Khazar Kingdom, c. 750–950 CE (semi-nomadic Turkic state in the Caucasus whose ruling royal elite seems to have converted to Judaism, although the extent to which it was adopted by commoners is highly debated)[10][11][12]
Brutakhi, early 13th century Turkic polity whose Jewishness is debatable; possibly either a Khazar remnant state or Jewish splinter state from the Cuman-Kipchak Confederation
^Marciak, Michał (2014). Izates, Helena, and Monobazos of Adiabene: A Study on Literary Traditions and History. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN9783447101080.
^Steven Kaplan, The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia, p. 94
^Brook, Kevin Alan (2018). "The Khazars' Conversion to Judaism". The Jews of Khazaria (Third ed.). Lanham. ISBN978-1-5381-0342-5. OCLC1006532607.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)