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List of Egyptian deities

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Painted relief of a seated man with green skin and tight garments, a man with the head of a Jackal, and a man with the head of a Falcon
The gods Osiris, Anubis, and Horus in the Tomb of Horemheb (KV57) in the Valley of the Kings.
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Ancient Egyptian deities were an integral part of ancient Egyptian religion and were worshiped for millennia. Many of them ruled over natural and social phenomena, as well as abstract concepts[1] These gods and goddesses appear in virtually every aspect of ancient Egyptian civilization, and more than 1,500 of them are known by name. Many Egyptian texts mention deities' names without indicating their character or role, while other texts refer to specific deities without even stating their name, so a complete list of them is difficult to assemble.[2]

Major deities

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Gods

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Goddesses

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Male and Female forms or Hermaphroditic

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Minor deities

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Gods

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Goddesses

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Male or female

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  • Hedjhotep – God of fabrics and clothing[196]
  • Shai – Personification of fate[207]
  • Faltis – Personification of failure sculpture made by Khnum[208]

Objects

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  • Semi – A deified object found in the tenth division of Duat[39]

Lesser-known deities

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Gods

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Goddesses

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Male or female

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  • Neb au-t-ab – A god or goddess in the Duat[225]
  • Netrit fent – An axe god or goddess[223]

Groups of deities

[edit]
  • The Aai – Three guardian deities in the ninth division of Duat; they are Ab-ta, Anhefta, and Ermen-ta[39]
  • The Assessors of Maat – Forty-two deities, who judged the souls of the dead in the afterlife[5]
  • The Cavern deities of the underworld – Many Duat deities charged with punishing the damned souls by beheading and devouring them[234]
  • The Ennead – An extended family of nine deities produced by Atum during the creation of the world. The Ennead usually consisted of Atum, his children Shu and Tefnut, their children Geb and Nut, and their children Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys[235]
  • The Four sons of Horus – Four gods who protected the mummified body, particularly the internal organs in canopic jars[236]
  • The Gate deities of the underworld – Many dangerous guardian deities at the gates of Duat (flanked by divine Doorkeepers and Heralds), to be ingratiated with spells and by knowing their names[237]
  • The Hemsut – Protective goddesses of Fate, destiny, and of the creation sprung from the primordial abyss; daughters of Ptah, linked to the concept of ka[238][239]
  • The Her-Hequi – Four deities in the fifth division of Duat[39]
  • The Horus of the day deities – Twelve divine embodiments of each hour of the day: partly major deities (first: Maat and Nenit, second: Hu and Ra em-nu, third: unknown, fourth: Ashespi-kha, Fifth: Nesbit and Agrit, sixth: Ahait, seventh: Horus and Nekait or Nekai-t, eighth: Khensu and Kheprit, ninth: Neten-her-netch-her and Ast em nebt ankh, tenth: Urit-hekau or Hekau-ur, eleventh: Amanh, and partly lesser-known ones (twelfth: "The One Who Gives Protection In The Twilight")[240]
  • The Horus of the night deities – Twelve goddesses of each hour of the night, wearing a five-pointed star on their heads Neb-t tehen and Neb-t heru, god and goddess of the first hour of night, Apis or Hep (in reference) and Sarit-neb-s, god and goddess of the second hour of night, M'k-neb-set, goddess of the third hour of night, Aa-t-shefit or Urit-shefit, goddess of the fourth hour of the night, Heru-heri-uatch-f and Nebt ankh, god and goddess of the Fifth hour of the night, Ari-em-aua or Uba-em-tu-f and Mesperit, neb-t shekta or Neb-t tcheser, god and goddess of the sixth hour of the night, Heru-em-sau-ab and Herit-t-chatcha-ah, god and goddess of the seventh hour of the night, Ba-pefi and Ankh-em-neser-t or Merit-neser-t, god and goddess of the eighth hour of night, An-mut-f and Neb-t sent-t, god and goddess of the ninth hour of the night, Amset or Neb neteru and M'k-neb-set, god and goddess of the tenth hour of night, Uba-em-tu-f and Khesef-khemit or M'kheskhemuit, god and goddess of the eleventh hour, Khepri and Maa-neferut-Ra, god and goddess of the twelfth hour of the night[240]
  • The Ikhemu-sek – Group of Ancient Egyptian deities who were the personifications of the northern constellations[241]
  • The Khnemiu – Four deities wearing red crowns in the eleventh division of Duat[39]
  • The Ogdoad – A set of eight gods who personified the chaos that existed before creation. The Ogdoad commonly consisted of Amun – Amunet, Nu – Naunet, Heh – Hauhet, and Kek – Kauket[242]
  • The Renniu – Four bearded gods in the eleventh division of Duat[39]
  • The Setheniu-Tep – Four deities wearing white crowns in the eleventh division of Duat[39]
  • The Shebtiu – A group of creator gods worshipped at Edfu[243]
  • The Souls of Pe and Nekhen – A set of gods personifying the predynastic rulers of Upper and Lower Egypt[244]
  • The Theban Triad – Consisted of Amun, his consort Mut and their son Khonsu[245]
  • The Twelve Thoueris goddesses – (first:Ami-pet-seshem-neterit, second:Ami-utchat-saakhu-Atemt)[211]

Citations

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  237. ^ Wilkinson 2003, pp. 81–82
  238. ^ "Gods of Ancient Egypt: Hemsut". www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
  239. ^ "Hemsut". www.reshafim.org.il. Archived from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
  240. ^ a b Wilkinson 2003, pp. 83
  241. ^ Teresi, Dick. "The Nation; The Universe and Ground Zero". The New York Times.
  242. ^ Hart 2005, pp. 113
  243. ^ http://www.reconstructingancientegypt.org/tag/shebtiu/
  244. ^ Hart 2005, pp. 152–153
  245. ^ Wilkinson, John Gardner (2013). Modern Egypt and Thebes. Cambridge University Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-1-108-06510-8. Retrieved 10 December 2019.

Works cited

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  • Allen, James P. (2000). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77483-7.
  • Budge, E.A. Wallis (1905). The Egyptian Heaven and Hell. Londres: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company.
  • Hart, George (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-02362-5.
  • Holbl, Gunther (2001). A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. London: Routledge.
  • Porter, Bertha; Moss, Rosalind (1991). Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings. Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum Oxford. ISBN 978-0-900416-82-8.
  • Smith, Mark S. (1994). The Ugaritic Baal cycle. Volume I. Introduction with Text, Translations and Commentary of KTU 1.1-1.2. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09995-1. OCLC 30914624.
  • Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05120-8.
  • Lorton, Claude Traunecker. Transl. from the French by David (2001). The gods of Egypt (1st English-language edn, enhanced and expanded). Ithaca, N.Y [u.a.]: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3834-9.
  • Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets). New York: Cosimo Classics. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  • "Aswan History Facts and Timeline: Aswan, Egypt". http://www.world-guides.com/africa/egypt/aswan/aswan_history.html.
  • Petry, Alan W. Shorter; with a new bibliography by Bonnie L. (1994). The Egyptian gods : a handbook (rev. edn). San Bernardino (Calif.): The Borgo Press. ISBN 0-89370-535-7.
  • "Gods of Egypt". http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/.
  • Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)".
  • Mark, Joshua J. "Egyptian Gods – The Complete List". https://www.worldhistory.org/article/885/egyptian-gods---the-complete-list/.
  • Nelson, Thomas (2017). The Woman's Study Bible: Receiving God's Truth for Balance, Hope, and Transformation. Biblica, Inc.
  • "GVC09-24: Mystical creatures and gods -Egyptian". [1]
  • Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddess: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications.
  • translations, translated by Raymond O. Faulkner; with additional; Wasserman, a commentary by Ogden Goelet JR.; with color illustrations from the facsimile volume produced in 1890 under the supervision of E.A. Wallis Budge; introduced by Carol A. R. Andrews; edited by Eva Von Dassow; in an edition conceived by James (1994). The Egyptian Book of the dead : the Book of going forth by day : being the Papyrus of Ani (royal scribe of the divine offerings), written and illustrated circa 1250 B.C.E., by scribes and artists unknown, including the balance of chapters of the books of the dead known as the theban recension, compiled from ancient texts, dating back to the roots of Egyptian civilization (1st edn). San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-0767-3.

Further reading

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Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities
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