority of stations on the 1 Line and 2 Line are grade-separated, either underground or elevated, on exclusive right-of-way.[65][71] These stations have platforms that are 380 feet (120 m) long to accommodate four-car trainsets and are connected to entrance structures at street level by stairs, elevators, and escalators.[72][73] Several sections of the 1 Line and 2 Line have at-grade stations, primarily in the Rainier Valley and SODO.[65][71] T Line platforms are typically 90 feet (27 m) long and at-grade with exits to adjacent sidewalks.[74] Some stations also feature public restrooms, retail spaces, and designated busking areas.[66][75]

Connections to other transit systems, including Sound Transit Express and local buses, are available at all Link stations; some are designated as transit centers with designs to accommodate a large number of buses, such as Lynnwood City Center station.[61][76] The regional Sounder commuter rail system and intercity Amtrak trains connect to Link at International District/Chinatown station in Seattle and Tacoma Dome Station on the T Line.[61] The Seattle Center Monorail and South Lake Union Streetcar connect at Westlake; the First Hill Streetcar runs between Capitol Hill and International District/Chinatown stations;[77] and Colman Dock, the Seattle hub for Washington State Ferries and local ferries, is accessed from Pioneer Square.[78] Many suburban stations also have park-and-ride lots that provide up to 24 hours of free parking for transit users.[79] A daily charge for parking at 15 of Link's stations is planned to be implemented in 2026 to manage high levels of demand.[80][81]

All Link stations are named in accordance with Sound Transit policies that are associated with the surrounding neighborhood or nearby streets and landmarks.[82] Stations on the 1 Line and 2 Line are also identified by three-digit station code that was implemented with the opening of the Lynnwood extension in August 2024.[83] The system has two-digit numbers that increase from south to north for individual stations, with the central point of Westlake station designated as "50". When combined with the line number, it becomes a three-digit code.[84] The station codes replaced an earlier pictogram system that used symbols associated with nearby neighborhoods or landmarks for each station. It was designed to comply with a state law that required additional identifiers for transit stations to assist passengers with Limited English proficiency or difficulties with reading the Latin alphabet.[84][85]

  • Examples of Link light rail stations
  • U District, an underground station on the 1 Line
    U District, an underground station on the 1 Line
  • Othello, a surface station on the 1 Line
    Othello, a surface station on the 1 Line
  • Downtown Redmond, an elevated station on the 2 Line
    Downtown Redmond, an elevated station on the 2 Line
  • St. Joseph, a surface station on the T Line
    St. Joseph, a surface station on the T Line

Service

[edit]

Link runs year-round with service that varies between its three lines.[61] On weekdays, the 1 Line operates every 8 minutes during peak periods in the morning and afternoon and every 10 minutes during the middle of the day; service gradually becomes less frequent in the evening, with the final trains running every 15 minutes until 1:00 a.m. On weekends, trains run every 10 minutes.[86] The 2 Line runs every 10 minutes on all days, with a schedule from 5:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. The T Line has trains every 12 minutes on from Monday to Saturday and every 20 minutes on Sundays and holidays; the final trains are typically at 10 p.m. from Monday to Saturday and at 6 p.m. on Sundays and holidays.[61][87] Service on the 2 Line and T Line is extended on evenings with events at Marymoor Park and the Tacoma Dome, respectively.[88] Link stations are equipped with passenger information signs that display real-time arrival information and service alerts.[86][89]

Ridership

[edit]

All three Link lines carried a combined 30.8 million passengers in 2024 and averaged 90,050 riders on weekdays.[61] The 1 Line carried 92.9 percent of the system's total annual ridership, with over 28.9 million passengers; it was followed by the 2 Line at 1.2 million riders (3.9%) and the T Line with over 992,000 riders (3.2%).[41] The busiest Link station was Westlake in Downtown Seattle, which served approximately 3.4 million total passengers in 2024, or an average of 9,876 per weekday.[41] According to the American Public Transportation Association's annual statistics, Link had the fourth-highest passenger count of any light rail system in the United States, behind Los Angeles Metro Rail, the San Diego Trolley, and the Green Line in Boston.[90] Ridership on Link has increased since 2016 with the opening of new stations and extensions.[91][92]

Fares

[edit]
A first-generation ORCA card reader at Northgate station
See also: ORCA card

Fares for passengers are collected through automated systems and enforced with a proof-of-payment policy that requires valid payment before boarding.[93] Link stations lack a turnstile barrier and instead have a designated paid fare area that is delineated with signs and floor markings.[68] The primary method of payment is the ORCA card, a contactless smart card that is used across the Seattle metropolitan area by transit operators.[92] The card system includes both stored value and prepaid passes that can be purchased and reloaded at Link station ticket vending machines, transit customer service centers, participating retailers, and online.[94][95] ORCA users must tap their physical card or smartphone with the preloaded ORCA card onto a card reader before entering the paid fare area at a Link station.[96] Transfers from other modes, including buses, water taxis, and streetcars, are only accepted using ORCA cards.[97] Ticket vending machines at stations also dispense paper tickets in single trip and round trip amounts; a mobile ticketing app, known as "Transit Go", also generates valid fare for Link.[92][64]

The system's fare policy is enforced by teams of fare ambassadors who are employed by Sound Transit and check passengers for valid proof of payment while aboard trains or in the paid fare zone at stations. Passengers who do not present a valid ticket or validated ORCA card are offered warnings, then fined one of two citation amounts or receive a civil infraction.[98] Until 2021, fare inspectors and transit police officers on the 1 Line checked fares and issued warnings or a $124 citation to passengers who did not present a valid form of payment.[99][100] The penalties for non-paying riders were suspended due to racial disparities and late replaced in 2022 with the fare ambassador program.[101][102]

Fares for the 1 Line and 2 Line are a flat rate of $3 for adults, $1 for passengers eligible for reduced fares, and free for people 18 years old or younger.[64][103] The T Line has an adult fare of $2 and a reduced fare of $1.[64] Reduced fares are available to elderly passengers, persons with disabilities, and low-income passengers enrolled in the ORCA Lift program.[64][104] The 1 Line originally had a distance-based fare system that required ORCA card users to tap at a card reader before and after riding.[92][105] The adult fare ranged from $2.25 for the shortest journeys to $3.50 for longer trips, increasing at increments of 25 cents. A flat rate of $1 was charged for elderly passengers, persons with disabilities, and ORCA Lift enrollees; passengers under the age of 19 originally paid $1.50 until a statewide transit grant eliminated the fare in September 2022.[92][106] The distance-based fare for the 1 Line and 2 Line were eliminated on August 30, 2024, as part of the opening of the Lynnwood extension.[103][107] The T Line had no fare due to a subsidy from a Tacoma business association that expired in 2023 with the opening of the Hilltop extension.[63][108]

Infrastructure

[edit]

The 1 Line and 2 Line are sometimes described as light metro lines due to their extensive use of grade separation and longer trainsets compared to other North American light rail systems.[109] Trains on these lines are operated and maintained by King County Metro, who also run paratransit service along most of the corridors. The Central Operations and Maintenance Facility (OMF) in SODO is used to store, maintain, and clean trains during off-peak and overnight hours.[39][110] The facility covers 26 acres (10.5 ha) and is located between SODO and Beacon Hill stations. It opened in 2007 and has a capacity of 105 light rail vehicles, including nine bays inside the 162,000-square-foot (15,100 m2) maintenance building that can hold 16 vehicles.[111][112][113] A maintenance facility in Bellevue for the 2 Line opened in 2021 with a capacity of 96 vehicles.[114] T Line trains are directly operated by Sound Transit and maintained at a facility in Tacoma.[39]

Rolling stock

[edit]

As of 2025, the Link light rail system uses a total of 226 low-floor light rail vehicles—218 for the 1 Line and 2 Line and 8 for the T Line.[61] The 1 Line and 2 Line fleet comprises two models, the Series 1 by Kinkisharyo–Mitsui and the Series 2 by Siemens Mobility, that are both 95 feet (29 m) long with a pair of operator cabs and an articulated center.[115] Both models are able to run in four-car consists but do not have cross-compatibility.[37][116] All Link vehicles allow for level boarding and feature accessible seating areas that can be folded up for wheelchair users.[69] Digital signage with maps were added to trains beginning with the rollout of the Series 2 and subsequent refurbishing of the Series 1 vehicles.[117][118]

The Series 1 fleet of 62 cars, manufactured in Osaka and assembled in Everett, was divided into three orders beginning with a contract signed in 2003.[119][120] The first vehicle was delivered in November 2006 for the Central Link project and was followed by deliveries for the SeaTac/Airport and University Link extensions that concluded in 2011; each unit was valued at $4.2 million in 2014.[121][122] Each car has 74 seats and a capacity of 194 passengers during normal loads, with a maximum "crush load" of 252 people;[37] the layout is 70 percent low floor with raised sections at each end that are accessed via stairs. Railcars include four doors on each side, a wheelchair area, and two bicycle hooks above luggage storage areas.[123][124] The trains have a top speed of 58 miles per hour (93 km/h), but typically operate at 35 mph (56 km/h) on surface sections and 55 mph (89 km/h) on elevated and tunneled sections.[125][126]

The Series 2 fleet, retroactively designated the Siemens S700,[127] was commissioned in 2016 as part of a $642 million order to support the ST2 expansion program. The vehicles were manufactured in Sacramento, California, and are the same length and width as the Series 1 fleet, but feature a wider aisle in the articulated section, improved passenger information displays, and larger windows.[116][128] Delivery of the S700s began in June 2019 and the first vehicle entered service in May 2021.[116] The final car in the initial 152-car order is planned to be delivered by 2026; an additional 10 cars were ordered in 2023 and are scheduled to be delivered in 2027.[129]

In 2022, Sound Transit began planning specifications for a Series 3 that would have approximately 106 vehicles. It is expected to begin delivery in 2029 and be complete in 2032 for the first batch of ST3 projects.[130] Series 3 light rail vehicles would be either 95 feet (29 m) long or 190 feet (58 m) long depending on the selected configuration.[131] By the end of the Sound Transit 3 expansion program in 2048, the Link system is planned to have 460 total light rail vehicles maintained at four total operations and maintenance facilities; additional facilities in Everett and Federal Way are planned to begin construction in the 2020s.[132][133]

The T Line fleet consists of eight low-floor articulated streetcars that are 66 feet (20.12 m) long, 8 feet (2.44 m) wide, and have two articulation joints at each end of the low-floor section.[134] The first fleet of three Škoda 10 T streetcars were manufactured in the Czech Republic by Škoda Transportation and delivered in 2003. Each Škoda car has 30 seats and can carry an additional 85 standing passengers at crush loads.[135] A set of five Brookville Liberty streetcars were ordered in 2017 and delivered in 2022.[136] The Brookville Liberty streetcars each have 26 seats and can carry a total of 100 passengers.[118][137]

Electricity and signaling

[edit]

Trains are supplied electricity through an overhead catenary that is energized at 1,500 volts direct current for the 1 Line and 2 Line, and 750 volts for the T Line.[138] The current is converted to three-phase alternating current through on-board inverters. The 1 Line's use of 1,500 V allowed for a reduced number of electrical substations, which are spaced approximately one mile (1.6 km) apart.[123][139] The light rail tracks are not grounded and are monitored for potential stray current by detection systems.[140] Since December 2020, the Link light rail system has been running fully on carbon emissions-free renewable energy through Puget Sound Energy's wind electricity purchase program and Seattle City Light's fully carbon-neutral power supply.[141]

Link uses a form of positive train control and train-to-wayside communication to prevent operators from exceeding the set speed limit for a given section.[123] Trains are set to automatically brake if they exceed 58 miles per hour (93 km/h) on grade-separated sections and 38 miles per hour (61 km/h) on surface sections. Link also has transit signal priority on some at-grade sections.[65][142] During joint bus–train operations in the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel, Link used automatic block signaling that controlled spacing with buses, which had to completely clear the platform before trains were allowed to proceed. The tunnel section was designed with headways of up to 90 seconds, while other sections support headways of 120 to 150 seconds.[123][142]

Future expansion

[edit]
Map of routes and stations in operation and under construction as of 2025
Redmond Technology station on the 2 Line under construction in 2019

The Link light rail system is planned to be expanded to 116 miles (187 km) with five lines and 70 stations by 2044.[143][144] The future system is anticipated to serve 750,000 daily passengers at full build-out and cost up to $131 billion.[144] The expansions are primarily funded through local taxes passed by voters in a pair of multimodal transit ballot measures. The Sound Transit 2 (ST2) package, passed in 2008, funded several extensions to be finished by 2026, including three that opened between 2016 and 2021.[145][146] Sound Transit 3 (ST3) was approved in 2016 and funded new extensions of Link that will open between 2024 and 2046, including projects in Pierce and Snohomish counties.[145] Several deferred or truncated projects from ST2 were also funded and accelerated by the ST3 plan.[147]

Since 2016, the original timelines for both expansion packages have been modified due to the COVID-19 pandemic, labor shortages, and construction issues. Sound Transit adopted a "realignment plan" in 2021 that delayed most projects by two to five years, primarily to address a $6.5 billion shortfall in projected revenue that would be needed to avoid reaching a state-imposed debt limit by 2029.[144] The cost estimate for the largest project in the ST3 package, the West Seattle/Ballard Link Extension, increased by 50 percent between 2019 and 2021, reaching $12 billion due to higher property values and lower revenue amid the pandemic.[148][149] A set of new delays, mainly affecting Sound Transit 2 projects, was announced in 2022 following a four-month regional strike by concrete truck drivers, as well as unexpected conditions discovered during work.[145]

All five lines are planned to connect at various hubs and interline in some areas to increase frequency in high-demand corridors. Upon completion of several planned extensions in the 2020s and 2030s, the 1 Line would run from Tacoma Dome Station to Downtown Seattle, where it would use a new tunnel, and continue northwest to Ballard. The 2 Line and 3 Line would interline from the existing Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel on the existing 1 Line corridor to Snohomish County, sharing tracks as far north as Mariner in southern Everett. The 3 Line would continue south to West Seattle and north to Downtown Everett, while the 2 Line serves Bellevue and Redmond.[150][151] The 4 Line, connecting Kirkland to Issaquah, would interline with the 2 Line in Downtown Bellevue.[152] In addition to the new lines, three infill stations in Seattle are planned to be built by 2031 at Boeing Access Road, Graham, and Northeast 130th Street.[153]

In 2023, the Seattle Department of Transportation published its 20-year city transportation plan that included proposals for additional Link light rail lines. These include an east–west connection between Ballard and the University District; a northern extension from Ballard to Northgate and Lake City; a line serving Aurora Avenue North; a line serving Denny Way; a line that follows 23rd Avenue; and additional connections from Tukwila International Boulevard station to West Seattle and SoDo.[154]

2 Line (Mariner–Redmond)

[edit]
Main article: 2 Line (Sound Transit)

The 2 Line is scheduled to be extended once more in early 2026 with the opening of a section from Seattle to Bellevue with a station serving Mercer Island.[50][51] A series of construction issues with the Interstate 90 section has caused the line to be split into separate phases, beginning with an initial segment in April 2024 from South Bellevue station to Redmond Technology station in Overlake.[48][155] The 2 Line is planned to continue north from Seattle to Lynnwood and southern Everett by sharing tracks with the 1 Line (and later the 3 Line).[152][156] The western half of the East Link Extension is being built in the median of Interstate 90, including a section on a floating bridge that would be first railway of its kind in the world.[157]

3 Line (Everett–West Seattle)

[edit]
Main article: 3 Line (Sound Transit)

The 3 Line is planned to open in 2032 with the completion of the West Seattle Link Extension, which would connect West Seattle to an interim terminus at SODO station. The line would be extended north to replace the 1 Line following the completion of the Ballard Link Extension in 2037, which would include a new 3.3-mile (5.3 km) tunnel in Downtown Seattle for trains arriving from the Rainier Valley.[150][158] The final terminus of the 3 Line is planned to be Everett Station, a multimodal hub in Downtown Everett, upon completion of the Everett Link Extension in 2037 or 2041 depending on funding.[159][160]

4 Line (South Kirkland–Issaquah)

[edit]

The 4 Line, the fifth Link light rail line, is scheduled to open in 2041 or 2044, depending on funding availability, and would only serve the Eastside. The line is planned to run from the South Kirkland park-and-ride towards Downtown Bellevue, where it would interline with the 2 Line, and continue along Interstate 90 to Issaquah.[161][162] It is planned to include four new stations and total 11.8 miles (19.0 km) in length;[161] an earlier proposal for the line continued on the Cross Kirkland Corridor to a terminus in Downtown Kirkland but was not included in the ST3 plan due to opposition from local residents.[163][164]

Future segments

[edit]

Some figures and dates are provisional due to funding gaps, quality control, geological risk, and labor issues that have caused delays in some projects.[145][165]

List of Link light rail expansion projects
Project[166] Line(s)[152] Status[131][167] Termini[152] Length[166] New stations[152] Expected opening[131]
Federal Way Link Extension 1 Line Under construction Angle Lake Federal Way Downtown 7.8 miles (12.6 km) 3 2025[168]
East Link Extension 2 Line Under construction International District/Chinatown South Bellevue 4 miles (6.4 km) 2 2026
West Seattle Link Extension 3 Line Environmental review SODO Alaska Junction 4.7 miles (7.6 km) 3 2032
Tacoma Dome Link Extension 1 Line Environmental review Federal Way Downtown Tacoma Dome 9.7 miles (15.6 km) 4 2035
Ballard Link Extension 1 Line Environmental review International District/Chinatown Ballard 7.1 miles (11.4 km) 8 2037 to 2039
Everett Link Extension 3 Line Planned Lynnwood City Center Everett 16.3 miles (26.2 km) 6–7 2037 to 2041
TCC Tacoma Link Extension T Line Planned St. Joseph Tacoma Community College 3.5 miles (5.6 km)[169] 6 2039 or 2041
South Kirkland–Issaquah Link Extension 4 Line Planned South Kirkland Issaquah 11.8 miles (19.0 km)[161] 4 2041 or 2044

Land-use impacts

[edit]

An expressed purpose in building the Link light rail system has been to support a "smart growth" approach to handling the region's population growth and development.[170][171] By concentrating new development along light rail lines (a practice known as "transit-oriented development"), more people can live more densely without the increases in automotive commuting traffic that might otherwise be expected.[172] In addition, the concentration of residents near stations helps maintain ridership and revenue. Climate change activists also point out that compact development around light rail lines has been shown to result in reductions in residents' CO2 emissions, compared to more conventional suburban automotive commutes.[173][page needed]

Environmentalists, transportation groups and some affordable housing advocates have sought greater government regulatory support for transit-oriented development along Link light rail, and in 2009 a bill was introduced in the Washington State Legislature that would have raised allowable densities (as well as lowering parking requirements and easing some other regulations on development) to a minimum of 50 units per acre in station areas.[174][175] It failed to pass during the 2009 and 2010 sessions.[176][177]

As part of the enabling legislation for Sound Transit 3 in 2016, the Washington State Legislature mandated that Sound Transit reserve surplus land surrounding light rail stations for affordable housing developments.[178] The "80–80–80 rule" applies to 80 percent of surplus land around transit projects and mandates that it be offered to developers who designate 80 percent of residential units to residents who make 80 percent or less of the area median income. By 2024, the program had resulted in the creation of 2,670 affordable housing units out of 3,470 constructed.[179]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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