Notable business executives
Advertising and public relations [ edit ]
Guma Aguiar (1977–2015), Brazilian-born energy industrialist, co-founder of Leor Energy L.P. ; disappeared in June 2012[ 11] [ 12]
Arthur Belfer (1906–1993), Polish-born founder of the Belco Petroleum Company, one of the precursor companies of Enron Corporation [ 13]
Louis Blaustein (1869–1937), Lithuanian-born co-founder (along with his son Jacob) of the American Oil Company (1922)[ 14]
Jacob Blaustein (1892–1970), American-born co-founder (along with his father Louis) of the American Oil Company (1922)[ 14]
Marvin Davis (1925–2004), chairman of the Davis Petroleum Corp. , briefly owner of 20th Century Fox and the Beverly Hills Hotel ; member of the Davis family [ 15]
Max Fisher (1908–2005), founder of the Aurora Gasoline Company, once one of the largest gas station chains in the Midwest [ 16]
Robert Friedland (1950–), American-Canadian co-founder of Ivanhoe Energy Inc. and chairman of Ivanhoe Mines Ltd. [ 17]
Avram Glazer (1960–), former chairman and CEO of Zapata Corp. (now HRG Group, Inc.), co-chairman of family-owned EPL 's Manchester United F.C. ; member of the Glazer family [ 18]
Joseph S. Gruss (1903–1993), Ukrainian-born founder of Gruss & Company[ 19]
Jack J. Grynberg (1932–2021), Polish-born oil and natural gas developer, founder of Oceanic Exploration Co.[ 20] [ 21]
Meyer Guggenheim (1828–1905), Swiss-born mining magnate; member of the Guggenheim family [ 22] [ 23]
Armand Hammer (1898–1990), long-time CEO and president of the Occidental Petroleum Corporation , co-founder of Isramco [ 24] [ 25] [ 26]
Leon Hess (1914–1999), founder of Hess Corporation and former owner of NFL 's New York Jets [ 27]
Ludwig Jesselson (1910–1993), German-born metal trader who served as president and CEO of Phibro [ 28]
Adolph (1849–1938) and Leonard Lewisohn (1847–1902), German-born mining magnates, founders of Lewisohn Bros.[ 29]
George Lindemann (1936–2018), chairman and CEO of the Southern Union Company [ 30] [ 31]
Benedict I. Lubell (1909–1996), founder of the Lubell Oil Company[ 32]
Samuel Newhouse (1853–1930), mining magnate; developed Newhouse, Utah [ 33]
Andrew Perlman (1975–), co-founder of GreatPoint Energy [ 34]
Samuel Ruben (1900–1988), co-founder of Duracell Inc. [ 35]
Charles Schusterman (1935–2000), Russian-born founder of the Samson Investment Company [ 36]
Manufacturing and distribution [ edit ]
Juval Aviv (1947–), Israeli-American founder of corporate investigations firm Interfor International[ 37] [ 38]
Larry Baer , CEO of MLB 's San Francisco Giants [ 39]
Henry (1922–2019) and Richard Bloch (1926–2004), founders of tax preparation company H&R Block, Inc. [ 40]
Al Davis (1929–2011), owner of the NFL's Oakland Raiders [ 41]
Heidi Fleiss (1965–), former madam , owner of the Nevada-based Flying S Ranch Ultralight Flightpark, an ultralight private use airport[ 42]
Orit Gadiesh (1951–), Israeli-American corporate strategist, chairwoman of global management consultancy Bain & Company [ 43]
Jonathan Greenstein (1967–), founder of auction house J. Greenstein & Company [ 44]
Ami James (1972–), Israeli-American entrepreneur, owner of the Miami-based Love Hate Tattoo Studio, and nightclub Love Hate Lounge[ 45] [ 46]
Jules Kroll (1941–), founder of corporate investigation firm Kroll, Inc. [ 47]
Terry Lenzner (1939–2020), founder of Investigative Group International (IGI)[ 48]
Jason Levien , co-owner of D.C. United Holdings (holds MLS ' D.C. United ), co-owner of EFL Championship 's Swansea City A.F.C. and NBL Australia 's Brisbane Bullets , former CEO of NBA 's Memphis Grizzlies [ 49]
Ira A. Lipman (1940–2019), founder and chairman of security company Guardsmark [ 50]
Moishe Mana (1956–), Israeli-born founder of Moishe's Moving Systems , GRM Information Management and MILK Studios [ 51]
Barry Minkow (1966–), founder of carpet-cleaning company ZZZZ Best Co. [ 52]
Morris Mirkin (1919–1985), founder of Budget Rent-a-Car [ 53] [ 54]
Abraham Saperstein (1902–1966), British-born founder of the Harlem Globetrotters ; former owner of NLB 's Chicago Brown Bombers and the Birmingham Black Barons [ 55] [ 56]
Louis Sloss (1823–1902), co-founder of the Alaska Commercial Company [ 57]
Casey Wasserman (1974–), founder of sports marketing and talent management company Wasserman [ 58] [ 59]
Mark Weinberger (1964/1965–), former chairman of multinational professional services firm Ernst & Young (EY)[ 60] [ 61]
Sheldon Yellen (1958–), CEO of BELFOR Property Restoration [ 62] [ 63]
Daniel Yergin (1947–), vice chairman of research and information company, IHS Markit [ 64]
Newspapers and publishing [ edit ]
Pharmaceuticals and healthcare [ edit ]
Arie S. Belldegrun (1949–), Israeli-American (co-)founder of Kite Pharma and biotechnology companies Agensys , Allogene Therapeutics [ 65]
Howard Birndorf (1950–), co-founder of biotechnology companies Hybritech, Inc., Gen-Probe (merged with Hologic ) and IDEC Pharmaceuticals (merged with Biogen )[ 66] [ 67]
Alan Cohen (1954–), founder of Andrx Pharmaceuticals [ 68]
Phillip Frost (1936–), entrepreneur, chairman and CEO of OPKO Health , former Vice chairman of Teva [ 69]
Alex Grass (1927–2009), founder of the Rite Aid Corporation [ 70]
Bennett Greenspan (1952–), co-founder of gene testing company Gene by Gene, Ltd. (Family Tree DNA )[ 71] [ 72]
Rachel Haurwitz (1985–), co-founder of gene editing company Caribou Biosciences [ 73]
Joel Landau , co-founder of nursing home operator company The Allure Group and healthcare services company AlphaCare [ 74]
Jeremy Levin (1954–), South African-born chairman of Ovid Therapeutics Inc., former CEO of Teva [ 75]
Arthur D. Levinson (1950–), CEO of biotechnology company Calico , former chairman of Genentech [ 76]
Al Mann (1925–2016), founder of biotechnology companies Pacesetter Systems and the MannKind Corporation [ 77]
Stewart Rahr (1946–), founder of Kinray Inc. [ 78] [ 79]
Shlomo Rechnitz (1971–), health care magnate, co-founder of TwinMed LLC [ 80]
Richard Roberts (1957–), former owner of URL Pharma (acquired by the Takeda Pharmaceutical Company in 2012)[ 81]
Martine Rothblatt (1954–), founder of biotechnology company United Therapeutics , co-founder of Sirius Satellite Radio [ 82] [ 83]
Mortimer (1916–2010) and Raymond Sackler (1920–2017), former owners of Purdue Pharma (known for OxyContin ); members of the Sackler family [ 84]
Leonard Schleifer (1953–), founder of biotechnology company Regeneron Pharmaceuticals [ 85] [ 86]
Cheryl Shuman , founder of the Beverly Hills Cannabis Club [ 87]
Daniel E. Straus (1956–), founder of CareOne LLC and minority owner of NBA 's Memphis Grizzlies [ 88]
Samuel D. Waksal (1947–), French-born founder of ImClone Systems , Kadmon Corporation [ 89] [ 90] [ 91]
Herbert Wertheim (1939–), founder of eye care products manufacturing company Brain Power Incorporated (BPI)[ 92] [ 93]
Ron Zwanziger (1954–), Israeli-American founder of diagnostic testing devices manufacturing company Alere, Inc. [ 94]
Technology and software [ edit ]
Rony Abovitz (1971–), founder of Magic Leap , co-founder of the MAKO Surgical Corp. [ 95]
Leonard Adleman (1945–), co-founder of RSA Security LLC [ 96]
Aron Ain , chairman of the Ultimate Kronos Group (UKG)[ 97]
Beny Alagem (1953–), Israeli-American co-founder of Packard Bell , owner of the Beverly Hilton hotel[ 98]
Kobi Alexander (1952–), Israeli-American co-founder of Comverse Technology [ 99]
Steve Ballmer (1956–), former long-time CEO of the Microsoft Corporation , founder of USAFacts and owner of NBA 's Los Angeles Clippers [ 100] [ 101]
Werner Michael Blumenthal (1926–), former chairman and CEO of Burroughs Corporation and Unisys [ 102]
Julian A. Brodsky (1933–), co-founder of the Comcast Corporation [ 103]
Safra Catz (1961–), Israeli-born CEO and co-president of the Oracle Corporation [ 104]
Alon Nisim Cohen (1968–), Israeli-born co-founder of CyberArk [ 105]
Bram Cohen (1975–), author of the BitTorrent protocol , co-founder of BitTorrent, Inc. [ 106]
Jared Cohen (1981–), CEO of technology incubator company Jigsaw (formerly Google Ideas )[ 107]
Michael Dell (1965–), founder of DELL [ 108]
Larry Ellison (1944–), co-founder of the Oracle Corporation [ 109]
David Frankel , South African-born tech investor, co-founder of Internet Solutions (IS), the largest ISP in Africa[ 110]
Gideon Gartner (1935–2020), Mandatory Palestine-born founder of Gartner, Inc. [ 111]
Levy Gerzberg (1945–), Israeli-American founder of the Zoran Corporation [ 112]
Rob Glaser (1962–), founder of RealNetworks, Inc. (RealPlayer ), partner at Accel [ 113] [ 114]
Andrew Grove (1936–2016), former COO, chairman and CEO (1st) of Intel [ 115]
Andi Gutmans , Swiss-American co-founder of Zend Technologies , co-creator of PHP , General Manager at Amazon Web Services (AWS)[ 116]
Eli Harari (1945–), Israeli-American co-founder of the SanDisk Corporation [ 117]
David (1944–) and Orion Hindawi (1980–), founders of cybersecurity firm Tanium Inc. [ 118] [ 119]
Irwin M. (1933–) and Paul E. Jacobs (1962–), Qualcomm Incorporated [ 120]
Andy Jassy (1968–), CEO of Amazon , co-founder of Amazon Web Services (AWS), co-owner of NHL 's Seattle Kraken [ 121]
Philippe Kahn (1952–), French-born creator of the camera phone , co-founder of the Borland Software Corporation [ 122]
Dan Kaminsky , co-founder of cybersecurity firm White Ops [ 123]
Mitch Kapor (1950–), founder of Lotus Software , co-founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)[ 124] [ 125]
Phil Katz (1962–2000), founder of PKWARE, Inc. , creator of the Zip file format; died of alcoholism in 2000 at age 37[ 126] [ 127]
Steve Kirsch (1956–), founder of OneID , co-founder of the Frame Technology Corp. (now Adobe FrameMaker )[ 128]
Edwin H. Land (1909–1991), founder of the Polaroid Corporation [ 129]
Sandy Lerner (1955–), co-founder of Cisco Systems and cosmetics brand Urban Decay [ 130]
Daniel Lewin (1970–2001), American-Israeli co-founder of Akamai Technologies Inc. ; 9/11 victim[ 131]
Joseph Lubin (1964–), Canadian-American founder of blockchain software technology company ConsenSys , co-founder of Ethereum [ 132]
Ken Oshman (1940–2011), former CEO of the Echelon Corporation , co-founder of the ROLM Corporation [ 133] [ 134]
Brian L. (1959–) and Ralph J. Roberts (1920–2015), the Comcast Corporation ; members of the Roberts family [ 135] [ 136]
Lior Ron (1977–), Israeli-American co-founder of self-driving truck company Otto , former Product Lead for Google Maps [ 137]
Ben Rosen (1933–), founding investor and former chairman of the Compaq Computer Corporation , co-founder of venture capital firm Sevin Rosen Funds [ 138]
Andy Rubin (1963–), co-developer of the Android operating system, co-founder of Android, Inc. , Danger Inc. and Playground Global [ 139]
Michael G. Rubin (1972–), founder of eBay Enterprise, Inc. (formerly GSI Commerce, Inc.)[ 140]
Henry Samueli (1954–), co-founder of the Broadcom Corporation , owner of NHL 's Anaheim Ducks (founded in 1993 by Disney as "the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim")[ 141]
Steve Sarowitz (1965/1966–), founder of the Paylocity Corporation [ 142]
Dan Schulman (1958–), former president and CEO of PayPal , and chairman of the Symantec Corporation , former CEO of Virgin Mobile [ 143]
Ivan Seidenberg (1946–), former chairman and CEO of Verizon Communications , partner at Perella Weinberg Partners [ 144]
Charlie Shrem (1989–), co-founder of BitInstant (defunct) and Intellisys Capital , former Vice chairman of the Bitcoin Foundation [ 145] [ 146] [ 147]
Joel Spolsky (1965–), co-founder of the Stack Exchange Network , founder of Fog Creek Software , creator of Trello [ 148] [ 149]
Kirill Tatarinov , Russian-born former CEO of Citrix Systems, Inc. , former executive VP of Microsoft Business Solutions [ 150]
Jack Tramiel (1928–2012), Polish-born founder of Commodore International and the Atari Corporation (bought from Warner Communications in 1984)[ 151]
Alan Trefler (1956–), founder of Pegasystems [ 152]
Kenneth D. Tuchman (1959–), founder of TeleTech [ 153]
Andrew Viterbi (1935–), co-founder of Qualcomm Incorporated , inventor of the Viterbi algorithm [ 154]
Gary Winnick (1947–), founder of telecommunications company Global Crossing [ 155] [ 156]
Stephen Wolfram (1959–), British-American founder of Wolfram Research [ 157]
Amit Yoran , CEO of Tenable, Inc. , former president of RSA Security , former CEO of Netwitness , co-founder of Riptech [ 158]
Charles Zegar (1948–), co-founder of Innovative Market Systems (later renamed Bloomberg L.P. )[ 159]
John Zimmer (1984–), co-founder of on-demand transportation company Lyft [ 160]
Nir Zuk (1971–), Israeli-American co-founder of cybersecurity company Palo Alto Networks [ 161]
Trip Hawkins - EA sports
Sergey Brin (1973–), Russian-born co-founder of Google, Inc. , president of Alphabet Inc. , director at X [ 168] [ 169]
Jay S. Cohen (1968–), online gambling pioneer, co-founder of WSEX [ 170]
Dan Doctoroff (1958–), chairman of urban innovation organization Sidewalk Labs and smart cities tech company Intersection , former president of Bloomberg L.P. [ 171]
Greg Fischbach (1942–), co-founder of Acclaim Entertainment [ 172]
Mark Ghermezian , Canadian-American co-founder of mobile marketing company Braze, Inc .[ 173] [ 174]
Craig Taro Gold (1969–), co-founder of eVoice and Teleo [ 175]
Justin Hartfield , founder of the Ghost Group and Weedmaps [ 176]
Gary Kaplan (1959–), founder of the online sports betting company, BetonSports .com[ 177]
Jonathan Klein (1960–), South African-born co-founder of Getty Images [ 178]
Josh Kopelman (1972–), founder of Half.com , First Round Capital , chairman of Philadelphia Media Network, LLC [ 179] [ 180]
Jan Koum (1976–), Ukrainian-American co-founder of WhatsApp, Inc. [ 181]
Jon Kraft , co-founder of Pandora Media, Inc. and Thrively[ 182]
Gary Kremen (1963–), founder of Match.com ; first registrant of Sex.com (Kremen v. Cohen )[ 183]
Eric Lefkofsky (1969–), co-founder of Groupon [ 184]
Max Levchin (1975–), Ukrainian-born co-founder of PayPal and financial technology company Affirm ; member of the "PayPal Mafia "[ 168] [ 185]
Aaron Levie (1985–), CEO and co-founder of Box Inc. [ 186]
Joey Levin , CEO of media and Internet company IAC/InterActiveCorp (holds Vimeo LLC , Match Group, Inc. , Tinder , Ask.com )[ 187]
David Litman (1957–), co-founder of Hotels.com [ 188] [ 189]
Talmon Marco , Israeli-American co-founder of Viber , founder of Juno [ 190]
Andrew Mason (1981–), co-founder of Groupon [ 191]
Yuri Milner (1961–), Russian-born Israeli-American tech investor, co-founder of DST Global , former chairman and CEO of Mail.Ru (owns VKontakte )[ 192] [ 193]
Michael Morhaime (1967–), co-founder of Blizzard Entertainment [ 194] [ 195]
Adam (1979–) and Rebekah Neumann (1978–), co-founders of WeWork [ 196] [ 197]
Craig Newmark (1952–), founder of Craigslist [ 198]
Shaul Olmert (1975–), Israeli-American co-founder of online publishing platform EX.CO (formerly Playbuzz), former VP of digital products for MTV Networks [ 199]
Jon Oringer (1974–), founder of Shutterstock [ 200]
Larry Page (1973–), co-founder of Google, Inc. , CEO of Alphabet Inc. [ 201]
Andrew Paulson (1958–2017), co-founder of SUP Media (LiveJournal )[ 202]
Mark Pincus (1966–), co-founder of social game developing company Zynga [ 203] [ 204] [ 205]
Ruth Porat (1957–), British-American CFO of Alphabet Inc. [ 206]
Jeff Pulver (1962–), VoIP pioneer, co-founder of Vonage [ 207]
Sean Rad (1986–), co-founder of Tinder [ 208] [ 209]
Bob Rosenschein (1953–), American-Israeli founder of Curiyo, co-founder of Answers.com [ 210]
Jeffrey J. Rothschild (1954–) founding engineer and shareholder of Facebook .[ 211]
David O. Sacks (1972–), South African-born co-founder of Yammer , CEO of Zenefits , founding COO of PayPal [ 212]
Sheryl Sandberg (1969–), COO of Facebook, Inc. , former VP of global online sales and operations at Google [ 213]
Terry Semel (1943–), former chairman and CEO of both Yahoo! and Warner Bros. [ 214] [ 215]
Jeremy Stoppelman (1977–), co-founder of Yelp [ 216]
Aaron Swartz (1986–2013), co-creator of RSS (web feed) and Reddit [ 217]
Jeff Weiner (1970–), CEO of LinkedIn [ 218]
Devin Wenig (1966–), former president and CEO of eBay Inc. [ 219]
Rus Yusupov (1984–), Tajik SSR-born co-founder of video hosting service Vine , and HQ Trivia [ 220]
Mark Zuckerberg (1984–), co-founder of Facebook, Inc. [ 221]
Television, film and video[ edit ]
Sheldon Adelson (1933–2021), casino magnate, founder of the Las Vegas Sands Corporation (owns the Venetian , the Palazzo , Marina Bay Sands ), co-founder of the Interface Group (COMDEX )[ 222] [ 223]
Micky Arison (1949–), Israeli-American chairman of Carnival Corporation & plc , the world's largest travel leisure company and owner of NBA 's Miami Heat ; member of the Arison family [ 224] [ 225] [ 226] [ 227]
Severyn Ashkenazy (1936–), Polish-born hotelier, former co-owner of the Viceroy L'Ermitage Beverly Hills [ 228] [ 229]
Mel Bernstein (1945–), Colorado-based paintball park and military museum owner[ 230] [ 231]
Paul Binder (1942–), co-founder of the Big Apple Circus [ 232]
Ernie Blake (1913–1989), German-born founder of Taos Ski Valley [ 233]
Alan Faena (1963–), Argentine-American Miami Beach -based hotelier, owner of the Faena Hotel Buenos Aires [ 234] [ 235]
Gene Freidman , Russian-born founder of Taxi Club Management (TCM)[ 236] [ 237]
Rande Gerber (1962–), nightlife industry entrepreneur, founder of the Gerber Group , co-founder of tequila label Casamigos [ 238]
Dan Gilbert (1962–), founder of Detroit-based Jack Entertainment LLC and co-owner of NBA 's Cleveland Cavaliers [ 239]
Joe Gold (1922–2004), founder of Gold's Gym International, Inc. and World Gym International [ 240]
Bernie Goldstein (1929–2009), founder of Isle of Capri Casinos, Inc. [ 241]
David Grutman (1974–), Miami-based nightlife mogul, co-founder of the Miami Marketing Group (MMG)[ 242]
Efrem Harkham , Israeli-born Beverly Hills -based hotelier, owner of the Luxe Rodeo Drive Hotel [ 243] [ 244]
Jeremy Jacobs (1940–), chairman of hospitality company Delaware North , owner of NHL 's Boston Bruins [ 245]
Alfred Kaskel (1901–1968), Polish-born founder of Doral Hotels and Resorts (Doral Beach Hotel ) and Carol Management (Doral Country Club )[ 246] [ 247]
Jake Kozloff (1901–1976), Russian-born casino manager, former owner of the Frontier hotel & casino[ 248]
Bill Miller (1904–2002), Russian-born former night club and casino operator[ 249]
Sam Nazarian (1975–), Iranian -American founder of SBE Entertainment Group (Mondrian Hotels , Delano South Beach , Delano Las Vegas ); member of the Nazarian family [ 250] [ 251]
Ben Novack (1907–1985), former developer and owner of the Fontainebleau Miami Beach [ 252] [ 253]
Eli Ostreicher (1984–), British-American founder of Regal Wings, a B2B luxury air service provider; brother of investor Jacob Ostreicher [ 254]
Alberto Perlman (1977–), Colombian-American co-founder of Zumba Fitness, LLC [ 255]
Jason Pomeranc , hotelier, co-founder of the SIXTY Collective and the Thompson Hotels Group[ 256] [ 257]
Jay Pritzker (1922–1999), co-founder of the Hyatt Hotels Corporation (now led by his son, Thomas Pritzker (1950–)); member of the Pritzker family [ 258] [ 259]
Eugene Remm , Russian-born co-founder of the EMM Group (now Catch Hospitality Group)[ 260] [ 261]
Harris Rosen (1939–), Florida-based founder of Rosen Hotels & Resorts[ 262]
Ed Savitz (1942–1993), former Philadelphia -based amusement arcade owner[ 263]
Izak Senbahar , Turkish-born hotelier, co-founder of the Alexico Group[ 264] [ 265]
Bugsy Siegel (1906–1947), co-founder of the Flamingo casino and Murder, Inc. , former co-owner of the El Cortez Hotel and Casino [ 266]
David A. Siegel (1935–), founder of Westgate Resorts [ 267] [ 268]
Gordon Sondland (1957–), founder of Provenance Hotels [ 269] [ 270]
Noah Tepperberg (1975–), NYC-based co-founder of Strategic Hospitality Group (owns Tao, Lavo, Marquee New York)[ 271] [ 272]
Jonathan Tisch (1953–), chairman of Loews Hotels , co-chairman of family-owned Loews Corporation and co-owner of NFL 's New York Giants ; member of the Tisch family [ 273] [ 274]
Sid Wyman (1910–1978), co-owner of Las Vegas casinos Sands , Riviera , Royal Nevada , and The Dunes .[ 275] [ 276]
Steve Wynn (1942–), Las Vegas casino owner, founder of Wynn Resorts [ 277]
Burt Baskin (1913–1967), co-founder of ice cream and cake restaurants chain Baskin-Robbins [ 278] [ 279]
George Cohon (1937–2023), American-born Canadian founder of McDonald's of Canada and Russia [ 280]
Nathan Handwerker (1892–1974), Polish-born co-founder of Nathan's Famous, Inc. (later led by his son, Murray (1921–2011))[ 281]
Reuben and Rose Mattus (1912–1994; 1916–2006), founders of Häagen-Dazs (ice cream)[ 282]
Rich Melman (1942–), co-founder of Lettuce Entertain You Enterprises (LEYE) restaurants[ 283]
Danny Meyer (1958–), founder of the Union Square Hospitality Group (owns Shake Shack Inc. , Gramercy Tavern )[ 284]
Arnie Morton (1922–2005), co-founder of Morton's The Steakhouse [ 285]
Clifford S. Perlman (1926–2016), co-founder of Lum's restaurant chain and former owner of Las Vegas' Caesars Palace luxury hotel[ 286]
William Rosenberg (1916–2002), founder of Dunkin' Donuts [ 287] [ 288]
Howard Schultz (1953–), former executive chairman of Starbucks and owner of NBA 's Seattle SuperSonics ; co-founder of venture capital fund Maveron [ 289]
Daniel Schwartz (1980/1981–), co-chairman of Restaurant Brands International Inc. (RBI), the parent company of Burger King , Tim Hortons and Popeyes [ 290]
Zev Siegl (1942–), co-founder of the Starbucks Corporation [ 291] [ 292]
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