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List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
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A Hebrew Bible manuscript is a handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) made on papyrus, parchment, or paper, and written in the Hebrew language (some of the biblical text and notations may be in Aramaic). The oldest manuscripts were written in a form of scroll, the medieval manuscripts usually were written in a form of codex. The late manuscripts written after the 9th century use the Masoretic Text. The important manuscripts are associated with Aaron ben Asher (especially Leningrad Codex).[1]
The earliest sources (whether oral or written) of the Hebrew Bible disappeared over time because of the fragility of media, wars (especially the destruction of the First and Second Temple) and other intentional destructions.[2] As a result, the lapse of time between the original manuscripts and their surviving copies is much longer than in the case of the New Testament manuscripts.
The first list of the Old Testament manuscripts in Hebrew, made by Benjamin Kennicott (1718–1783) and published by Oxford in two volumes in 1776 and 1780, listed 615 manuscripts from libraries in England and on the continent.[3] Giovanni Bernardo de Rossi (1742–1831) published a list of 731 manuscripts.[4] The main manuscript discoveries in modern times are those of the Cairo Geniza (c. 1890) and the Dead Sea Scrolls (1947). 260,000 Hebrew manuscripts were discovered in an old synagogue in Cairo, 10,000 of which are biblical manuscripts.[5][6] There are more than 200 biblical manuscripts among the Dead Sea Scrolls, some of them were written in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. They were written before 70 CE. 14 scroll manuscripts were discovered in Masada in 1963–1965.[7]
The largest organized collection of Hebrew Old Testament manuscripts in the world is housed in the Russian National Library ("Second Firkovitch Collection") in Saint Petersburg.[4]
The Leningrad Codex is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew. The Leningrad codex is the manuscript upon which the Old Testament of most modern English translations of the Bible are based. Manuscripts earlier than the 13th century are very rare. The majority of the manuscripts have survived in a fragmentary condition.
The oldest complete Torah scroll still in use has been carbon-dated to around 1250 and is owned by the Jewish community of the northern Italian town of Biella.[8]
Masorah manuscripts
[edit]Proto-Masoretic from Second Temple period (1st century)
[edit]- Severus Scroll (named for the Roman Emperor who restored this scroll, reportedly seized from the Temple in Jerusalem, to the Jewish community in 220), a lost manuscript of early 1st century CE, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature
Proto-Masoretic from "Silent Period" (2nd–10th century)
[edit]- Codex Hilleli, a lost manuscript of circa 600 CE, destroyed in 1197 in Spain, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature[9]
- Codex Muggeh (or Muga; ="corrected"), lost, cited as a source in Masoretic notations.
Masoretic (8th–10th century)
[edit]- Ben Asher Manuscripts, including several of those listed here-below (see Kahle)
- The London Manuscript and the Ashkar-Gilson Manuscript, the latter also known as the "Ashkar-Gilson Hebrew Manuscript #2", both from the same scroll, dated to the 7th or 8th century.[10] The extant fragments cover Exodus 9:18–13:2 and 13:19–16:1.[11]
- Codex Orientales 4445, also known as "London Codex" in the British Library, London,[12] containing Genesis-Deuteronomy 1:33 (less Numbers 7:47–73 and Numbers 9:12–10:18).[13] and dated by colophon to 920-950 CE.[14]
- Codex Cairensis (Prophets), pointed by Moses Ben Asher, dated by a colophon 895 CE, contradicted by radiocarbon dating, which indicated an 11th-century date. It is the oldest manuscript bearing the date of its writing; written in Tiberias, subsequently was in Cairo, now deposited at Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
- Codex Sassoon 1053, 9th or 10th century, from the collection of David Solomon Sassoon, now in the ANU - Museum of the Jewish People in Tel Aviv. (missing first 10 pages of Genesis)[15]
- Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus (Latter Prophets), dated 916 CE, Russian National Library
- Pentateuch of 929 (Torah) dated 929 CE, Russian National Library.[16]
- Aleppo Codex, 930 CE, written in Tiberias, now deposited at Israel Museum in Jerusalem (exhibited in the Shrine of the Book, the Codex was complete, supposedly pointed by Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, partially missing since 1958); this manuscript is the basis of the Jerusalem Crown bible.
- Leningrad Codex (complete), copied from a Ben Asher manuscript, dated 1008 CE, written in Cairo, now deposited at Russian National Library in Saint Petersburg; this manuscript is the basis of the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and other editions and is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew.
- Michigan Codex (Torah), 10th century[17]
- Damascus Pentateuch, 10th century[18]
- First Gaster Bible in the British Library, 10th century[19]
Later (11th–17th century)
[edit]- Codex Yerushalmi, lost, reportedly used in Spain (circa 1010) by Jonah ibn Janah.
- Codex Reuchlinanus (Prophets), dated 1105 CE.
- Bologna Torah Scroll/Scroll 2, dated CE 1155–1255, University of Bologna Library
- Ms. Eb. 448 of the Vatican Library, with Targum Onkelos, dated 11–12 century[20]
- Second Gaster Bible in the British Library, 11th–12th centuries [21]
- Braginsky Collection Codex Hilleli copy, 1241 Toledo, Spain (housed at Jewish Theological Seminary, New York)[22]
- Damascus Crown, written in Spain in 1260.
- Cloisters Hebrew Bible; 1300–1350 CE, before 1366; earliest owner named David ha-Kohen Coutinh[o] on Rosh Hashanah in 1366; owned by Zaradel Synagogue in Egypt. Acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2018 under The Cloisters Collection.[23]
- Farhi Bible, written by Elisha Crescas in Provence between 1366 and 1383.[24] Purchased by David Solomon Sassoon in 1913 in Aleppo, Syria.[25]
- Rashba Bible, completed in 1383[26]
- Erfurt Codices (complete, Berlin), E1 circa 14th century, E2 possibly 13th century, E3 possibly 11th century
- Codex Jericho (Pentateuch), lost, cited in the notes to a Massoretic manuscript written circa 1310.
- Al-Ousta Codex, 14th century. Now at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
- Merwas Bible (14th century)[27]
- Codex Ezra, lost, C.D. Ginsburg owned a manuscript written in 1474 which purported to have been copied from this.
- Kennicott Bible, completed by Moses ibn Zabarah in A Coruña, Spain in 1476 and now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford,[28] with exact facsimiles held by several libraries.
- Lisbon Bible, copied in 1483 in Lisbon, Portugal, the most accomplished codex of the Portuguese school of medieval Hebrew illumination and now in the British Library.[29]
- Codex Sinai, mentioned in Massoretic notes and reportedly used by Elia Levita (circa 1540).
- MS. de Rossi 782, copied in Toledo Spain in 1277.
- Codex Sanbuki (named for Zambuqi, on the Tigris River), lost, frequently quoted in Massoretic annotations and apparently seen (circa 1600) by Menahem Lonzano.
- Codex Great Mahzor, lost, mentioned in Massoretic notes (the title suggests that this codex contained only the Pentateuch and those selections from the Prophets that were read during the liturgical year)
Modern discoveries
[edit]- Ketef Hinnom scrolls, late 7th or early 6th century BCE, placing them in the First Temple period. Found containing material from Leviticus and Deuteronomy, including the Priestly Blessing, alongside other otherwise unknown material on small rolled silver scrolls
- Nash Papyrus, dated to the 2nd BCE – 1st CE. A liturgy, potentially a Mezuzah, found with the 10 Commandments followed by the Shema; it is most similar to the LXX
- A wine-jar seal held in the Chicago University’s collection quotes Jeremiah 48:11 as a reference to the quality of the wine contained therein. It likely dates to between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the major Masoretic texts[30]
- En-Gedi Scroll, fragment of Hebrew parchment dated to 2nd century CE, discovered in 1970 containing portions of the first 2 chapters of Leviticus[31]
- Cairo Geniza fragments contains portions of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew and Aramaic, discovered in Cairo synagogue, which date from about 4th century CE on
Dead Sea Scrolls
[edit]Dated Between 250 BCE and 70 CE.[32]
- Isaiah scroll, 1Qlsa, contains almost the complete text of the Book of Isaiah
- 4QDeutn, contains the Decalogue.
- 4Q106
- 4Q107
- 4Q108
- 4Q240
- 6Q6
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 1 | |||||||
| 1QIsaa | Great Isaiah Scroll | Isaiah 1:1–31; 2:1–22; 3:1–5:30; 6:1–13; 7:1–25; 8:1–23; 9:1–20; 10:1–34; 11:1–45:25; 46:1–66:24 | Hebrew | 356–103 BCE/150–100 BCE | Contains all 66 chapters with occasional lacunae and some missing words at the bottom of some columns | [33][34] | |
| 1QIsab | Isaiah | cf. 1Q8 | The Book of Isaiah | Hebrew | Hasmonean/Herodian | A second copy of portions of the Book of Isaiah | [35][36] |
| 1QS | Serekh ha-Yahad or "Community Rule" | Hebrew | cf. 4QSa-j = 4Q255–64, 5Q11 | [37] | |||
| 1QpHab | Pesher on Habakkuk | Habakkuk 1–2 | Hebrew | Later half of the 1st century BC | Commentary on Habakkuk 1:2–17; 2:1–20 | [38][39] | |
| 1QM | Milhamah or War Scroll | Hebrew | cf. 4Q491, 4Q493; 11Q14? | ||||
| 1QHa | Hodayot or Thanksgiving Hymns | Hebrew | Some parts are also preserved in 1QHb and 4QHa-f | [40] | |||
| 1QapGen | Genesis Apocryphon | Genesis 12:18–15:4 | Aramaic | 25 BCE–50 CE | [41] | ||
| CTLevi | Cairo Geniza or Testament of Levi | Aramaic | |||||
| 1QGen | Genesis | 1Q1 | Genesis 1:18–21; 3:11–14; 22:13–15; 23:17–19; 24:22–24 | Hebrew | Herodian | [42][43] | |
| 1QExod | Exodus | 1Q2 | Exodus 16:12–16; 19:24–20:2, 20:5–6; 20:25–21:1; 21:4–5 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [42][44] | |
| 1QpaleoLev | Leviticus – Numbers | 1Q3 | Leviticus 11:10–11; 19:30–34; 20:20–24; 21:24–22:6; 23:4–8 and Numbers 1:48–50 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman; Palaeo-Hebrew script | [42][45] | |
| 1QDeuta | Deuteronomy | 1Q4 | Deuteronomy 1:22–25; 4:47–49; 8:18–19; 9:27–28; 11:27–30; 13:1–6, 13–14; 14:21, 24–25; 16:4, 6–7 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [42][46][47] | |
| 1QDeutb | 1Q5 | Deuteronomy 1:9–13; 8:8–9; 9:10; 11:30–31; 15:14–15; 17:16; 21:8–9; 24:10–16; 25:13–18; 28:44–48; 29:9–20; 30:19–20; 31:1–10, 12–13; 32:17–29; 33:12–24 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [42][46][48] | ||
| 1QJudg | Judges | 1Q6 | Judges 6:20–22; 8:1(?); 9:2–6, 28–31, 40–43, 48–49 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [42][49] | |
| 1QSam | Samuel | 1Q7 | 2 Samuel 18:17–18; 20:6–10; 21:16–18; 23:9–12 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [42][50] | |
| 1QIsab | Isaiah | Parts of 1QIsab as 1Q8 | Isaiah 7:22–25; 8:1; 10:17–19; 12:3–6; 13:1–8, 16–19; 15:3–9; 16:1–2, 7–11; 19:7–17, 20–25; 20:1; 22:11–18, 24–25; 23:1–4; 24:18–23; 25:1–8; 26:1–5; 28:15–20; 29:1–8; 30:10–14, 21–26; 35:4–5; 37:8–12; 38:12–22; 39:1–8; 40:2–3; 41:3–23; 43:1–13, 23–27; 44:21–28; 45:1–13; 46:3–13; 47:1–14; 48:17–22; 49:1–15; 50:7–11; 51:1–10; 52:7–15; 53:1–12; 54:1–6; 55:2–13; 56:1–12; 57:1–4, 17–21; 58:1–14; 59:1–8, 20–21; 60:1–22; 61:1–2; 62:2–12; 63:1–19; 64:1, 6–8; 65:17–25; 66:1–24 | Hebrew | Herodian | [35][42] | |
| 1QEzek | Ezekiel | Parts of 1QIsab as 1Q9 | Ezekiel 4:16–17; 5:1 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [42][51] | |
| 1QPsa | Psalms | 1Q10 | Psalm 86:5–8; 92:12–14; 94:16; 95:11–96:2; 119:31–34, 43–48, 77–79 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [42][52] | |
| 1QPsb | 1Q11 | Psalm 126:6; 127:1–5; 128:3 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [42][53] | ||
| 1QPsc | 1Q12 | Psalm 44:3–5, 7, 9, 23–25 | Hebrew | Herodian | [42][54] | ||
| 1QPhyl | Phylactery | 1Q13 | Deuteronomy 5:23–27; 11:8–11 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | 58 fragments from a Phylactery | [46][55][56] |
| 1QpMic | Pesher on Micah | 1Q14 | Hebrew | Herodian | [55][57] | ||
| 1QpZeph | Pesher on Zephaniah | 1Q15 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [55][58] | ||
| 1QpPs | Pesher on Psalms | 1Q16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [55][59] | ||
| 1QJuba | Jubilees | 1Q17 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Jubilees | [55][60] | |
| 1QJubb | 1Q18 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Jubilees | [55][61] | ||
| 1QNoah | Book of Noah | 1Q19 | Hebrew | Herodian | Parts of the lost Book of Noah | [55][62] | |
| 1QapGen | Fragments of the "Genesis Apocryphon" | 1Q20 | Aramaic | Herodian | [63][64] | ||
| 1QTLevi / 1QALD | Testament of Levi | 1Q21 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Aramaic Levi Document | [65][66] | |
| 1QDM | "Dibrê Moshe" or "Words of Moses" | 1Q22 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [65][67] | ||
| 1QEnGiantsa | Book of Giants | 1Q23 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Enoch | [68][69] | |
| 1QEnGiantsb | Book of Giants | 1Q24 | Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | Enoch | [68][70] | |
| 1Q Apocr.Prophecy | "Apocryphal Prophecy" | 1Q25 | Hebrew | Herodian | [71][72] | ||
| 1Q Instruction | "Instruction" | 1Q26 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [71][73] | ||
| 1QMyst | "The Book of Mysteries" | 1Q27 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [71][74] | ||
| 1QS or 1QSa | "Rule of the Congregation" | 1Q28 (1Q28a) | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragment from "Community Rule" | [71][75] | |
| 1QSb | "Rule of the Blessing" or "Rule of the Benedictions" | 1Q28b | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [71][76] | ||
| 1QapocrMoses B | Apocryphon of Moses | 1Q29 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | "Liturgy of the Three Tongues of Fire" | [71][77] | |
| 1Q Liturgical Text(?) A | "Liturgical Text 1" | 1Q30 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [71][78] | ||
| 1Q Liturgical Text(?) B | "Liturgical Text 2" | 1Q31 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [71][79] | ||
| 1QNJ(?) | "New Jerusalem" | 1Q32 | Aramaic | Herodian | cf. 11Q18 | [80][81] | |
| 1QM | Fragment of the 1QM or "War Scroll" or "Milhamah" | 1Q33 | Deuteronomy 20:2–5; Numbers 10:9, 24:17–19; Isaiah 31:8 | Hebrew | 30–1 BCE
Early Herodian |
[46][80] | |
| 1QPrFetes / 1QLitPr | "Liturgical Prayers" or "Festival Prayers" | 1Q34 | Hebrew | Herodian | [80][82] | ||
| 1QHb | "Hodayot" or "Thanksgiving Hymns" | 1Q35 | Hebrew | Herodian | [80][83] | ||
| 1Q Hymns | "Hymns" | 1Q36 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [80][84] | ||
| 1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q37 | Hebrew | Herodian | [80][85] | ||
| 1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q38 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [80][86] | ||
| 1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q39 | Hebrew | Herodian | [80][87] | ||
| 1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q40 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [80][88] | ||
| 1Q41–70 | 1Q41–70 | Hebrew | Unclassified Fragments | [89] | |||
| 1QDana | Daniel | 1Q71 | Daniel 1:10–17; 2:2–6 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [90] | |
| 1QDanb | 1Q72 | Daniel 3:22–30 | Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | [91] | ||
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 2 | |||||||
| 2QGen | Genesis | 2Q1 | Genesis 19:27–28; 36:6, 35–37 | Hebrew | Herodian | [92][93] | |
| 2QExoda | Exodus | 2Q2 | Exodus 1:11–14; 7:1–4; 9:27–29; 11:3–7; 12:32–41; 21:18–20(?); 26:11–13; 30:21(?), 23–25; 32:32–34 | [92][94] | |||
| 2QExodb | 2Q3 | Exodus 4:31; 12:26–27(?); 18:21–22; 21:37–22:2, 15–19; 27:17–19; 31:16–17; 19:9; 34:10 | [92][95] | ||||
| 2QExodc | 2Q4 | Exodus 5:3–5 | Hellenistic-Roman | [92][96] | |||
| 2QpaleoLev | Leviticus | 2Q5 | Leviticus 11:22–29 | Hasmonean; Palaeo-Hebrew script | [92][97] | ||
| 2QNuma | Numbers | 2Q6 | Numbers 3:38–41, 51– 4:3 | Hebrew | Herodian | [92][98] | |
| 2QNumb | 2Q7 | Numbers 33:47–53 | [92][99] | ||||
| 2QNumc | 2Q8 | Numbers 7:88 | [92][100] | ||||
| 2QNumd? | 2Q9 | Numbers 18:8–9 | Hellenistic-Roman | This fragment may belong to 2Q7; possibly = Leviticus 23:1–3 | [92][101] | ||
| 2QDeuta | Deuteronomy | 2Q10 | Deuteronomy 1:7–9 | Hebrew | 50–25 BCE
Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian |
[92][46] | |
| 2QDeutb | 2Q11 | Deuteronomy 17:12–15 | Hebrew | 30 BCE – 68 CE
Herodian |
[92][46] | ||
| 2QDeutc | 2Q12 | Deuteronomy 10:8–12 | Hebrew | 1–68 CE
Late Herodian |
[92][46] | ||
| 2QJer | Jeremiah | 2Q13 | Jeremiah 42:7–11, 14; 43:8–11; 44:1–3, 12–14; 46:27–47:7; 48:7, 25–39, 43–45; 49:10 | Hebrew | Herodian | Doubtfully identified fragments: 13:22; 32:24–25; 48:2–4, 41–42 | [102][103] |
| 2QPs | Psalms | 2Q14 | Psalm 103:2–11; 104:6–11 | [102][104] | |||
| 2QJob | Job | 2Q15 | Job 33:28–30 | [102][105] | |||
| 2QRutha | Ruth | 2Q16 | Ruth 2:13–23; 3:1–8; 4:3–4 | Hebrew | Herodian | [102][106] | |
| 2QRuthb | 2Q17 | Ruth 3:13–18 | Hasmonean | [102][107] | |||
| 2QSir | "Wisdom of Sirach" or "Ecclesiasticus" | 2Q18 | Sir 6:14–15 (or 1:19–20); 6:20–31 | Hebrew | Herodian | Ben Sira | [102][108] |
| 2QJuba | Book of Jubilees | 2Q19 | Genesis 25:7–9 | Hebrew | Herodian | Jub 23:7–8 | [102][109] |
| 2QJubb | Book of Jubilees | 2Q20 | Exodus 1:7; Genesis 50:26, 22 (different order) | Jub 46:1–3 | [110] | ||
| 2QapMoses /2QapocrMoses(?) | "Apocryphon of Moses" | 2Q21 | Hebrew | Herodian | Apocryphal writing about Moses | [102][111] | |
| 2QapDavid /2QapocrDavid | "Apocryphon of David" | 2Q22 | Hebrew | Herodian | Apocryphal writing about David | [112][113] | |
| 2QapProph /2Qapocr.Prophecy | "Apocryphal Prophecy" | 2Q23 | Hebrew | Herodian | Apocryphal prophetic text in six tiny fragments. | [114][115] | |
| 2QNJ | "New Jerusalem" | 2Q24 | Aramaic | Herodian | Description of the New Jerusalem. cf. 1Q32 ar, 11Q18 ar | [114][116] | |
| 2Q Juridical Text | "Juridical Text" | 2Q25 | Hebrew | Herodian | A juridical text | [114][117] | |
| 2QEnGiants | "Book of Giants" from "Enoch" | 2Q26 | Aramaic | Herodian | Now known as part of the "Book of Giants". cf. 6Q8 | [118] | |
| 2Q27
2Q28 2Q29 2Q30 2Q31 2Q32 2Q33 |
2Q27
2Q28 2Q29 2Q30 2Q31 2Q32 2Q33 |
Unidentified Texts | [89][114] | ||||
| 2QX1 | 2QX1 | Debris in a box | [114] | ||||
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 3 | |||||||
| 3QEzek | Ezekiel | 3Q1 | Ezekiel 16:31–33 | Hebrew | Herodian | [114][119] | |
| 3QPs | Psalms | 3Q2 | Psalm 2:6–7 | Hebrew | [120][121] | ||
| 3QLam | Lamentations | 3Q3 | Lamentations 1:10–12; 3:53–62 | Hebrew | [120][122] | ||
| 3QpIsa | Pesher on Isaiah | 3Q4 | Isaiah 1:1 | Hebrew | Herodian | [120][123] | |
| 3QJub | Jubilees | 3Q5 | Hebrew | Herodian | Jubilees 23:6–7, 12–13, 23 | [120][124] | |
| 3QHymn | Unidentified Hymn | 3Q6 | Hebrew | Herodian | Hymn of Praise | [120][125] | |
| 3QTJud(?) | Testament of Judah(?) | 3Q7 | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 4Q484, 4Q538 | [120][126] | |
| 3Q Text Mentioning Angel of Peace | 3Q8 | Hebrew | Herodian | Text about an Angel of Peace | [120][127] | ||
| 3QSectarian text | 3Q9 | Hebrew | Herodian | Possible unidentified Sectarian text | [120][128] | ||
| 3QUnc | Unidentified | 3Q10
3Q11 |
Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Unclassified fragments | [120] | |
| 3QUncA-B | Unclassified fragments | 3Q12
3Q13 |
Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | Unclassified fragments | [129] | |
| 3QUncC | Unidentified | 3Q14 | Hebrew? | Hellenistic-Roman | 21 unclassified fragments | [130][131] | |
| 3QCopScr | The Copper Scroll | 3Q15 | Hebrew | Roman | Copper plaque mentioning buried treasures | [130][132] | |
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 4 | |||||||
| 4QGen-Exoda | Genesis–Exodus | 4Q1 | Genesis 8:20–21; Exodus 1–4; 5:3–17; 6:4–21,25; 7:5–13,15–20; 8:20–22; 9:8; 22:14; 27:38–39,42–43; 34:17–21 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments from Genesis to Numbers | [130][133] |
| 4QGenb | Genesis | 4Q2 | Genesis 1:1–27; 2:14–19; 4:2–4; 5:13 | Hebrew | Roman | Fragment of Genesis | [130][134] |
| 4QGenc | 4Q3 | Genesis 40–41 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | [130][135] | |
| 4QGend | 4Q4 | Genesis 1:18–27 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Genesis on the Beginning of Creation | [130][136] | |
| 4QGene | 4Q5 | Genesis 36–37; 40–43; 49 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | [130][137] | |
| 4QGenf | 4Q6 | Genesis 48:1–11 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Genesis | [130][138] | |
| 4QGeng | 4Q7 | Genesis 1:1–11,13–22; 2:6–7 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Genesis about Creation | [130][139] | |
| 4QGenh/4QGenh1 | 4Q8 | Genesis 1:8–10 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis about the beginning to early mankind. | [140][141] | |
| 4QGenh2 | 4Q8a | Genesis 2:17–18 | [140][142] | ||||
| 4QGenh-para | 4Q8b | Genesis 12:4–5 | A paraphrase of Genesis | [140][143] | |||
| 4QGenh-title | 4Q8c | Genesis | The title of a Genesis manuscript | [140][144] | |||
| 4QGenj | 4Q9 | Genesis 41–43; 45 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | [140][145] | |
| 4QGenk | 4Q10 | Genesis 1:9,14–16,27–28; 2:1–3; 3:1–2 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | [140][146] | |
| 4QpaleoGen-Exodl | Paleo-Genesis/Exodus | 4Q11 | Genesis 50:26; Exodus 1:1–5; 2:10,22–25; 3:1–4,17–21; 8:13–15, 19–21; 9:25–29, 33–35; 10:1–5; 11:4–10; 12:1–11, 42–46; 14:15–24; 16:2–7, 13–14,18–20,23–25,26–31,33–35; 17:1–3,5–11; 18:17–24; 19:24–25; 20:1–2; 22:23–24; 23:5–16; 25:7–20; 26:29–37; 27:1, 6–14; 28:33–35,40–42; 36:34–36 | Hebrew | Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragments of Genesis and Exodus | [140][147] |
| 4QpaleoGenm | Paleo-Genesis | 4Q12 | Genesis 26:21–28; Exodus 6:25–30; 7:1–19,29; 8:1,5,12–26; 9:5–16,19–21,35; 10:1–12,19–28; 11:8–10; 12:1–2,6–8,13–15,17–22,31–32,34–39; 13:3–7,12–13; 14:3–5,8–9,25–26; 15:23–27; 16:1,4–5,7–8,31–35; 17:1–16; 18:1–27; 19:1,7–17,23–25; 20:1,18–19; 21:5–6, 13–14,22–32; 22:3–4,6–7,11–13,16–30; 23:15–16,19–31; 24:1–4,6–11; 25:11–12,20–29,31–34; 26:8,15,21–30; 27:1–3,9–14,18–19; 28:3–4,8–12,22–24,26–28,30–43; 29:1–5,20,22–25,31–41; 30:10,12–18,29–31,34–38; 31:1–8,13–15; 32:2–19,25–30; 33:12–23; 34:1–3,10–13,15–18,20–24,27–28; 35:1; 36:21–24; 37:9–16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragment from Genesis | [140][148] |
| 4QExodb | Exodus | 4Q13 | Exodus 1:1–6,16–12; 2:2–18; 3:13 – 4:8; 5:3–14 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus about Slavery in Egypt | [140][149] |
| 4QExodc | 4Q14 | Exodus 7:17–19,20–23; 7:26 – 8:1; 8:5–14,16–18,22; 9:10–11,15–20,22–25,27–35; 10:1–5,7–9,12–19,23–24; 11:9–10; 12:12–16,31–48; 13:18 – 14:3; 14:3–13; 17:1 – 18:12 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus | [140][150] | |
| 4QExodd | 4Q15 | Exodus 13:15–16 followed directly by 15:1 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus about the Passover and a Hymn | [140][151][152] | |
| 4QExode | 4Q16 | Exodus 13:3–5,15–16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus about the Passover and a Hymn | [140][150] | |
| 4QExod-Levf | Exodus–Leviticus | 4Q17 | Exodus 38:18–22; 39:3–19, 20–24; 40:8–27; Leviticus 1:13–15, 17–2:1 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic | Fragments of Exodus and Leviticus | [153][154] |
| 4QExodg | Exodus | 4Q18 | Exodus 14:21–27 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus | [153][155] |
| 4QExodh | 4Q19 | Exodus 6:3–6 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus | [153][156] | |
| 4QExodj | 4Q20 | Exodus 7:28–8:2 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus | [153][157] | |
| 4QExodk | 4Q21 | Exodus 36:9–10 | Hebrew | Roman | Fragments of Exodus | [153][158] | |
| 4QpaleoExodm (olim 4QExα) | Paleo-Exodus | 4Q22 | Exodus 6:25–7:19,29–8:1,[5],12–22; 9:5–16, 19–21, 35–10:12, 19–28; 11:8–12:2,6–8, 13–15, 17–22, 31–32, 34–39; 13:3–8, 12–13; ... 37:9–16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragments of Exodus; | [159][153] |
| 4QLev-Numa | Leviticus–Numbers | 4Q23 | Leviticus 13:32–33; 14:22–34, 40–54; 15:10–11, 19–24; 16:15–29;... 27:5–13;...35:4–5 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | [153][160] |
| 4QLevb | Leviticus | 4Q24 | Leviticus 1:11–17; 2:1–15; 3:1, 8–14; 21:17–20, 24; 22:1–33; 23:1–25, 40; 24:2–23; 25:28–29, 45–49, 51–52 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | [161][162] |
| 4QLevc | 4Q25 | Leviticus 1:1–7; 3:16–4:6, 12–14, 23–28; 5:12–13; 8:26–28 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | [163][164] | |
| 4QLevd | 4Q26 | Leviticus 14:27–29, 33–36; 15:20–24; 17:2–11 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | [163][165] | |
| 4QLeve | 4Q26a | Leviticus 2:4–6, 11–18; 3:2–4,5–8; 19:34–37; 20:1–3, 27–21:4, 9–12, 21–24; 22:4–6, 11–17 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | [89][163] | |
| 4QLevg | 4Q26b | Leviticus 7:19–26 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | [89][163] | |
| 4QNumb | Numbers | 4Q27 | Numbers 11:31–12:11; 13:7–24; 15:41–16:11, 14–16; 17:12–17; 18:25–19:6; 20:12–13,16–17,19–29; 21:1–2,12–13; 22:5–21, 31–34, 37–38, 41–23:6,13–15,21–22, 27–24:10; 25:4–8,16–18; 26:1–5,7–10,12,14–34,62–27:5,7–8,10,18–19,21–23; 28:13–17,28,30–31; 29:10–13,16–18,26–30; 30:1–3,5–9,15–16; 31:2–6, 21–25, 30–33,35–36,38,43–44,46–32:1,7–10,13–17,19,23–30,35,37–39,41; 33:1–4,23,25,28,31,45,47–48,50–52; 34:4–9,19–21,23; 35:3–5,12,14–15,18–25,27–28, 33–36:2,4–7 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Numbers. A few lines are written in red ink | [163][166] |
| 4QDeuta | Deuteronomy | 4Q28 | Deuteronomy 23:26–24:8 | Hebrew | 175–150 BCE
Transitional: Archaic to Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][163][167] |
| 4QDeutb | 4Q29 | Deuteronomy 29:24–27; 30:3–14; 31:9–17,24–30, 32:1–3 | Hebrew | 150–100 BCE
Early Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][163][168] | |
| 4QDeutc | 4Q30 | Deuteronomy 3:25–26; 4:13–17,31–32; 7:3–4; 8:1–5; 9:11–12, 17–19,29; 10:1–2,5–8; 11:2–4,9–13,18–19; 12:18–19,26,30–31; 13:5–7,11–12,16; 15:1–5,15–19; 16:2–3,5–11,20–17:7,15–18:1; 26:19— 27:2,24–28:14,18–20,22–25,29–30,48–50,61; 29:17–19; 31:16–19; 32:3 | Hebrew | 150–100 BCE
Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][169] | |
| 4QDeutd | 4Q31 | Deuteronomy 2:24–33; 3:14–29; 4:1 | Hebrew | 124–75 BCE
Middle Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][170] | |
| 4QDeute | 4Q32 | Deuteronomy 3:24; 7:12–16,21–26; 8:1–16 | Hebrew | 50–25 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][170] | |
| 4QDeutf | 4Q33 | Deuteronomy 4:23–27; 7:22–26; 8:2–14; 9:6–7; 17:17–18; 18:6–10,18–22; 19:17–21; 20:1–6; 21:4–12; 22:12–19; 23:21–26; 24:2–7; 25:3–9; 26:18–27:10 | Hebrew | 75–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][170] | |
| 4QDeutg | 4Q34 | Deuteronomy 9:12–14; 23:18–20; 24:16–22; 25:1–5,14–19; 26:1–5; 28:21–25,27–29 | Hebrew | 1–25 CE
Middle Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][170] | |
| 4QDeuth | 4Q35 | Deuteronomy 1:1–17,22–23,29–41,43–2:6,28–30; 19:21; 31:9–11; 33:9–22 | Hebrew | 50–1 BCE
Transitional: Hasmonean to Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][170] | |
| 4QDeuti | 4Q36 | Deuteronomy 20:9–13; 21:23; 22:1–9; 23:6–8, 12–16, 22–26; 24:1 | Hebrew | 100–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][170] | |
| 4QDeutj | 4Q37 | Exodus 12:43–44, 46–51; 13:1–5; Deuteronomy 5:1–11, 13–15, 21–33; 6:1–3; 8:5–10; 11:6–10, 12–13; 30:17–18; 32:7–8 | Hebrew | 50 CE
Late Herodian |
Fragments of Exodus and Deuteronomy | [46][170] | |
| 4QDeutk1 | 4Q38 | Deuteronomy 5:28–31; 11:6–13; 32:17–18, 22–23, 25–27 | Hebrew | 30–1 BCE
Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][170][171] | |
| 4QDeutk2 | 4Q38a | Deuteronomy 19: 8–16; 20: 6–19; 21:16; 23:22–26; 24:1–3; 25:19; 26:1–5, 18–19; 27:1 | Hebrew | 30–1 BCE
Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][170][171] | |
| 4QDeutk3 | 4Q38b | Deuteronomy 30: 16–18 | Hebrew | 50 CE
Late Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [172][171] | |
| 4QDeutl | 4Q39 | Deuteronomy 10:1,14–15; 28:67–68; 29:2–5; 31:12; 33:1–2; 34:4–6,8 | Hebrew | 50 CE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy about choosing Life or Death | [46][172] | |
| 4QDeutm | 4Q40 | Deuteronomy 3:18–22; 4:32–33; 7:18–22 | Hebrew | 50–1 BCE
Transitional: Hasmonean to Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][172] | |
| 4QDeutn | All Souls Deuteronomy | 4Q41 | Deuteronomy 5:1–33; 6:1; 8:5–10 | Hebrew | 30–1 BCE
Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][172] |
| 4QDeuto | Deuteronomy | 4Q42 | Deuteronomy 2:8; 4:30–34; 5:1–5, 8–9; 28:15–18, 33–36, 47–52, 58–62; 29:22–25 | Hebrew | 75–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][172] |
| 4QDeutp | 4Q43 | Deuteronomy 6:4–11 | Hebrew | 75–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy about Loving God | [46][172] | |
| 4QDeutq | 4Q44 | Deuteronomy 32:9–10, 37–43 | Hebrew | 50 BCE–25 CE
Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][172] | |
| 4QpaleoDeutr | Paleo-Deuteronomy | 4Q45 | Deuteronomy 7:2–7, 16–25; 11:28,30–12:1,11–12; 13:19; 14:19–22, 26–29; 15:5–6, 8–10; 19:2–3; 21:8–9; 22:3–6,12–15; 28:15–18, 20; 30:7–8; 32:2–8,10–11,13–14, 33–35; 33:2–8, 29; 34:1–2 | Hebrew | 100–25 BCE
Paleo-Hebrew script |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][172] |
| 4QpaleoDeuts | 4Q46 | Deuteronomy 26:14–15 | Hebrew | 250–200 BCE
Archaic Paleo-Hebrew script |
Fragments of Deuteronomy about giving Tithes | [46][172] | |
| 4QJosha | Joshua | 4Q47 | Joshua 8:34–35; 5:?,2–7; 6:5–10; 7:12–17; 8:3–14, 18?; 10:2–5, 8–11. | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Joshua | [172][173] |
| 4QJoshb | 4Q48 | Joshua 2:11–12; 3:15–16; 4:1–3; 17:11–15 | [174][175] | ||||
| 4QJudga | Judges | 4Q49 | Judges 6:2–6, 11–13 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Judges | [176][177] |
| 4QJudgb | 4Q50 | Judges 19:5–7; 21:12–25 | [176][178] | ||||
| 4QSama | Samuel | 4Q51 | 1 Samuel 1:9, 11–13, 17–18, 22–26, 28; 2:1–10,16–36; 3:1–4,18–21; 4:9–12; 5:8–12; 6:1–7,12–13,16–18,20–21; 7:1; 8:9–20; 9:6–8,11–12,16–24; 10:3–18,25–27; 11:1,7–12; 12:7–8,14–19; 14:24–25,28–34,47–51; 15:24–32; 17:3–6; 24:4–5,8–9,14–23; 25:3–12,20–21,25–26,39–40; 26:10–12,21–23; 27:8–12; 28:1–2,22–25; 30:28–30; 31:2–4; 2 Samuel 2:5–16,25–27,29–32; 3:1–8,23–39; 4:1–4,9–12; 5:1–3,6–16; 6:2–9,12–18; 7:23–29; 8:2–8; 10:4–7,18–19; 11:2–12,16–20; 12:4–5,8–9,13–20,30–31; 13:1–6,13–34,36–39; 14:1–3,18–19; 15:1–6,27–31; 16:1–2,11–13,17–18,21–23; 18:2–7,9–11; 19:7–12; 20:2–3,9–14,23–26; 21:1–2,4–6,15–17; 22:30–51; 23:1–6; 24:16–20 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel | [176][179] |
| 4QSamb | 4Q52 | 1 Samuel 16:1–11; 19:10–17; 20:27–42; 21:1–10; 23:9–17 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic | Fragments of 1 Samuel | [176][180] | |
| 4QSamc | 4Q53 | 1 Samuel 25:30–32; 2 Samuel 14:7–33; 15:1–15 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel | [176][181] | |
| 4QKgs | Kings | 4Q54 | 1 Kings 7:31–41; 8:1–9,16–18 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of 1 Kings | [176][182] |
| 4QIsaa | Isaiah | 4Q55 | Isaiah 1:1–3; 2:7–10; 4:5–6; 6:4–7; 11:12–15; 12:4–6; 13:4–6; 17:9–14; 19:9–14; 20:1–6; 21:1–2,4–16; 22:13–25; 23:1–12 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Isaiah | [183][184] |
| 4QIsab | 4Q56 | Isaiah 1:1–6; 2:3–16; 3:14–22; 5:15–28; 9:10–11; 11:7–9; 12:2; 13:3–18; 17:8–14; 18:1,5–7; 19:1–25; 20:1–4; 21:11–14; 22:24–25; 24:2; 26:1–5,7–19; 35:9–10; 36:1–2; 37:2932; 39:1–8; 40:1–4,22–26; 41:8–11; 43:12–15; 44:19–28; 45:20–25; 46:1–3; 49:21–23; 51:14–16; 52:2,7; 53:11–12; 61:1–3; 64:5–11; 65:1; 66:24 | Hebrew | Herodian | [183][185] | ||
| 4QIsac | 4Q57 | Isaiah 9:3–12; 10:23–32; 11:4–11,15–16; 12:1; 14:1–5,13; 22:10–14; 23:8–18; 24:1–15,19–23; 25:1–2,8–12; 30:8–17; 33:2–8,16–23; 45:1–4,6–13; 48:10–13,17–19; 50:7–11; 51:1–16; 52:10–15; 53:1–3,6–8; 54:3–17; 55:1–6; 66:20–24 | Hebrew | [183][186] | |||
| 4QIsad | 4Q58 | Isaiah 46:10–13; 47:1–6,8–9; 48:8–22; 49:1–15; 52:4–7; 53:8–12; 54:1–11; 57:9–21; 58:1–3,5–7 | Hebrew | [183][187] | |||
| 4QIsae | 4Q59 | Isaiah 2:1–4; 7:17–20; 8:2–14; 9:17–20; 10:1–10; 11:14–15; 12:1–6; 13:1–4; 14:1–13,20–24; 59:15–16 | Hebrew | [183][188] | |||
| 4QIsaf | 4Q60 | Isaiah 1:10–16,18–31; 2:1–3; 5:13–14, 25; 6:3–8,10–13; 7:16–18,23–25; 8:1,4–11; 20:4–6; 22:14–22,25; 24:1–3; 27:1,5–6,8–12; 28:6–9,16–18,22,24; 29:8 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [183][189] | ||
| 4QIsag | 4Q61 | Isaiah 42:14–25; 43:1–4,17–24 | Hebrew | Herodian | [183][190] | ||
| 4QIsah | 4Q61 | Isaiah 42:4–11 | Hebrew | Herodian | [183] | ||
| 4QIsai | 4Q62 | Isaiah 56:7–8; 57:5–8 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [191][192] | ||
| 4QIsaj | 4Q63 | Isaiah 1:1–6 | Hebrew | Herodian | [191][193] | ||
| 4QIsak | 4Q64 | Isaiah 28:26–29:9 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [191][194] | ||
| 4QIsal | 4Q65 | Isaiah 7:14–15; 8:11–14 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [191][195] | ||
| 4QIsam | 4Q66 | Isaiah 60:20–61:1,3–6 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [191][196] | ||
| 4QIsan | Isaiah | 4Q67 | Isaiah 58:13–14 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Isaiah, including elements on punishment (4Q67) and God's blessings for his people (4Q67, 4Q69a). | [191][197] |
| 4QIsao | 4Q68 | Isaiah 14:28–15:2 | [191][198] | ||||
| 4QIsap | 4Q69 | Isaiah 5:28–30 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [191][199][200] | ||
| 4QIsaq | 4Q69a | Isaiah 54:10–13 | [191][200] | ||||
| 4QIsar | 4Q69b | Isaiah 30:23 | [191][200] | ||||
| 4QJera | Jeremiah | 4Q70 | Jeremiah 6:30?, 7:1–2, 15–19, 28–9:2, 7–15; 10:9–14, 23; 11:3–6, 19–20; 12:3–7, 13–16, 17; 13:1–7, 22–23? [or 22:3], 27; 14:4–7; 15:1–2; 17:8–26; 18:15–23; 19:1; 20:14–18; 21:1?; 22:3–16; 26:10? | Hebrew | 200 BCE – 1 BCE | Fragments of Jeremiah | [191][201][202] |
| 4QJerb | 4Q71 | Jeremiah 9:22–25; 10:1–21 | [201][202][203] | ||||
| 4QJerc | 4Q72 | Jeremiah 4:5, 13–16; 8:1–3, 21–23; 9:1–5; 10:12–13; 19:8–9; 20:2–5, 7–9, 13–15; 21:7–10; 22:4–6, 10–28; 25:7–8,15–17, 24–26; 26:10–13; 27:1–3, 13–15; 30:6–9, [10–17], 17–24; 31:1–14, 19–26; 33:?, 16–20 | [201][202][203] | ||||
| 4QJerd (olim 4QJerb) | 4Q72a | Jeremiah 43:2–10 | [201][202][203] | ||||
| 4QJere (olim 4QJerb) | 4Q72b | Jeremiah 50:4–6 | [201][202][203] | ||||
| 4QEzea | Ezekiel | 4Q73 | Ezekiel 10:5–16, 17–22; 11:1–11; 23:14–15, 17–18, 44–47; 41:3–6 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Ezekiel | [203][204] |
| 4QEzeb | 4Q74 | Ezekiel 1:10–13, 16–17, 19–24 | [203][205][206] | ||||
| 4QEzec | 4Q75 | Ezekiel 24:2–3 | [203][207] | ||||
| 4QXIIa | The Twelve Minor Prophets | 4Q76 | Zechariah 14:18; Malachi 2:10–3:24; Jonah 1:1–5, 7–2:1, 7; 3:2 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of the Twelve Minor Prophets | [203][208] |
| 4QXIIb | 4Q77 | Zephaniah 1:1–2; 2:13–15; 3:19–20; Haggai 1:1–2; 2:2–4 | [203][209] | ||||
| 4QXIIc | 4Q78 | Hosea 2:13–15; 3:2–4; 4:1–19; 5:1; 7:12–13; 13:3–10, 15; 14:1–6; Joel 1:10–20; 2:1, 8–23; 4:6–21; Amos 1:1?; 2:11–16; 3:1–15; 4:1–2; 6:13–14; 7:1–16; Zephaniah 2:15; 3:1–2; Malachi 3:6–7? | [203][210] | ||||
| 4QXIId | 4Q79 | Hosea 1:6–2:5 | [211][212] | ||||
| 4QXIIe | 4Q80 | Haggai 2:18–19, 20–21; Zechariah 1:4–6, 8–10, 13–15; 2:10–14; 3:2–10; 4:1–4; 5:8–6:5; 8:2–4, 6–7, 12:7–12 | [211][213] | ||||
| 4QXIIf | 4Q81 | Jonah 1:6–8, 10–16; Micah 5:1–2 | [211][214] | ||||
| 4QXIIg | 4Q82 | Hosea 2:1–5,14–19, 22–25; 3:1–5; 4:1, 10–11, 13–14; 6:3–4, 8–11; 7:1, 12–13, 13–16; 8:1; 9:1–4, 9–17; 10:1–14; 11:2–5, 6–11; 12:1–15; 13:1, 6–8?, 11–13; 14:9–10; Joel 1:12–14; 2:2–13 4:4–9, 11–14, 17, 19–20; Amos 1:3–15; 2:1, 7–9, 15–16; 3:1–2; 4:4–9; 5:1–2, 9–18; 6:1–4, 6–14; 7:1, 7–12, 14–17; 8:1–5, 11–14; 9:1, 5–6, 14–15; Obadiah 1–5, 8–12, 14–15; Jonah 1:1–9; 2:3–11; 3:1–3; 4:5–11; Micah 1:7,
12–15; 2:3–4; 3:12; 4:1–2; 5:6–7 (7–8); 7:2–3, 20; Nahum 1:7–9; 2:9–11; 3:1–3, 17; Habakkuk 2:4?; Zephaniah 3:3–5; Zechariah 10:11–12; 11:1–2; 12:1–3 |
[211][215] | ||||
| 4QPsa | Psalms | 4Q83 | Psalm 5:9–13; 6:1–4; 25:15; 31:24–25; 33:1–12; 35:2,14–20,26–28; 36:1–9; 38:2–12,16–23; 47:2; 53:4–7; 54:1–6; 56:4; 62:13; 63:2–4; 66:16–20; 67:1–7; 69:1–19; 71:1–14 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Psalms. | [211][216] |
| 4QPsb | 4Q84 | Psalm 91:5–8,12–15; 92:4–8,13–15; 93:5; 94:1–4,8–14,17–18,21–22; 96:2; 98:4; 99:5–6; 100:1–2; 102:5,10–29; 103:1–6,9–14,20–21; 112:4–5; 113:1; 115:2–3; 116:17–19; 118:1–3,6–11,18–20,23–26,29 | Hebrew | Herodian | [211][217] | ||
| 4QPsc & 4QPst[n 1] | 4Q85 / 4Q98c | Psalm 16:7–9; 18:3–14,16–18,33–41; 27:12–14; 28:1–2,4; 35:27–28; 37:18–19; 45:8–11; 49:1–17; 50:14–23; 51:1–5; 52:6–11; 53:1 Psalm 88:15–17 | Hebrew | Herodian | [211] [218][219][220] | ||
| 4QPsd | 4Q86 | Psalm 146:10; 147:1–3,13–17,20; 104:1–5,8–11,14–15,22–25,33–35 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [221][222] | ||
| 4QPse | 4Q87 | Psalm 76:10–12; 77:1; 78:6–7,31–33; 81:2–3; 86:10–11; 88:1–4; 89:44–46,50–53; 104:1–3,20–21; 105:22–24,36–45; 109:13; 115:15–18; 116:1–3; 120:6; 125:2–5; 126:1–5; 129:8; 130:1–3 | Hebrew | Herodian | [221][223] | ||
| 4QPsf | 4Q88 | Psalm 22:14–17; 107:2–4,8–11,13–15,18–19,22–30,35; 109:4–6, 25–28; Apostrophe to Zion; Apostrophe to Judah; Eschatological Hymn | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [221][224] | ||
| 4QPsg | 4Q89 | Psalm 119:37–43,44–46,49–50,73,81–83,90 | Hebrew | Herodian | [221][225] | ||
| 4QPsh | 4Q90 | Psalm 119:10–21 | Hebrew | Herodian | [221][226] | ||
| 4QPsj | 4Q91 | Psalm 48:1–7; 49:6,9–12,15,17 | Hebrew | Herodian | [221][227] | ||
| 4QPsk | 4Q92 | Psalm 26:7–12; 27:1; 30:9–13; 135:7–16; | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [221][228] | ||
| 4QPsl | 4Q93 | Psalm 104:3–5,11–12 | Hebrew | Herodian | [221][229] | ||
| 4QPsm | 4Q94 | Psalm 93:3–5; 95:3–6; 97:6–9; 98:4–8 | Hebrew | Herodian | [221][230] | ||
| 4QPsn | 4Q95 | Psalm 135:6–9,11–12; 136:23–24 | Hebrew | Herodian | [231][218] | ||
| 4QPso | 4Q96 | Psalm 114:7; 115:1–2,4; 116:3, 5, 7–10 | Hebrew | Herodian | [218][232] | ||
| 4QPsp (olim 4Q237) | 4Q97 | Psalm 143:2–4, 6–8 | Hebrew | Herodian | [218][233] | ||
| 4QPsq | Psalms | 4Q98 | Psalm 31:24–25; 33:1–18; 35:4–20 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Psalms, including elements on putting one's hope in God (4Q98d), the earth shaking at the presence of God (4Q98e), the blessings of God's Children and the struggle of the wicked (4Q98f). | [218] |
| 4QPsr | 4Q98a | Psalm 26:7–12; 27:1; 30:9–13 | [218][234] | ||||
| 4QPss | 4Q98b | Psalm 5:8–13; 6:1 | [218] | ||||
| *4QPst (see 4QPsc) | *4Q98c | Psalm 88:15–17 | [218] | ||||
| 4QPsu | 4Q98d | Psalm 42:5 | [218] | ||||
| 4QPsv (olim 4QPsu frg. 2) | 4Q98e | Psalm 99:1 | [218] | ||||
| 4QPsw | 4Q98f | Psalm 112:1–9 | [218] | ||||
| 4QPsx (olim 4Q236) | 4Q98g | Psalm 89:20–22, 26, 23, 27–28, 31 | [218] | ||||
| 4QJoba | Job | 4Q99 | Job 31:14–19; 32:3–4; 33:10–11, 24–26, 28–30; 35:16; 36:7–11, 13–27, 32–33; 37:1–5, 14–15 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Job | [235] |
| 4QJobb | 4Q100 | Job 8:15–17; 9:27; 13:4; 14:4–6; 31:20–21 | Herodian | [236][237] | |||
| 4QpaleoJobc | Paleo-Job | 4Q101 | Job 13:18–20, 23–27; 14:13–18 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragment of Job | [236][238] |
| 4QProva | Proverbs | 4Q102 | Proverbs 1:27–33; 2:1 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Proverbs | [236][239] |
| 4QProvb | 4Q103 | Proverbs 13:6–9; 14:5–10, 12–13, 31–35; 15:1–8, 19–31; 7:9, 11? | Hebrew | Herodian | [236][240] | ||
| 4QRutha | Ruth | 4Q104 | Ruth 1:1–12 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Ruth | [236][241] |
| 4QRuthb | 4Q105 | Ruth 1:1–6, 12–15 | Hebrew | Herodian | [236][242] | ||
| 4QCanta | Canticles (Song of Songs) | 4Q106 | Song of Songs 3:4–5, 7–11; 4:1–7; 6:11?–12; 7:1–7 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Pesher on Song of Songs/Canticles, including an introduction (4Q106). | [236][243] |
| 4QCantb | 4Q107 | Song of Songs 2:9–17; 3:1–2, 5, 9–11; 4:1–3, 8–11, 14–16; 5:1 | Hebrew | Herodian | [236][244] | ||
| 4QCantc | 4Q108 | Song of Songs 3:7–8 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [236][245] | ||
| 4QQoha | Ecclesiastes | 4Q109 | Ecclesiastes 5:13–17; 6:1?,3–8,12; 7:1–10,19–20 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Ecclesiastes | [246][247] |
| 4QQohb | 4Q110 | Ecclesiastes 1:10–15 | Hebrew | Herodian | [246][248] | ||
| 4QLam | Lamentations | 4Q111 | Lamentations 1:1–15, 17, 16, 18; 2:5 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Lamentations | [246][249] |
| 4QDana | Daniel | 4Q112 | Daniel 1:16–20; 2:9–11, 19–49; 3:1–2; 4:29–30; 5:5–7, 12–14, 16–19; 7:5–7, 25–28; 8:1–5; 10:16–20; 11:13–16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Daniel | [246][250] |
| 4QDanb | 4Q113 | Daniel 5:10–12, 14–16, 19–22; 6:8–22, 27–29; 7:1–6, 11?, 26–28; 8:1–8, 13–16 | Hebrew | Herodian | [246][251] | ||
| 4QDanc | 4Q114 | Daniel 10:5–9, 11–16, 21; 11:1–2, 13–17, 25–29 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [246][252] | ||
| 4QDand | 4Q115 | Daniel 3:8–10?, 23–25; 4:5–9, 12–16; 7:15–23 | Hebrew | Herodian | [246][253] | ||
| 4QDane | 4Q116 | Daniel 9:12–17 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [246][254] | ||
| 4QEzra | Ezra | 4Q117 | Ezra 4:2–6, 9–11; 5:17; 6:1–5 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Ezra-Nehemiah | [246][255] |
| 4QChr/4QChron | Chronicles | 4Q118 | 2 Chronicles 28:27; 29:1–3 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of 2 Chronicles | [246][256] |
| 4QLXXLeva gr | Septuagint Leviticus | 4Q119 | Leviticus 26:2–16 | Greek | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | [257][258] |
| 4QpapLXXLevb/ pap4QLXXLevb gr | 4Q120 | Leviticus 1:11; 2:3–5, 7–8?; 3:4, 7, 9–14; 4:3–4, 6–8, 10–11, 18–19, 26–28, 30; 5:6, 8–10, 16–24; [6:1–5] | Greek | Hasmonean | 97 fragments of Leviticus. Contains ΙΑΩ for the tetragrammaton | [257][259] | |
| 4QLXXNumb gr | Septuagint Numbers | 4Q121 | Numbers 3:40–43,50–51?; 4:1?,5–9,11–16; 3:39? | Greek | Herodian | Fragments of Numbers | [257][260] |
| 4QLXXDeut gr | Septuagint Deuteronomy | 4Q122 | Deuteronomy 11:4 | Greek | Early Hellenistic | Fragments of Deuteronomy | [46][257][261] |
| 4QpaleoparaJosh | Paraphrase on Joshua | 4Q123 | Joshua | Hebrew | Paleo-Hebrew script | "Rewritten Joshua" | [257][262] |
| 4QUnid gr | Unidentified text | 4Q126 | — | Greek | Herodian | Fragmentary religious text | [263][264] |
| 4Qpap paraExod / pap4QParaExod gr | Paraphrase on Exodus | 4Q127 | Exodus | Greek | Herodian | "Rewritten Exodus" | [257][265] |
| 4Qphyla | Phylactery Scrolls | 4Q128 | Deuteronomy 5:1–14,27–6:3; 10:12–11:21; Exodus 12:43–13:7 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Deuteronomy and Exodus. | [46][266][267] |
| 4Qphylb | 4Q129 | Exodus 13:9–16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [46][268][269] | ||
| 4Qphylc | 4Q130 | Exodus 13:13–16; Deuteronomy 6:4–9; 11:13–21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [46][268][270] | ||
| 4Qphyld | 4Q131 | Deuteronomy 11:13–21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [46][268][271] | ||
| 4Qphyle | 4Q132 | Exodus 13:1–10 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [268][272] | ||
| 4Qphylf | 4Q133 | Exodus 13:11–16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [268][273] | ||
| 4Qphylg | 4Q134 | Deuteronomy 5:1–21; Exodus 13:11–12 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [46][268][274] | ||
| 4Qphylh | 4Q135 | Deuteronomy 5:22–6:5; Exodus 13:14–16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [46][268][275] | ||
| 4Qphyli | 4Q136 | Deuteronomy 6:6–7; 11:13–21; Exodus 12:43–13:10 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [46][268][276] | ||
| 4Qphylj (olim 4Qphyla) | 4Q137 | Deuteronomy 5:24–32; 6:2–3 | Hebrew | [46][268] | |||
| 4Qphylk | 4Q138 | Deuteronomy 10:12–11:17 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [46][277][278] | ||
| 4Qphyll | 4Q139 | Deuteronomy 5:7–24 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [46][277][279] | ||
| 4Qphylm | 4Q140 | Exodus 12:44–13:10; Deuteronomy 5:33–6:5 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [46][277][280] | ||
| 4Qphyln | 4Q141 | Deuteronomy 32:14–20, 32–33 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [46][277][281] | ||
| 4Qphylo | 4Q142 | Deuteronomy 5:1–16, 6:7–9 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [46][277][282] | ||
| 4Qphylp | 4Q143 | Deuteronomy 10:22–11:3,18–21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [46][277][283] | ||
| 4Qphylq | 4Q144 | Exodus 13:4–9; Deuteronomy 11:4–18 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [46][277][284] | ||
| 4Qphylr | 4Q145 | Exodus 13:1–10 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [277][285] | ||
| 4QPhyls | 4Q146 | Deuteronomy 11:19–21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [46][277][286] | ||
| 4Qphylt | 4Q147 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Could not be deciphered | [277][287] | ||
| 4Qphylu | 4Q148 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [277][288] | |||
| 4QMeza | Mezuzah Scrolls | 4Q149 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus and Deuteronomy | [289][290] | |
| 4QMezb | 4Q150 | Deuteronomy 6:5–6; 10:14–11:2 | Hebrew | Herodian | [291][292] | ||
| 4QMezc | 4Q151 | Deuteronomy 5:27–6:9; 10:12–20 | Hebrew | Herodian | [291][293] | ||
| 4QMezd | 4Q152 | Deuteronomy 6:5–7 | Hebrew | Herodian | [291][294] | ||
| 4QMeze | 4Q153 | Deuteronomy 11:17–18 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [291][295] | ||
| 4QMezf | 4Q154 | Deuteronomy 13:1–4 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [291][296] | ||
| 4QMezg | 4Q155 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [291][297] | |||
| 4QtgLev | Targum of Leviticus | 4Q156 | Leviticus 16:12–15,18–21 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | [298][299] |
| 4QtgJob | Targum of Job | 4Q157 | Job 3:5–6; 4:17–5:4 | Aramaic | Herodian | Fragments of Job | [298][300][301] |
| 4QRPa | Reworked Pentateuch A | 4Q158 | Genesis 32:25–30; 32:31 ?; Exodus 3:12; 4:27–28; 19:17–23; 24:4–6; 20:12–17,19–21 (Samaritan), 22–26; 21:15–25, 32–37; 22:1–13; 30:32.34; Deuteronomy 5:30–31; 21:1–10 | Hebrew | Herodian | Reworked Pentateuch | [46][302][303][304] |
| 4QOrdinancesa | Ordinances A | 4Q159 | Hebrew | Herodian | Non-biblical composition | [304][305] | |
| 4QVisSam | Vision of Samuel | 4Q160 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Non-biblical composition | [304][306] | |
| 4QpIsaiaha | Pesher on Isaiah | 4Q161 | Hebrew | Herodian | Non-biblical composition | [307] | |
| 4QpIsaiahb | 4Q162 | Hebrew | Herodian | Non-biblical composition | [308] | ||
| 4QpHosA | Pesher on Hosea A | 4Q166 | Hebrew | Herodian | Hosea Commentary Scroll | [309][310][311] | |
| 4QpHosB | Pesher on Hosea B | 4Q167 | Hebrew | Herodian | [310][312] | ||
| 4QpMic(?) | Pesher on Micah? | 4Q168 | Hebrew | Herodian | Micah Commentary? | [310][313] | |
| 4QpNah | Pesher on Nahum | 4Q169 | Nahum 1:3–6; 2:12–14; 3:1–5, 6–9, 10–12, 14 | Hebrew | Herodian | Containing the term "The Seekers after Smooth Things" | [310][314] |
| 4Q Eschatological Commentary A | Florilegium or Midrash on the Last Days | 4Q174 | 2 Samuel 7:10–14 (1 Chronicles 17:9–13); Exodus 15:17–18; Amos 9:11; Psalm 1:1; Isaiah 8:11; Ezekiel 37:23?; Psalm 2:1; Daniel 12:10; 11:32; Deuteronomy 33:8–11, 12, 19–21 | Hebrew | Herodian | Quotations from biblical passages with midrashic commentary | [315][316] |
| 4QTest | Testimonia | 4Q175 | Deuteronomy 5:28–29; 18:18–19; 33:8–11
Numbers 24:15–17 Joshua 6:26, quoted in Psalms of Joshua (4Q379, frag. 22) |
Hebrew | Herodian; Hasmonean script | A list of quotations; Messianic Anthology or Testimonia | [46][315][317] |
| 4QapocrLamA | Apocryphal Lamentations A | 4Q179 | Lamentations | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 4Q501 | [318] |
| 4Q Horoscope | Physiognomies/Horoscopes | 4Q186 | Hebrew | Herodian | [319] | ||
| 4QpapTobita | Tobit | 4Q196 | Tobit | Aramaic | Hasmonean | On Papyrus. cf. 4Q501 | [320] |
| 4QTobitb | Tobit | 4Q197 | Tobit | Aramaic | Herodian | cf. 4Q501 | [321] |
| 4QTobitc | Tobit | 4Q198 | Tobit | Aramaic | Hasmonean | cf. 4Q501 | [322] |
| 4QTobitd | Tobit | 4Q199 | Tobit | Aramaic | Hasmonean | cf. 4Q501 | [323] |
| 4QTobite | Tobit | 4Q200 | Tobit | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 4Q501 | [324] |
| 4QEna | The Enoch Scroll | 4Q201a | Aramaic | Hasmonean | [309][325] | ||
| 4QALD / 4QLevia-f ar | The Aramaic Levi Document (ALD) | 4Q213 4Q213a 4Q213b 4Q214 4Q214a 4Q214b | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Multiple compositions | [326] | |
| 4QTNaph | Testament of Naphtali | 4Q215 | Hebrew | Herodian | [327][328] | ||
| 4QCanta(?) | Pesher on Canticles/Song of Songs | 4Q240 | Song of Songs | Hebrew | Herodian | Included in Milik's original list, but this fragment has never been located | [329] |
| 4QapocrDan | Aramaic Apocalypse or The Son of God Text | 4Q246 | Aramaic | Herodian | [330] | ||
| 4QCommentary on Gen A /4QCommGenA | Commentary/Pesher on Genesis | 4Q252 | Genesis 6:3; 7:10–8:18; 9:24–27; 11:31; 15:9, 17, 17:20?; 18:31–32 (with Deuteronomy 13:16, 17; 20:11, 14); 22:10–12; 28:3–4; 36:12; 49:3–4, 10 (with Jeremiah 33:17), 20–21 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments/ commentary of Genesis. | [331][332] |
| 4QCommentary on Gen B /4QCommGenB | 4Q253 | Genesis | Hebrew | Herodian | [331][333] | ||
| 4QCommentary on Gen C /4QCommGenC | 4Q254 | Genesis 9:24–25; 22:5?, 17? | Hebrew | Herodian | [331][334] | ||
| 4QCommentary on Gen D (olim 4QpGenc) | 4Q254a–820 | Genesis 6:15 | Hebrew | Herodian | [331][335] | ||
| 4QSd | Serekh ha-Yahad or Community Rule | 4Q258 | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 1QSd | [336] | |
| 4QD | The Damascus Document | 4Q265–273 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | cf. 4QDa/g = 4Q266/272, 4QDa/e = 4Q266/270, 5Q12, 6Q15, 4Q265–73 | [89] | |
| 4Q Sefer ha-Milhamah | Rule of War | 4Q285 | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 11Q14 | [337] | |
| 4QMysta | The Book of Mysteries The Book of Secrets |
4Q299 | Hebrew | Herodian | [338] | ||
| 4QMystb | 4Q300 | Hebrew | Herodian | [339] | |||
| 4QMystc | The Book of Mysteries The Book of Secrets |
4Q301 | Hebrew | Herodian | [340] | ||
| 4QRPb | Reworked Pentateuch | 4Q364 | Genesis 25:18–21; 26:7–8; 27:39; 28:6; 29:32–33; 30:8–14,26–36; 31:47–53; 32:18–20,26–30; 34:2; 35:28; 37:7–8; 38:14–21; 44:30–34; 45:1,21–27; 48:14–15; Exodus 21:14–22; 19:17; 24:12–14,18; 25:1–2; 26:1,33–35; Numbers 14:16–20; 33:31–49; 20:17–18; Deuteronomy 2:8–14, 30–37; 3:2,18–23; 9:6–7,12–18, 21–25,27–29; 10:1–4, 6–7, 10–13,22; 11:1–2,6–9,23–24; 14:24–26 | Hebrew | Late Hasmonean or Herodian | Reworked Pentateuch | [46][302][341][342] |
| 4QRPc | 4Q365 | Exodus 8:13–19; 9:9–12; 10:19–20; 14:10,12–21; 15:6-[21],22–26; 17:3–5; 18:13–16; 26:34–36; 28:16–20; 29:20–22; 30:27–38; 31:1–2; 35:[2]–5; 36:32–38; 37:29; 38:1–7; 39:1–19; Leviticus 11:1[3],17-[25],32-[33],[39]-[46]; 13:6–8,15-[19],51–52; 16:6–7; 18:[25]-[29]; 23:42–44; 24:1–2; 25:7–9; 26:17–32; 27:34; Numbers 1:1–5; 3:26–30; 4:47–49; 7:1,78–80; 8:11–12; 9:15–23; 10:1-[4]; 13:[11]–25,[28]–30; 15:26-[29]; 17:20–24; 27:11; 36:1–2; Deuteronomy 2:24; 19:20–21; 20:1 | Hebrew | Late Hasmonean/ Early Herodian | [46][302][343][344] | ||
| 4QRPd | 4Q366 | Exodus 21;35–37; 22:1–5; Leviticus 24:20–22; 25:39–43; Numbers 29:14-[25], 32–39; 30:1; Deuteronomy 16:13–14; 14:[13]–21 | Hebrew | Herodian | [46][302][343][345] | ||
| 4QRPe | 4Q367 | Leviticus 11:47; 12:1–8; 13:1; 15:14–15; 19:1–4,9–15; 20:13; 27:30–34 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [302][343][346] | ||
| 4QapocrJosha | Apocryphon of Joshua | 4Q378 | Hebrew | Herodian | Texts drawing on the content of Joshua, Exodus and Numbers. | [347] | |
| 4QapocrJoshb | 4Q379 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [348] | |||
| 4QpsEzek | Pseudo-Ezekiel | 4Q385 4Q385b 4Q385c 4Q386 4Q388 4Q391 |
Hebrew | Herodian | [349] | ||
| 4QMMT /4Q Cal.Doc.D | Miqsat Ma'ase Ha-Torah or Some Precepts of the Law or the Halakhic Letter | 4Q394–399 | Hebrew | Herodian | [350] | ||
| 4Q Non-Canonical Psalms A | Songs of Sabbath Sacrifice or the Angelic Liturgy | 4Q400–407 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | cf. 11Q5–6 | [351] | |
| 4QInstruction | Sapiential Work A | 4Q415–418 | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | ||
| 4QParaphrase | Paraphrase of Genesis and Exodus | Hebrew | |||||
| 4Q Barkhi Nafshia | Barkhi Nafshi – Apocryphal Psalms | 4Q434 | Hebrew | Herodian | 15 fragments: likely hymns of thanksgiving praising God for his power and expressing thanks | [352] | |
| 4Q Apocr. Psalm and Prayer | Hymn to King Jonathan or The Prayer For King Jonathan Scroll | 4Q448 | Psalms 154 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | In addition to parts of Psalms 154 it contains a prayer mentioning "King Jonathan". | [89] |
| 4QpapGen or papJub | pap-Genesis or pap-Jubilees | 4Q483 | Genesis 1:28–29, or Book of Jubilees | Hebrew | Herodian | [353] | |
| 4QShira-b | Songs of the Sage or Songs of the Maskil |
4Q510–511 | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | ||
| 4Q Messianic Apocalypse | Messianic Apocalypse | 4Q521 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Made up of two fragments | [354] | |
| 4Q Jonathan | 4Q523 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | MeKleine Fragmente, z.T. gesetzlichen Inhalts; Fragment is legal in content. PAM number, 41.944 | [355][356] | ||
| 4QTempleScrollb | Temple Scroll | 4Q524 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [89][357] | ||
| 4QBeatitudes | 4Q525 | Sirach 25:10;[358] Matthew 5:3 –12 (Beatitudes) | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | ||
| 4Q TJoseph | Testament of Joseph | 4Q539 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | [359] | ||
| 4QapocrLevi(?)b | Testament of Levid | 4Q541 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Aramaic frag. also called "4QApocryphon of Levib ar" | [360] | |
| 4QTKohath (4QTQahat) | Testament of Qahat | 4Q542 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | [361] | ||
| 4QNJc | New Jerusalem | 4Q555 | Aramaic | Herodian | cf. 1Q32, 2Q24, 5Q15, 11Q18 | [362] | |
| 4QGenn | Genesis | 4Q576 | Genesis 34:7–10; 50:3 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [89] | |
| Unnumbered | Hebrew | Nine unopened fragments recently rediscovered in storage | [363] | ||||
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 5 | |||||||
| 5QDeut | Deuteronomy | 5Q1 | Deuteronomy 7:15–24; 8:5–9:2 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic | [46][364][365] | |
| 5QKgs | Kings | 5Q2 | 1 Kings 1:1,16–17,27–37 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [366][367] | |
| 5QIsa | Isaiah | 5Q3 | Isaiah 40:16,18–19 | Hebrew | Herodian | [366][368] | |
| 5QAmos | Amos | 5Q4 | Amos 1:2–5 | Hebrew | [366] | ||
| 5QPs | Psalms | 5Q5 | Psalm 119:99–101,104,113–20,138–42 | Hebrew | Herodian | [366][369] | |
| 5QLama | Lamentations | 5Q6 | Lamentations 4:5–8,11–16,19–22; 5:1–13,16–17 | Hebrew | Herodian | [366][370] | |
| 5QLamb | 5Q7 | Lamentations 4:17–20 | Hebrew | Herodian | [366][371] | ||
| 5QPhyl | Phylactery | 5Q8 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Phylactery in its unopened case | [366][372] | |
| 5QapocrJosh or 5QToponyms | Toponyms | 5Q9 | Hebrew | Herodian | Seven fragments with names of places | [366][373] | |
| 5QapocrMal | Apocryphon of Malachi | 5Q10 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Apocryphon of Malachi | [366][374] | |
| 5QS | Rule of Community (Serek ha-Yahad) | 5Q11 | Hebrew | Herodian | [366][375] | ||
| 5QD | Damascus Document | 5Q12 | Hebrew | Herodian | Damascus Document | [366][376] | |
| 5QRule or 5QRégle | Rule of Community | 5Q13 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments related to 1QS | [377][378] | |
| 5QCurses | Curses | 5Q14 | Hebrew | Herodian | Liturgical compositions with curses | [377][379] | |
| 5QNJ | New Jerusalem Scroll | 5Q15 | Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | Description of the New Jerusalem | [377][380] | |
| 5QUnid | Unidentified | 5Q16–5Q24 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Unidentified fragments | [377] | |
| 5QUnc | Unclassified | 5Q25 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Unclassified fragments | [377][381] | |
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 6 | |||||||
| 6QpaleoGen | Genesis | 6Q1 | Genesis 6:13–21 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic; Palaeo-Hebrew script | [382][383] | |
| 6QpaleoLev | Leviticus | 6Q2 | Leviticus 8:12–13 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic; Palaeo-Hebrew script | [382][384] | |
| pap6QDeut or 6QpapDeut(?) | Deuteronomy | 6Q3 | Deuteronomy 26:19 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | A few letters of Deuteronomy 26:19 on papyrus | [382][46][385] |
| 6QpapKgs | Kings | 6Q4 | 1 Kings 3:12–14; 12:28–31; 22:28–31; 2 Kings 5:26; 6:32; 7:8–10,20; 8:1–5; 9:1–2; 10:19–21 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Made up of 94 Fragments. | [382][386] |
| pap6QPs or 6QpapPs(?) | Psalms | 6Q5 | Psalm 78:36–37 | Hebrew | Herodian | [387][388] | |
| 6QCant | Song of Songs | 6Q6 | Song of Songs 1:1–7 | Hebrew | Herodian | [387][389] | |
| 6QpapDan | Daniel | 6Q7 | Daniel 8:20–21; 10:8–16; 11:33–36,38; 8:16–17 | Hebrew | Herodian | 13 papyrus fragments. | [387][390] |
| 6QpapGiants or pap6QEnGiants | Book of Giants from Enoch | 6Q8 | Aramaic | Herodian | Part of the "Book of Giants" | [387][391] | |
| 6Qpap apocrSam-Kgs or pap6QapocrSam/Kgs | Apocryphon on Samuel–Kings | 6Q9 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Samuel–Kings apocryphon. Written on papyrus. | [387][392] | |
| 6QpapaProph or pap6QProph | Unidentified prophetic fragment | 6Q10 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Prophetic text. Written in papyrus | [387][393] | |
| 6QAllegory | Allegory of the Vine | 6Q11 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragment containing an Allegory mentioning a vine | [387][394] | |
| 6QapProph | An apocryphal prophecy | 6Q12 | Herodian | [387][395] | |||
| 6QPriestProph | Priestly Prophecy | 6Q13 | Herodian | A priestly prophecy | [387][396] | ||
| 6Q Apocalypse | Apocalyptic text | 6Q14 | Aramaic | Herodian | Two fragments with apocalyptic text | [387][397] | |
| 6QD | Damascus Document | 6Q15 | Hebrew | Herodian | Damascus Document 4:19–21; 5:13–14,18–21; 6:1–2,20–21; 7:1 | [387][398] | |
| 6QpapBened or pap6QBen | papBenediction | 6Q16 | Herodian | Blessings related 1QSb. On papyrus | [399][400] | ||
| 6QCalDoc | Calendrical Document | 6Q17 | Herodian | Calendric fragment | [399][401] | ||
| pap6QHymn | Hymn | 6Q18 | Herodian | Fragment of a hymn, related to 1QM | [399][402] | ||
| 6Q Text Related to Genesis | Genesis | 6Q19 | Possibly from Genesis | Aramaic | Herodian | Related to Genesis 10:6,20 | [399][403] |
| 6QDeut(?) | Deuteronomy | 6Q20 | Possibly from Deuteronomy | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Related to Deuteronomy 11:10 | [399][404] |
| 6QfrgProph or 6Q Prophetic Text | Possibly prophetic text | 6Q21 | Hebrew | Herodian | Prophetic fragment containing 5 words. | [399][405] | |
| pap6QUnidA | Unclassified fragments | 6Q22 | Hebrew | Herodian | [399][406] | ||
| pap6QUnidA ar | Unclassified fragments | 6Q23 | Aramaic | Herodian | Related to "Words of the Book of Michael" | [399][407] | |
| 6QUnidB | Unclassified fragments | 6Q24 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [399][408] | ||
| 6QUnidB | Unclassified fragments | 6Q25 | Aramaic | Herodian | [399][409] | ||
| 6QUnidB or 6QpapAccount or Contract | Accounts or contracts | 6Q26 | Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | [399][410] | ||
| 6QUnidB | Unclassified fragments | 6Q27–6Q28 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [399] | ||
| 6QpapProv | Proverbs | 6Q30 | Proverbs 11:4b–7a,10b | Hebrew | Roman | Single six-line fragment | [399][411] |
| 6QUnidB | Unclassified fragments | 6Q31 | Aramaic | Herodian | [399][412] | ||
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 7 | |||||||
| 7QpapLXXExod | Exodus | 7Q1 | Exodus 28:4–7 | Greek | Hasmonean | Greek fragment of Exodus | [413] |
| 7QpapEpJer | Letter of Jeremiah | 7Q2 | Letter of Jeremiah verses 43–44 | Greek | Hasmonean | Epistle of Jeremiah. On papyrus. | [414] |
| 7Q3 | Unidentified | 7Q3 | Greek | Herodian | Unknown biblical text | [415] | |
| 7Q4 | Unidentified | 7Q4 | Greek | Hasmonean | Unknown biblical text | [416] | |
| 7Q5 | Unidentified | 7Q5 | Greek | Herodian | Unknown biblical text. Believed by some to be Mark 6:52–53 | [417] | |
| 7Q6–18 | Unidentified | 7Q6–18 | Greek | Hellenistic-Roman; Herodian | Very tiny unidentified fragments written on papyrus | [89] | |
| 7Q papImprint | Unidentified | 7Q19 | Greek | Herodian | Unidentified papyrus imprint. Very tiny fragments written on papyrus | [418] | |
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 8 | |||||||
| 8QGen | Genesis | 8Q1 | Genesis 17:12–13, 15, 18–19; 18:20–22, 24–25 | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | |
| 8QPs | Psalms | 8Q2 | Psalm 17:5–9, 14; 18:5–12 | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | |
| 8QPhyl | Phylacteries | 8Q3 | Exodus 13:1–16; 12:43–51; 20:11
Deuteronomy 6:4–5; 6:1–3; 10:20–22; 10:12–19; 5:1–14; 10:13; 11:2–3; 10:21–22; 11:1; 11:6–12 |
Hebrew | 1–100 CE
Herodian |
Fragments from a "Phylactery" | [46] |
| 8QMez | Mezuzah | 8Q4 | Deuteronomy 10:1–11:21 | Hebrew | 30 BCE–68 CE
Herodian |
[46] | |
| 8QHymn | Unidentified hymn | 8Q5 | Hebrew | Herodian | Non-biblical composition. | [89] | |
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 11 | |||||||
| 11QpaleoLeva | Paleo-Leviticusa | 11Q1 | Leviticus 4:24–26; 10:4–7; 11:27–32; 13:3–9; 13:39–43; 14:16–21; 14:52–15:5; 16:2–4; 16:34–17:5; 18:27–19:4; 20:1–6; 21:6–11; 22:21–27; 23:22–29; 24:9–14; 25:28–36; 26:17–26; 27:11–19 | Hebrew | Herodian/palaeo-Hebrew script | [89] | |
| 11QLevb | Leviticusb | 11Q2 | Leviticus | Hebrew | Herodian/palaeo-Hebrew script | [89] | |
| 11QDeut | Deuteronomy | 11Q3 | Deuteronomy 1:4–5; 2:28–30 | Hebrew | 50 CE
Late Herodian |
[46] | |
| 11QEzek | Ezekiel | 11Q4 | Ezekiel | Hebrew | Herodian | [419][420] | |
| 11QPs | The Great Psalms Scroll | 11Q5 | Psalms | Hebrew | Herodian | A unique Psalms scroll with only about a quarter of the Masoretic psalms (in atypical order), three Syriac psalms, one from Ben Sira, and the only known copies of three more unique psalms—Plea for Deliverance, Apostrophe to Zion, and Hymn to the Creator—all of which are unattested by other sources, as well as the short text of David's Compositions. | [89] |
| 11QPsa | Psalms | 11Q5 | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | ||
| 11QPsb | 11Q6 | Psalm 77:18–21; 78:1; 109:3–4; 118:1; 118:15–16; 119:163–165; 133:1–3; 141:10; 144:1–2 | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | ||
| 11QPsc | 11Q7 | Psalm 2:1–8; 9:3–7; 12:5–9; 13:1–6; 14:1–6; 17:9–15; 18:1–12; 19:4–8; 25:2–7 | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | ||
| 11QPsd | 11Q8 | Psalm 6:2–4; 9:3–6; 18:26–29; 18:39–42; 36:13; 37:1–4; 39:13–14; 40:1; 43:1–3; 45:6–8; 59:5–8; 68:1–5; 68:14–18; 78:5–12; 81:4–9; 86:11–14; 115:16–18; 116:1 | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | ||
| 11QPse | 11Q9 | Psalm 50:3–7 | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | ||
| 11QtgJob | Targum Job | 11Q10 | Job | Aramaic | Herodian | A unique Aramaic translation of the Book of Job; presents Job somewhat more favourably. | [89] |
| 11QapocrPs | Apocryphal Psalms | 11Q11 | Psalm 91 | Hebrew | Herodian | Apocryphal paraphrase of Psalms 91 | [89] |
| 11QJub | Jubilees | 11Q12 | Hebrew | Herodian | Ethiopic text of Jubilees 4:6–11; 4:13–14; 4:16–17; 4:29–31; 5:1–2; 12:15–17; 12:28–29 | [89] | |
| 11QMelch | Melchizedek | 11Q13 | Contains Pesher/commentary on Leviticus 25:13; Deuteronomy 15:2; Psalm 7:8–9; 82:2; Isaiah 52:7; Daniel 9:25; Leviticus 25:9 | Hebrew | 50–25 BCE or 75–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian |
Describes a tenth jubilee and portrays Melchizedek as a messianic agent of salvation, using similar language to that used for Jesus in Hebrews, such as "Heavenly Prince Melchizedek" | [89][46] |
| 11Q Sefer ha-Milhamah | Sefer ha-Milhamah ("The Book of War") | 11Q14 | Hebrew | Herodian | An account of the final eschatological battle of the Israelites and the Kittim (Romans), including a messianic figure named the "Prince of the Congregation." | [89] | |
| 11QHymnsa | Hymns | 11Q15 | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | ||
| 11QHymnsb | 11Q16 | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | |||
| 11QShirShabb | Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice | 11Q17 | Hebrew | Herodian | Collection of 13 hymns describing a heavenly temple service. | [89] | |
| 11QNJ | New Jerusalem | 11Q18 | Aramaic | Herodian | Appears to be an apocalyptic vision, including some architectural details of a very large city (cf. Ezekiel and Revelation) | [89] | |
| 11QTa | Temple Scroll | 11Q19 | Hebrew | Herodian | Rephrases the Pentateuch laws in the spirit of Deuteronomy, seeks to resolve biblical legal conflicts and expand ritual laws. | [89] | |
| 11QTb | Temple Scroll | 11Q20 | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | ||
| 11QTc | 11Q21 | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | |||
| 11Q Unidentified | Unidentified | 11Q22 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Unidentified fragments. | [89] | |
| 11Q23 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [89] | ||||
| 11Q24 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | [89] | ||||
| 11Q25 | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | ||||
| 11Q26 | Hebrew | Herodian | [89] | ||||
| 11Q27 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [89] | ||||
| 11Q28 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [89] | ||||
| 11Q29 | Serekh ha-Yahad related | ||||||
| 11Q Unidentified | Unidentified | 11Q30 | Hebrew | Herodian | Unidentified fragments. | [89] | |
| 11Q Unidentified | Unidentified | 11Q31 | Unidentified fragment | [421] | |||
| 11Q9999 | Unidentified | Hellenistic-Roman | [89] | ||||
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ In 2022, D. Longacre and B. Strawn demonstrated this small fragment to be part of the larger manuscript 4QPsc, as opposed to a separate manuscript of the Psalms.
References
[edit]- ^ H. Kelley, Daniel Stephen Mynatt, Timothy G. Crawford, The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: introduction and annotated glossary, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998, p. 18
- ^ Randall Price, Searching for the Original Bible, Harvest House Publishers, 2007, p. 45-50
- ^ Thomas Hartwell Horne, An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the Holy Scriptures (1836), vol. 2, p. 7. Page 6 states: "To Dr. Kennicott's Hebrew Bible, M. De Rossi published an important supplement at Parma (1784–1787), in four volumes..."
- ^ a b Old Testament manuscripts
- ^ Fragmentos do Gueniza do Cairo[permanent dead link]
- ^ David Sinclair, An Overview of the Bible Archived 2013-12-28 at the Wayback Machine (2006)
- ^ Würthwein Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, pp. 38–39; translated into English and published in 1995 as Wurthwein, The Text of the Old Testament (2nd rev. ed, 1995, Grand Rapids, Mich., Wm.B. Eerdmans Publg. Co.)(this is the source for most of the dates of the mss listed).
- ^ Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), Oldest Torah scroll still in use found in Italy, 3 March 2016, accessed 2 August 2019
- ^ Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8028-0788-5.
- ^ "Piecing Together the Past | the Israel Museum, Jerusalem".
- ^ Engel, Edna; Mishor, Mordechay (2015). "An Ancient Scroll of the Book of Exodus: The Reunion of Two Separate Fragments" (PDF). Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology. 7: 24–61.
- ^ British Library Asian and African studies blog 10 April 2014
- ^ Manuscript written by two different scribes, the older square script believed to be from the 10th century, whereas the newer Yemenite square script was written in the 16th century. See the British Library, Or. 4445 Archived 2022-12-08 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Digitised Manuscripts". Archived from the original on 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
- ^ Khomami, Nadia (February 15, 2023). "Oldest complete Hebrew Bible expected to break auction records". The Bible | The Guardian. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
- ^ "Hebrew Manuscripts in the Collections of the National Library of Russia. Second Firkovich Collection".
- ^ Eleazar Birnbaum, The Michigan Codex: An important Hebrew Bible manuscript, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 17 pages 373-415 (Oct. 1967).
- ^ Damascus Pentateuch
- ^ [1] British Library
- ^ Vat. ebr. 448
- ^ British Library collection
- ^ "Pentateuch, Codex Hilleli, Bible. Pentateuch. Hebrew. 1241 | Jewish Theological Seminary".
- ^ "Hebrew Bible". www.metmuseum.org. MET. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
- ^ The Farhi Bible
- ^ Rabinowicz, H. (1966). "The Sassoon Treasures". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 57 (2): 141. doi:10.2307/1453413. JSTOR 1453413.
- ^ Rashba Bible, Info from Sotheby
- ^ Rabinowicz, H. (1966). "The Sassoon Treasures". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 57 (2): 143–144. doi:10.2307/1453413. JSTOR 1453413.
- ^ González López, Emilio (1967). "Un tesouro de arte galego: A Biblia en hebreo da Universidade de Oxford" (PDF). Grial (in Galician) (16): 198.
- ^ The Lisbon Bible – 1483
- ^ Irwin, W. A. (1932). "An Ancient Biblical Text". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 48 (3): 184–193. doi:10.1086/370339. ISSN 1062-0516. JSTOR 528842.
- ^ Lazaro, Enrico de (2016-09-23). "En-Gedi Scroll Finally Deciphered | Sci.News". Sci.News: Breaking Science News. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
- ^ Timothy Lim, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2005, Dating the Scrolls, [2]
- ^ The Great Isaiah Scroll at The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 14–15.
- ^ a b 1Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 18.
- ^ Bruce, F.F.,"The Dead Sea Habakkuk Scroll," The Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society I (1958/59): 5–24.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 16.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 16–18.
- ^ Schiffman, Lawrence H. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fitzmyer 2008, p. 19.
- ^ 1Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc OakTree Software, Inc. Accordance 10: Bible Software. 2008.
- ^ 1Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g Fitzmyer 2008, p. 20.
- ^ 1Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 20–21.
- ^ 1Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b Fitzmyer 2008, p. 21.
- ^ 1Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 21–22.
- ^ 1Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h Fitzmyer 2008, p. 22.
- ^ 1Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q30 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 23.
- ^ 1Q32 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q34 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q35 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q36 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q37 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q39 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q40 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar "Leon Levy Collection". Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
- ^ 1Q71 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 1Q72 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fitzmyer 2008, p. 25.
- ^ 2Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h Fitzmyer 2008, p. 26.
- ^ 2Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 26–27.
- ^ 2Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f Fitzmyer 2008, p. 27.
- ^ 2Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 2Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 3Q1 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 28.
- ^ 3Q2 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q3 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q4 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q5 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q6 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q7 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q8 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q9 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 28–29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 29.
- ^ 3Q14 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 3Q15 at Leon Levy Collection
- ^ 4Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fitzmyer 2008, p. 30.
- ^ 4Q8 4QGen h1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q8 4QGen h2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q8 4QGen h-para at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b 4Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 246
- ^ a b c d e f g Fitzmyer 2008, p. 31.
- ^ 4Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 31–32.
- ^ 4Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g Fitzmyer 2008, p. 32.
- ^ 4Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 32–33.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 33.
- ^ a b c 4Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Accessed 20 May 2013
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fitzmyer 2008, p. 34.
- ^ 4Q47 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 34–35.
- ^ 4Q48 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
- ^ 4Q49 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q50 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q52 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q53 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q54 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h Fitzmyer 2008, p. 36.
- ^ 4Q55 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q56 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q57 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q58 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q59 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q60 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q61 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fitzmyer 2008, p. 37.
- ^ 4Q62 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q63 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q64 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q65 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q66 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q67 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q68 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q69 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 270
- ^ a b c d e Schiffman, Lawrence; VanderKam, James (2008). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195084504.
- ^ a b c d e Flint, Peter (2013). The Dead Sea Scrolls. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780687494491.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fitzmyer 2008, p. 38.
- ^ 4Q73 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q74 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Sanderson 1997. DJD 15: 215–218.
- ^ 4Q75 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q76 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q77 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q78 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
- ^ 4Q79 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q80 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q81 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q83 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q84 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fitzmyer 2008, p. 41.
- ^ 4Q85 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Longacre, Drew, and Brent A. Strawn. "A New Identification of a Psalm Manuscript from Qumran: 4Q85 + 4Q98c", Dead Sea Discoveries, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10037
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 40.
- ^ 4Q86 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q87 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q88 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q89 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q90 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q91 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q92 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q93 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q94 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q95 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q96 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q97 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q98 4QPsr at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q99 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fitzmyer 2008, p. 42.
- ^ 4Q100 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q101 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q102 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q103 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q104 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q105 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q106 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q107 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q108 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fitzmyer 2008, p. 43.
- ^ 4Q109 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q110 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q111 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q112 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q113 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q114 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q115 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q116 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q117 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q118 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f Fitzmyer 2008, p. 44.
- ^ 4Q119 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q120 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q121 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q122 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q123 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Tov, Emanuel; et al. (The Greek Biblical Texts from the Judean Desert) (2008). "23". Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible and Qumran: Collected Essays. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism. Vol. 121. Mohr Siebeck. p. 346. ISBN 9783161495465.
- ^ 4Q126 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q127 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 44–45.
- ^ 4Q128 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 45.
- ^ 4Q129 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q130 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q131 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q132 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q133 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q134 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q135 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q136 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fitzmyer 2008, p. 46.
- ^ 4Q138 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q139 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q140 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q141 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q142 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q143 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q144 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q145 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q146 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q147 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q148 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 46–47.
- ^ 4Q149 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f Fitzmyer 2008, p. 47.
- ^ 4Q150 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q151 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q152 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q153 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q154 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q155 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b Wise, Michael O.; Abegg, Martin G.; Cook, Edward M. (2005). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 577. ISBN 9780060766627.
- ^ 4Q156 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 47–48.
- ^ 4Q157 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 305ff
- ^ 4Q158 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c Fitzmyer 2008, p. 48.
- ^ 4Q159 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q160 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q161 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q162 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b "The Qumran Library: Scrolls". Library of Congress.
- ^ a b c d Fitzmyer 2008, p. 49.
- ^ 4Q166 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q167 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q168 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q169 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b Fitzmyer 2008, p. 50.
- ^ 4Q174 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q175 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q179 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q186 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q196 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q197 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q198 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q199 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q200 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q201 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 54–55.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 55.
- ^ 4Q215 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Gault, Brian P. (2010) "Fragments of Canticles at Qumran". Revue de Qumran. p.352
- ^ 4Q246 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d Fitzmyer 2008, p. 62.
- ^ 4Q252 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q253 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q254 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q254a-820 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q258 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q285 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q299 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q300 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q301 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 74.
- ^ 4Q364 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c Fitzmyer 2008, p. 75.
- ^ 4Q365 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q366 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q367 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q378 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q379 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q385 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q394 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q400 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q434 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q483 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q521 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd, The Gog and Magog Tradition in Revelation 20:8, in, H. J. de Jonge, Johannes Tromp, eds., The book of Ezekiel and its influence, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, p.172; scheduled to be published in Charlesworth's edition, volume 9
- ^ 4Q523 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 98.
- ^ Collins, J. J., 44. Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 684
- ^ 4Q539 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q541 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q542 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 4Q555 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ "Uncovered in Jerusalem, 9 tiny unopened Dead Sea Scrolls". The Times of Israel.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104–105.
- ^ 5Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fitzmyer 2008, p. 105.
- ^ 5Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e Fitzmyer 2008, p. 106.
- ^ 5Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 5Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104, 106.
- ^ 6Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fitzmyer 2008, p. 107.
- ^ 6Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Fitzmyer 2008, p. 108.
- ^ 6Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q30 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 6Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 7Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 7Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 7Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 7Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 7Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 7Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 110.
- ^ 11Q4 - 11QEzek at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
- ^ 11Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library.
Bibliography
[edit]- Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802862419.
Further reading
[edit]- Würthwein Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft 1988, p. 40–47; English translation The text of the Old Testament: an introduction to the Biblia Hebraica
- Malcolm C. Davis, Ben Outhwaite, Hebrew Bible Manuscripts in the Cambridge Genizah Collections: Taylor-Schechter additional series 32–255, with addenda to previous volumes, Cambridge University Library 2003
- Bernhard Pick, Lost Hebrew Manuscripts, Journal of the Society of Biblical Literature, [3] vol. 2, pages 122-127 (1882).
- C. David Ginsburg, Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible (1897, London: Trinitarian Bible Society), [4] especially chapt. XII, History and Description of the Manuscripts, pages 469–778, and elsewhere in the volume for information on lost mss.
- Paul Kahle, The Hebrew Ben Asher Manuscripts, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 1, pages 161-167 (July 1951); mentions the Leningrad Codex, the Aleppo Codex, the Cairo Prophets (Codex Cairensis), and British Museum Or. 4445.
- [Emil G. Hirsch],"Bible Manuscripts", Jewish Encyclopedia (1902)[5] volume 3, pages 178–181, includes information on lost mss.
- Adolph Neubauer, The Introduction of the Square Characters in Biblical Manuscripts and an Account of the Earliest Manuscripts of the Old Testament, Studia Biblica et Ecclesiastica [6](Oxford Univ.), vol. 3, pages 1–36 (1891).
External links
[edit]Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_manuscripts29 views | ↧ Download as ZWI file
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