List of Crusades

Crusades include the traditional numbered crusades and other conflicts that prominent historians have identified as crusades. The scope of the term "crusade" first referred to military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to the Holy Land. The conflicts to which the term is applied has been extended to include other campaigns initiated, supported and sometimes directed by the Roman Catholic Church against pagans, heretics or for alleged religious ends.

This list first discusses the traditional numbered crusades, with the various lesser-known crusades interspersed. The later crusades in the Levant through the 16th century are then listed. This is followed by lists of the crusades against the Byzantine empire, crusades that may have been pilgrimages, popular crusades, crusades against heretics and schismatics, political crusades, the Northern Crusades, crusades in the Iberian peninsula, Italian crusades and planned crusades that were never executed. Comprehensive studies of the Crusades in toto include Murray's The Crusades: An Encyclopedia,^[1] Stephen Runciman's A History of the Crusades, 3 volumes (1951–1954),^[2][3][4], and the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, 6 volumes (1969-1989).^[5]

The conflicts that are usually associated with crusades in the Holy Land begin with the Council of Clermont in 1095 and end with the loss of Acre in 1291. These include the numbered Crusades (First through Eighth or Ninth) with numerous smaller crusades intermixed. One of the first to view the Crusades as a movement was English historian Thomas Fuller (1608–1661), whose Historie of the Holy Warre (1639) identified crusades as the Holy War consisting of "Voyages," numbering One through Thirteen, plus a Last Voyage and two additional Holy Wars.^[6] These Voyages include the First through Eighth Crusades in current numbering. Shortly thereafter, French Jesuit Louis Maimbourg (1610–1686) published his Histoire des Croisades pour la délivrance de la Terre Sainte (1675), identify the First through Fifth Crusades.^[7] In his work The Crusades—An Encyclopedia, historian Alan V. Murray further explains the traditional numbering of crusades:^[8]

It was in the eighteenth century that historians evidently first allocated numbers to individual crusades, from the first to the ninth. However, these numbers are neither consistent nor accurate. Of the identity of the First Crusade (1096—1099) there can be no doubt, but there is no consensus about numbering after the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204). The Crusade of Emperor Frederick II (1227–1229) is sometimes regarded as part of the Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) and sometimes as a separate expedition. This means that the term Sixth Crusade may refer either to Frederick II's crusade or to the first crusade of King Louis IX of France, which might also be called the Seventh Crusade. Consequently, each subsequent number after the fifth might refer to either of two different expeditions. The only absolutely clear method of designating individual crusades is by a combination of dates and descriptive terminology relating to participation, goals, or both, and this is the solution that has been adopted [here]. However, the names of the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Crusades, which are at least unambiguous (if not accurate), have been retained, as they are now established by long tradition.

The list of the Crusades to the Holy Land from 1095 through 1291 is as follows.

First Crusade (1095–1099)

The activities from the Council of Clermont of 1095 through the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the battle of Ascalon in 1099. Sometimes segregated into the People's Crusade and the Princes' Crusade. Some accounts also include the Crusade of 1101 here. The original chroniclers of the First Crusade did not, of course, refer to it as such, or even as a crusade (as noted above). In the twelve Latin chronicles, the event is called, for example, the Deeds of the Franks or the Expedition to Jerusalem. Anna Komnene simply notes the arrival of the various armies in Constantinople, and Arabic historian ibn Athir calls it the Coming of the Franks. Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 1 of the Holy Warre. It is unclear as to who first used the term, but it has been credited to Louis Maimbourg in his 1675 Histoire des Croisades. The term was certainly in common use by the 18th century as seen in Voltaire's Histoire des Croisades (1750–1751)^[9] and Edward Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–1789).^[10] Thomas Asbridge's The First Crusade: A New History (2004)^[11] is among the standard references used today.^{[12][2][13][14]}

People's Crusade (1096)

A prelude to the First Crusade led by Peter the Hermit, the first of what is known as the Popular Crusades. It is sometimes regarded as an integral part of the First Crusade, with the Princes' Crusade as the second part. A standard reference is Peter der Eremite. Ein kritischer Beitrag zur Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges (1879) by pioneering German historian Heinrich Hagenmeyer (1834–1915).^[15] Peter and his crusade achieved a popular status in the 19th century through such works as Heroes of the Crusades (1869) by Barbara Hutton. The references shown above for the First Crusade generally cover the People's Crusade as well.^[16][17]

Crusade of 1101 (1101–1102)

Also called the Crusade of the Faint-Hearted. Campaigns that followed the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 that were generally ignored by 18th and 19th century historians. Thomas Fuller nevertheless referred to it as Voyage 2 of the Holy Warre whereas Jonathan Riley-Smith considered it part of the First Crusade in his The First Crusaders, 1095-1131 (1997).^{[18][19][20][21]}

Norwegian Crusade (1107–1110)

Also known as the Crusade of Sigurd Jorsalfar, king of Norway. More of a pilgrimage than a crusade, it did include the participation in military action, with the king's forces participation in the siege of Sidon. This crusade marks the first time a European king visited the Holy Land. This crusade is described in Heimskringla by Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson.^{[22][23][24][25]}

Venetian Crusade (1122–1124)

Also known as the Crusade of Calixtus II. The Western participants from the Republic of Venice were regarded by Riley-Smith as First Crusaders, and the actions resulted in the capture of Tyre from the Damascene atabeg Toghtekin. This marked a major victor for Baldwin II of Jerusalem prior to his second captivity in 1123.^{[26][27][28][29]}

Crusade of 1129

Also known as the Damascus Crusade, was begun by Baldwin II of Jerusalem after his captivity. The crusade failed in its objective to capture Damascus and is described by Syriac historian Michael the Syrian in his Chronicle (after 1195).^{[30][31][32][33][34]}

Second Crusade (1147–1150)

After the disastrous siege of Edessa in 1144, the Western powers launched the Second Crusade, which accomplished little. Principal chroniclers of the event were Odo of Deuil, chaplin to Louis VII of France, who wrote his account De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem and Otto of Freising who wrote Gesta Friderici imperatoris concerning the emperor Frederick Barbarosso. Referred to as the Second Crusade in Maimbourg's Histoire des Croisades... as well as Georg Müller's De Expedition Cruciatis Vulgo Von Kreutz Fahrten (1709). Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 3 of the Holy Warre. The Wendish Crusade of 1147 (one of the Northern Crusades) is usually associated with the Second Crusade.^[35][36][37]

Crusader Invasions of Egypt (1154–1169)

Attacks into Egypt by Amalric I of Jerusalem to take advantage of crises concerning the Fatimids. These activities eventually led to the fall of the Fatimids and the rise of Saladin and the Ayyubid dynasty.^[38][39]

Crusade to the East (1177)

A crusade led by Philip I, Count of Flanders that intended to invade Egypt, instead only mounting an unsuccessful siege of Harim.^[40][41]

Third Crusade (1189–1192)

In response to the loss of Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187 and had significant English participation, under Richard I of England, as well as by the emperor Frederick Barbarossa and Philip II of France. To the English, it was known as the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, the Itinerary of king Richard, and to the Germans as the expedition of Frederick, as described in Historia Peregrinorum (History of the Pilgrims). Thomas Andrew Archer's The Crusade of Richard I, 1189–1192 (1889) provides a comprehensive look at the crusade and its sources.^[42] Thomas Fuller referred to Frederick's portion as Voyage 4 of the Holy Warre, and Richard's portion as Voyage 5. The numbering of this crusade followed the same history as the first ones, with English histories such as David Hume's The History of England (1754–1761)^[43] and Charles Mills' History of the Crusades for the Recovery and Possession of the Holy Land (1820)^[44] identifying it as the Third Crusade. The former only considers the follow-on crusades to the extent that England participated.^[45][46][47]

Crusade of Henry VI (1197–1198)

Also known as the Crusade of 1197 or the German Crusade. A crusade led by Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI as a follow-up to the Third Crusade. Although Henry died before the crusade began, it was modestly successful with the recapture of Beirut. Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 6 of the Holy Warre.^{[48][49][50][51]}

Fourth Crusade (1202–1204)

Also known as the Unholy Crusade. A major component of the crusade was against the Byzantine empire. Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 7 of the Holy Warre. Charles du Cange, wrote the first serious study of the Fourth Crusade in his Histoire de l'empire de Constantinople sous les empereurs françois (1657).^[52] Geoffrey of Villehardouin was a knight and historian who wrote his eyewitness account De la Conquête de Constantinople (c. 1215) of the crusade and its aftermath.^[53] Voltaire did not call it a crusade in his Histoire des Croisades, instead calling it the Suite de la Prise de Constantinople par les Croisés.^[54] Jonathan Philips' The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople (2004) is a standard reference today.^{[55][56][57][58]}

Fifth Crusade (1217–1221)

A failed attempt to recapture Jerusalem by first conquering Cairo. Critical original sources include Historia Damiatina by Oliver of Paderborn (died 1227) and Chronica Hungarorum by Joannes de Thurocz, compiled in the collection Gesta Dei per Francos (God's Work through the Franks) (1611) by Jacques Bongars. A standard reference is Reinhold Röhricht's Studien zur Geschichte des fünften Kreuzzuges (1891).^[59] Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 8 of the Holy Warre.^{[60][61][62][63][64]}

Sixth Crusade (1228–1229)

Also known as the Crusade of Emperor Frederick II. Sometimes regarded as part of the Fifth Crusade, it was an extension of that activity that involved little fighting. Jerusalem was nevertheless returned to Western hands by negotiation. Original sources include Chronica Majora (1259) by Matthew Paris and Flores Historiarum (1235) by Roger of Wendover, with Arabic sources that include Abu'l-Feda's Tarikh al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar (1329). Modern histories include Röhricht's Die Kreuzfahrt Kaiser Friedrich des Zweiten (1228–1229) (1872). Referred to it as Voyage 9 of the Holy Warre by Thomas Fuller in his 1639 Historie. See also references under the Crusade against Frederick II (1220–1241) below.^{[65][66][67][68][69]}

Barons' Crusade (1239–1241)

Also referred to as the Crusade of 1239, or the Crusade of Theobald I of Navarre and the Crusade of Richard of Cornwall. Called for in 1234 by Gregory IX in his papal bull Rachel suum videns. Some successful expeditions recaptured portions of the Holy Land. First treated by R. Röhricht in his Die Kreuzzuge des Grafen Theobald von Navarra und Richard von Cornwallis nach dem heligen Landen.^[70] Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyages 10 and 11 of the Holy Warre.^{[71][72][73][74]}

Crusade of Theobald I of Navarre (1239–1240)

A crusade led by Theobald I of Navarre, also referred to as Thibaut of Navarre or Theobald of Champagne. Part of the Barons' Crusade, 1239–1241. Among modern historians, René Grousset was among the first to discuss this crusade in his Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem (1934-1936)^[75] Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 10 of the Holy Warre.^[76][77][70]

Crusade of Richard of Cornwall (1240–1241)

Also known as the Crusade of Richard of Cornwall and Simon de Montfort to Jaffa. Richard also held the title King of the Romans, and had a noteworthy biography written by Noël Denholm-Young.^[78] Usually referred to as part of the Barons' Crusade, 1239–1241. Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 11 of the Holy Warre.^{[79][77][80][70]}

Crusade to Tzurulum (1239)

Led by future Latin emperor Baldwin of Courtenay was conducted concurrently with the Barons' Crusade. In the military action, Baldwin besieged and captured Tzurulum, a Nicaean stronghold west of Constantinople.^[81]

Crusade against the Mongols (1241)

Led by Conrad IV of Germany and is also known as the Anti-Mongol Crusade of 1241. British historian Peter Jackson documented this crusade in his study Crusade against the Mongols (1241).^{[82][83][84][85][86]}

Seventh Crusade (1248–1254)

Also known as the Crusade of Louis IX of France to the East, or Louis IX's First Crusade. Early works on this crusade include Primat of Saint-Denis' Roman des rois (1274) and Jean de Joinville's Life of Saint Louis (1309).^[87] Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 12 of the Holy Warre. Grousset's Histoire des croisades... and Peter Jackson's Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254: Sources and Documents (2007) provide the necessary historical background.^{[88][89][90][91][92]}

Crusade of Odo of Burgundy (1265–1266)

An expedition of Odo, Count of Nevers, who led 50 knights to protect Acre from Mamluk sultan Baibars.^[93][94][95]

Crusade of 1267

An expedition from the Upper Rhine to counter the threat posed by Baibars.^[96]

Crusade of Charles of Anjou against Lucera (1268)

The attack made by Charles I of Anjou on the Muslims at Lucera in conjunction with the Crusade against Conradin of 1268 (cf. Italian Crusades below).^[97][98][99]

Crusade of James I of Aragon (1269–1270)

James I of Aragon joined forces with Abaqa, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate, to take a crusade to the Holy Land, but returned without engaging the Mamluks in light of their strength at Acre.^[100][101]

Eighth Crusade (1270)

Also known as the Crusade of Louis IX of France to Tunis. Accompanied by Jean de Joinville who wrote the biography Life of Saint Louis (1309).^[87] Thomas Fuller referred to it as Voyage 31 of the Holy Warre.^{[102][89][90][103][104]}

Lord Edward's Crusade (1271–1272)

Led by the future Edward I of England, and is also known as the Crusade of Lord Edward of England, the Ninth Crusade, or the Last Crusade. It is often regarded as an extension of the Eighth Crusade due to its timing. Edward, later King of England, was accompanied by his wife Eleanor of Castile, who came to his aid after an assassination attempt. Discussed as part of the Eighth Crusade by Joseph François Michaud in Volume 3 of his seminal Histoire des Croisades (1812–1822).^{[105][106][107][108][109]}

Crusade of Henry of Mecklenburg (1275)

Henry I, Lord of Mecklenburg (died 1302) went on either a crusade or pilgrimage to the Holy Land c. 1271-1275 and was captured by the Egyptians and held for 32 years. The only known reference to this is by Thomas Fuller in his Historie of the Holy Warre, where it is referred to as the Last Voyage.^[110][111]

Siege of Acre (1291)

This marked the loss of the Holy Land to the Mamluks, typically identifying the end of the traditional Crusades. The anonymous Les Gestes des Chiprois (Deeds of the Cypriots) contains one of two eyewitness accounts of the siege.^[112][113]

The crusades continued in the Levant from the thirteenth through the 16th century. Principal references on this subject are Kenneth Setton's History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries (1975),^[114] and Norman Housley's The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (1992)^[115] and The Crusading Movement, 1274–1700 (1995).^[116] Barbara Tuchman's A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (1978) provides an interesting perspective on both the crusades and the general history of the era.^[117] A nineteenth-century reference often cited is Joseph François Michaud's Histoire des Croisades (1812–1822), translation by William Robson.^[109]

Crusade against Frederick III of Sicily (1298, 1299, 1302)

The final round of the War of the Sicilian Vespers in which pope Boniface VIII attempted to dislodge Frederick. Frederick's position was solidified by the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, after which the crusaders were unable to dislodge him.^{[118][119][120]}

Crusade against the Colonna Cardinals (1298)

A crusade of Boniface VIII against the Colonna family.^{[121][122][123]}

Expedition of the Almogavars (1301–1311)

This consisted of campaigns of the Catalan Company, formed by veterans of the War of the Sicilian Vespers (the Almogavar) against the Anatolian beyliks. It concluded with the Catalan's taking control of the Duchy of Athens and Thebes.^{[124][125][126]}

Hospitaller Crusade (1306–1310)

Known as the Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes that consolidated hold of the Knights Hospitaller on Rhodes. Documented by Hans Prutz in his Die Anfänge der Hospitaliter auf Rhodos, 1310–1355 (1908).^[127][128]

Crusade against the Catalan Grand Company (1330–1332)

Also called the Anti-Catalan Crusade, waged by Walter VI, Count of Brienne, and titular Duke of Athens. In 1330, John XXII issued a papal bull and ordered prelates in Italy and Greece to preach for a crusade against the Catalan Grand Company. Shortly thereafter, Robert of Naples gave the crusade his support. The Venetians, however, renewed their treaty with the Catalans in 1331. By the summer, it was clear that the expedition had failed, and Walter returned to Brindisi, saddled with crippling debts.^{[129][125][124][126][130]}

Naval Crusade of the Holy League (1332–1333)

A short-lived crusade against the Aydinid Turkish fleet by Pietro Zeno, serving as balio of Negroponte. In 1332, a Turkish armada under Umur Bey attacked Negroponte, and Zeno bought them off with a large tribute. Zeno and Pietro da Canale were accused by Francesco Dandolo with arranging an anti-Turkish alliance. By the end of the year the Holy League (also known as the Naval League) "a union, society and league for the discomfiture of the Turks and the defence of the true faith", had been formally constituted. In 1334, Zeno took command of the league's fleet and defeated the fleet of the Beylik of Karasi at the battle of Adramyttion. Zeno later served as one of the leaders of the Smyrna Crusade of 1344.^{[131][132][133]}

Holy League of Clement VI (1343)

A crusade proclaimed by Clement VI in 1343 that resulted in a naval attack on Smyrna the next year. The Grand Counci of Venice elected Pietro Zeno as captain of the flotilla sent to assist the crusade against Aydinid-held Smyrna. Other crusader leaders included patriarch Henry of Asti, The crusade was a naval success and Smyrna was taken. Zeno was killed by Umur Bey's forces in an ambush while he and other crusaderswere attempting to celebrate mass in the no-man's-land between the battle lines.^{[134][135][136]}

Smyrna Crusade (1344)

The first of the Smyrniote Crusades (1343–1351). The Smyrna Crusade began in 1344 with the naval victory of the battle of Pallene and ended with an assault on Smyrna, capturing the harbour and the citadel but not the acropolis. Sometimes considered as part of the Holy League of Clement VI.^[134][137]

Crusade of Humbert II of Viennois (1346)

The second of the Smyrniote Crusades. A second expedition under the command of Humbert II of Viennois with little to show other than a victory over the Turks at Mytilene. Described in the Book of Chivalry by Geoffroi de Charny. Also called the Second Smyrna Crusade.^[138][139]

Crusade against Francesco Ordelaffi (1355–1357)

A campaign by Innocent IV and Cardinal Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz against Francesco II Ordelaffi in order to restore papal authority to central Italy. The pope's Angevin troops had some success against Ordelaffi through 1356, by mercenary troops sent by Bernabò Visconti allowed him to hold out until 1357.^{[140][141][142]}

Crusade of Peter I de Lusignan (1362–1365)

Peter I of Cyprus (Peter I de Lusignan) was King of Cyprus and titular King of Jerusalem. He founded the chivalric Order of the Sword in 1347, dedicated to the recovery of Jerusalem, and attempted to convince nobles in Europe to mount a new crusade. His efforts were eventually merged with the Alexandrian Crusade.^{[143][144][145][146]}

Alexandrian Crusade (1365)

An attack by Peter I of Cyprus that resulted in the destruction of Alexandria, but had little real impact. Accounts of the crusade was given by Guillaume de Machaut in his La Prise d'Alexandre (after 1369) and by Muslim historian al-Nuwayrī in his Kitāb al-Ilmām (1365–1374).^{[147][148][149][150]}

Crusade of Amadeus VI of Savoy or Savoyard crusade (1366–1367)

Amadeus VI of Savoy (Amadeo), known as the Green Count of Savoy, launched a minor crusade against Thrace and Bulgaria. He attacked Ottoman sultan Murad I with 15 ships and 1,700 men in 1366 in order to aid his cousin, John V Palaiologos. Recounted by Romanian historian Nicolae Iorga in his work about French knight Philippe de Mézières (c. 1327 – 1405) and Eugene L. Cox's Green Count of Savoy (1967).^{[151][152][153]}

The Great Schism and the Crusades (1382–1387)

The Great (or Western) Schism within the Catholic Church from 1378–1417 led to a number of minor crusades included that against Charles III of Naples (1382); the Despenser's Crusade (1383); and the crusade of John of Gaunt (1387). The work by Walter Ullmann on the subject is a standard reference.^{[154][155][156]}

Crusade against Charles III of Naples (1382)

Charles Durazzo became Charles III as king of Naples and titular king of Jerusalem after having his cousin Joanna I of Naples strangled in jail. In 1382 Clement VII granted crusade indulgences to Louis I of Anjou and others to dethrone Charles. A crusade associated with the Great Schism.^[154][157]

Despenser's Crusade (1383)

Also known as the Norwich Crusade, was a military expedition led by Henry le Despenser in order to assist Ghent in its struggle against the supporters of antipope Clement VII. A crusade associated with the Great Schism.^[154][158]

Crusade of John of Gaunt (1387)

John of Gaunt led an unsuccessful crusade against Henry of Trastámara to claim the throne of Castile by right of his wife Constance of Castile. A crusade associated with the Great Schism.^{[154][159][160]}

Mahdia Crusade (1390)

Also known as the Barbary Crusade or the Crusade of Louis II de Bourbon against Mahdia, was a Franco-Genoese military expedition in 1390 that led to the siege of Mahdia, a stronghold of the Barbary pirates. A work by Belgian court historian Jean Froissart called the Chronicles of England, France, and the Adjoining Countries (c. 1400), referred to as Froissart's Chronicles, includes an account of this crusade.^{[161][162][163][164][165]}

Crusade of Nicopolis (1396)

Also known as the Battle of Nicopolis or the Crusade to Nicopolis. The crusader army of Hungarian, Croatian, Bulgarian, French, Serbian, Romanian and German force (assisted by the Venetian navy) was defeated by the Ottoman's at the Danubian fortress of Nicopolis, leading to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire.^{[166][167][168][169]}

Crusade of Marshal Boucicaut to Constantinople (1399)

In 1399, Boniface IX preached a crusade to Constantinople, and Jean II Le Maingre (Boucicaut) was the only respondent. His one-man crusade consisted of raids on Turkish towns along the Black Sea coast.^{[170][171][172]}

Crusade of Varna (1443–1444)

Also known as the Crusade to Varna, was an unsuccessful military campaign by the European monarchies to check the expansion of the Ottoman empire into Central Europe. The crusade was called by Eugene IV and led by Władysław III of Poland, John Hunyadi of Hungary, Voivode of Transylvania, Mircea the Elder of Wallachia and Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy. The aftermath left the Ottomans free from further attempts to push it out of Europe.^{[173][174][175][176][177]}

Crusades to Recover Constantinople (1453–1460)

New crusades called for after the loss of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453. Includes the Crusade of Nicholas V (later, Callixtus III) and the unrealized Crusade of Pius II.^{[178][179][180][181]}

Crusade of Nicholas V (1455–1456)

After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, pope Nicholas V planned a small crusade to recapture the city, reconfirmed by Callixtus III after Nicholas' death. Only John Hunyadi responded, defeating the Turks at Belgrade in 1456 before his untimely death. See Crusade of St. John of Capistrano (1456).^{[178][181][156][180][182]}

Genoese Crusade to defend Chios (1455–1457)

This began after Mehmed II declared war on Chios and Rhodes, and a Genoese fleet was dispatched to defend the island.^[183][177]

Crusade of St. John of Capistrano (1456)

Also known as the Siege of Belgrade of 1456, began after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 when Mehmet II set his sights on the Kingdom of Hungary. The Ottoman forces were defeated by an army led by Catholic priest John of Capistrano and John Hunyadi. Crusade of Nicholas V (1455–1456).^{[184][185][182]}

Occupation of Sporades (1457)

Occupation of the northern Sporades islands by papal galleys.^[181][186]

Siege of Rhodes (1480)

In 1480, an Ottoman fleet unsuccessfully began the siege of Rhodes. The Ottoman army under the command of Mesih Pasha was defeated by the Knights Hospitaller garrison led by Pierre d'Aubusson. Gulielmus Caoursin, vice-chancellor of the Hospitaller, was also an eye-witness to the siege.^{[187][188][189][190][191]}

Anti-Turkish Crusade (1480–1481)

A crusade of pope Sixtus IV against Mehmet II to protect southern Italy. Primarily consisted of the Crusade of Otranto.^[192][193]

Crusade of Otranto (1481)

A crusade to recapture the city after the Ottoman invasion of Otranto. The citizens, killed by the Ottomans for refusing to convert to Islam, are known as the martyrs of Otranto. Part of the Anti-Turkish Crusade of Sixtus IV.^[194][195]

Spanish Crusade in North Africa (1499–1510)

Following the end of Muslim rule in Hispania, a number of cities were recaptured including: Melilla (1497), Mers el-Kebir (1505), Canary Islands (1508), Oran (1509), Rock of Algiers, Bougie and Tripoli (1510).^[196]

Siege of Rhodes (1522)

This was the second and ultimately successful attempt by the Ottoman empire to expel the Knights Hospitaller from their island stronghold of Rhodes.^[191][197]

Crusade of the Emperor Charles V to Tunis (1535)

Also known as the Conquest of Tunis. In 1535, Tunis, then under the control of the Ottoman empire, was captured by emperor Charles V and his allies.^[198][199]

Crusade of the Emperor Charles V to Algiers (1541)

Also known as the Algiers Expedition, was an unsuccessful attempt to dislodge to Ottomans from Algiers.^[198][199]

Spanish Crusade to Mahdia (1550)

Also known as the Capture of Mahdia. A Spanish naval expedition supported by the Knights of Malta under Claude de la Sengle, besieged and captured the Ottoman stronghold of Mahdia. Mahdia was abandoned by Spain three years later, with its fortifications demolished to avoid reoccupation of the city.^[200]

Crusade of King Sebastian of Portugal to Morocco (1578)

Also known as the Battle of Alcácer Quibir or the Battle of Three Kings. The battle was between the army of deposed Moroccan sultan Abu Abdallah Mohammed II allied with Sebastian I of Portugal, against a large Moroccan army under the new sultan Abd Al-Malik I who was allied with the Ottomans. Al-Malik and the Ottomans won a decisive victory.^[201][202]

Great Turkish War

Also known as The Fourteenth Crusade^[203] was a crusade undertaken by the Holy League of Pope Innocent XI^[204] against the Ottoman Empire which met with an unprecedented Crusader success leading to the recovery of most of Hungary, Transylvania, Podolia and Morea to Christian rule and the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Caliphate.^[205] The war is referred to as Felaket Seneleri meaning 'The Disaster Years' by Ottoman Turkish historians.^[206]

Crusades against the Byzantine empire began shortly after the First Crusade and continued throughout its existence. These include the following.^{[207][208][209][109]}

Some pilgrimages are referred to as crusades, especially if the journey resulted in some military activity. Some examples include the following.^[224]

The Popular Crusades were generated by enthusiasm for crusading, but unsanctioned by the Church.^[232]

The Crusades against Christian heretics and schismatics include the following.^[248][249]

Political crusades include the following.^[274]

The Northern Crusades (1150–1560), also known as Baltic Crusades, occurred in northern Europe at the same time as the traditional crusades.^{[301][302][303]}

Crusades in the Iberian peninsula, known as the Reconquista, from 722 to 1492.^[322][323]

1113–1115, the Mallorca Crusade led by the Republic of Pisa took place which is also known as the Balearic Islands Expedition. The Granada War (1482–1491) was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1491, during the reign of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Emirate of Granada. It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile, ending Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula.^[324]

Crusades against Italian republics and cities, and Sicily. These are documented in the work by British historian Norman Housley, The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades Against Christian Lay Powers, 1254-1343 (1982).^[325]

In the 14th century, much work was done to call for a new crusade to recapture Jerusalem. This includes proposals by Benedetto Accolti, Martin Luther's On War Against the Turk, Francis Bacon's Advertisement Touching on a Holy Warre, and Leibnitz' Project de conquête l'Egypte présenté à Louis XIV. In addition, there were other crusades that did not leave the planning stage, including the following.

The consolidated list of the Crusades to the Holy Land from 1095 through 1578 is as follows.

Eleventh century

• First Crusade (1095–1099)
• People's Crusade (1096)

Twelfth century

• Crusade of 1101 (1101–1102) (Crusade of the Faint-Hearted)
• Crusade of Emperor Henry IV (1103)
• Crusade of Bohemond of Taranto (1107–1108)
• Norwegian Crusade (1107–1110) (Crusade of Sigurd Jorsalfar)
• Mallorca Crusade (1113–1115) (Balearic Islands Expedition)
• Crusade or Pilgrimage of Fulk V of Anjou (1120–1122)
• Venetian Crusade (1122–1124) (Crusade of Calixtus II)
• Crusade of Conrad III (1124)
• Political Crusade against Roger II of Sicily (1127–1135)
• Crusade of 1129 (Damascus Crusade)
• Second Crusade (1147–1150)
• Wendish Crusade (1147)
• Crusading Project against Byzantium (1149–1150)
• Pilgrimage of Rognvald Kali Kolsson (1151–1153) (Crusade of Rognvald Kali Kolsson)
• Crusader Invasions of Egypt (1154–1169)
• Swedish Crusades (1150s–1293)
• Crusade or Pilgrimage of Henry the Lion (1172)
• Crusade to the East of Philip of Flanders (1177)
• Third Crusade (1189–1192)
• Danish Crusades (1191, 1293)
• Livonian Crusades (1193–1287)
• Crusade of Emperor Henry VI (1197–1198)
• Crusades against Livonians (1198–1209)
• Crusade against Markward von Anweiler (1199)

Thirteenth century

• Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) (Unholy Crusade)
• Crusade against the Bulgars (1205)
• Crusades against the Oeselians (1206–1261)
• Papal Quarrel with John Lackland (1208)
• Conquest of the Estonian Hinderland (1208–1226)
• Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229) (Cathar Crusade)
• Children's Crusade (1212)
• A Political Crusade in England (1215–1217)
• Fifth Crusade (1217–1221)
• Crusade against Semigallians (1219–1290)
• Crusade against Frederick II (1220–1241)
• Prussian Crusades (1222–1274)
• Crusade of William VI of Montferrat (1225)
• Sixth Crusade (1228–1229) (Crusade of Emperor Frederick II)
• Drenther Crusade (1228–1232)
• Crusade of John of Brienne in Apulia (1229)
• Crusade against the Stedinger (1233–1234) (Stedinger Crusade)
• Bogomils Crusades (1234, 1252)
• Bosnian Crusade (1235–1241)
• Barons' Crusade (1239–1241) (Crusade of 1239)
• Crusade of Theobald I of Navarre (1239–1240)
• Crusade to Tzurulum (1239)
• Crusade of Richard of Cornwall (1240–1241)
• Genoese Crusade against Savona and Albenga (1240)
• Crusade against the Mongols (1241)
• Crusade against Curonians (1242–1267)
• Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) (Crusade of Louis IX of France to the East)
• Pope Innocent IV's Crusade against Frederick II (1248)
• Crusade against Sicily (1248)
• Crusade against Conrad IV (1250)
• First Shepherds’ Crusade (1251)
• Crusade against Manfred of Sicily (1255–1266)
• Crusade against Ezzelino III da Romano (1256)
• Crusade Preached against the Mongols in Syria (1260)
• Anti-Byzantine Crusades (1261–1320)
• Another Political Crusade in England (1263–1265)
• Crusade of Odo of Burgundy (1265–1266)
• Crusade of Charles of Anjou against Lucera (1268)
• Crusade against Conradin, nominal king of Jerusalem (1268)
• Crusade of James I of Aragon (1269–1270)
• Eighth Crusade (1270) (Crusade of Louis IX of France to Tunis)
• Lord Edward's Crusade (1271–1272) (Crusade of Lord Edward of England, the Ninth Crusade, or the Last Crusade)
• Plans for a Joint Latin-Greek Crusade (1274–1276)
• Crusade of Henry of Mecklenburg (1275)
• Lithuanian Crusades (1284–1435)
• Crusade against the Aragonese (1284–1285) (Aragonese Crusade, or Crusade of Aragon)
• Siege of Acre (1291)
• Crusade against Frederick III of Sicily (1298, 1299, 1302).
• Crusade against the Colonna Cardinals (1298)

Fourteenth century

• Expedition of the Almogavars (1301–1311)
• Hospitaller Crusade (1306–1310) (Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes)
• Crusade of the Poor (1309) (Crusade of 1309 or the Shepards' Crusade of 1309)
• Crusade against the Venetians (1309)
• Crusade of Clement V (1309)
• Crusade against the Aragonese (1309)
• French Plans for Crusade (1317–1333)
• Crusade of Philip V (1317–1322)
• Second Shepherds' Crusade (1320) (The Pastoreaux of 1320)
• Crusade against Frederico I of Montefeltro (1321–1322)
• Crusade against Ferrara, Milan and the Ghibellines (1321–1322) (Anti-Ghibelline Crusades)
• Crusade against the Arogonese (1321–1322)
• Crusade of Charles IV (1322–1328)
• Crusade against the Emperor Louis IV (1328–1329)
• Crusade against the Catalan Grand Company (1330–1332) (Anti-Catalan Crusade)
• Crusade of Philip VI (1330–1332)
• The Naval Crusade of the Holy League (1332–1333)
• The Holy League of Clement VI (1343)
• Smyrniote Crusades (1343–1351)
• Smyrna Crusade (1344)
• Crusade of Humbert II of Viennois (1346)
• Crusade of Magnus II Eriksson (1347–1351)
• Crusade against Francesco Ordelaffi (1355–1357)
• Crusade against Bernabò Visconti (1362–1363)
• Crusade of Peter I de Lusignan (1362–1365)
• Crusade of Urban V (1363–1364)
• Alexandrian Crusade (1365)
• Crusade of Amadeus VI of Savoy (Savoyard crusade) (1366–1367)
• The Great Schism and the Crusades (1382–1387).
• Crusade against Charles III of Naples (1382)
• Despenser's Crusade (1383) (Norwich Crusade)
• Crusade of John of Gaunt (1387).
• Mahdia Crusade (1390) (Barbary Crusade or Crusade of Louis II de Bourbon against Mahdia)
• Crusade of Nicopolis (1396)
• Crusade of Marshal Boucicaut to Constantinople (1399)

Fifteenth century

• Crusades against the Hussites (1420–1431)
• First Anti-Hussite Crusade (1420)
• Second Anti-Hussite Crusade (1421–1422)
• Third Anti-Hussite Crusade (1423–1424)
• Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade (1426–1428)
• Crusade of Joan of Arc (1430)
• Fifth Anti-Hussite Crusade (1431)
• Crusade of Varna (1443–1444)
• Crusades to Recover Constantinople (1453–1460)
• Crusade of Nicholas V (1455–1456)
• Genoese Crusade to defend Chios (1455–1457)
• Crusade of St. John of Capistrano (1456) (Siege of Belgrade)
• Occupation of Sporades (1457)
• Crusade of Pius II (1464)
• Siege of Rhodes (1480)
• The Anti-Turkish Crusade (1480–1481)
• Crusade of Otranto (1481)
• Granada War (1482–1491)
• The Waldensian Crusade in the Dauphine (1487–1491)
• Spanish Crusade in North Africa (1499–1510)

Sixteenth century

• Siege of Rhodes (1522)
• Crusade of the Emperor Charles V to Algiers (1541) (Algiers Expedition)
• Spanish Crusade to Mahdia (1550)
• Crusade of King Sebastian of Portugal to Morocco (1578) (Battle of Alcácer Quibir or the Battle of Three Kings)

Seventeenth century

• The Great Turkish War (1683-1699) (The Fourteenth Crusade)

• Crusader States
• European wars of religion
• List of sources for the Crusades