List of amphibians of Northern America

This is a checklist of amphibians found in Northern America, based mainly on publications by the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.^[1][2][3] The information about range and status of almost all of these species can be found also for example in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species site.^[4] It includes all species of Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and the United States
* alien species

Summary of 2006 IUCN Red List categories.

Conservation status – IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:

EX – extinct, EW – extinct in the wild

CR – critically endangered, EN – endangered, VU – vulnerable

NT – near threatened, LC – least concern

DD – data deficient, NE – not evaluated

(v. 2013.2, the data are current as of March 5, 2014^[5])

and Endangered Species Act:

E – endangered, T – threatened

XN, XE – experimental nonessential or essential population

E(S/A), T(S/A) – endangered or threatened due to similarity of appearance

(the data are current as of March 28, 2014^[6])

Hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis NT
(Ozark hellbender, C. a. bishopi: E)

Eastern newts

Black-spotted newt, Notophthalmus meridionalis EN

Striped newt, Notophthalmus perstriatus NT

Eastern newt, Notophthalmus viridescens LC

Pacific newts

Rough-skinned newt, Taricha granulosa LC

Red-bellied newt, Taricha rivularis LC

Sierra newt, Taricha sierrae LC

California newt, Taricha torosa LC

Web-toed salamanders

Limestone salamander, Hydromantes brunus VU

Mount Lyell salamander, Hydromantes platycephalus LC

Samwel Shasta salamander, Hydromantes samweli^{[7][8][n 1]}

Shasta salamander, Hydromantes shastae VU

Wintu Shasta salamander, Hydromantes wintu^{[7][8][n 1]}

Climbing salamanders

Green salamander, Aneides aeneus NT

Hickory Nut Gorge green salamander, Aneides caryaensis^{[7][8][n 1]}

Clouded salamander, Aneides ferreus NT

Speckled black salamander, Aneides flavipunctatus NT and:^{[n 2]}

Santa Cruz black salamander, Aneides (flavipunctatus) niger^{[7][n 3][n 4]}

Shasta salamander, Aneides iecanus^{[7][n 3][n 4]}

Sacramento Mountains salamander, Aneides hardii LC

Klamath black salamander, Aneides klamathensis^{[7][8][n 1]}

Arboreal salamander, Aneides lugubris LC

Wandering salamander, Aneides vagrans NT

Dusky salamanders

Seepage salamander, Desmognathus aeneus NT

Holbrook's southern dusky salamander, Desmognathus auriculatus LC and:^{[n 2]}

Carolina swamp dusky salamander, Desmognathus valtos^{[9][n 5]}

Valentine's southern dusky salamander, Desmognathus valentinei and:^{[n 2]}

Pascagoula dusky salamander, Desmognathus pascagoula^{[9][n 5]}

Ouachita dusky salamander, Desmognathus brimleyorum LC

Northern dusky salamander, Desmognathus fuscus LC and:^{[n 2]}

Spotted dusky salamander, Desmognathus conanti

Flat-headed salamander, Desmognathus planiceps

Imitator salamander, Desmognathus imitator LC

Desmognathus marmoratus/Desmognathus 'quadramaculatus' complex:^[9][10]

Shovel-nosed salamander, Desmognathus marmoratus LC and:^{[n 2]}

Golden shovel-nosed salamander, Desmognathus aureatus^{[7][n 6][n 4]}

Black shovel-nosed salamander, Desmognathus melanius^{[7][n 6][n 4]}

Central shovel-nosed dusky salamander, Desmognathus intermedius^{[9][n 5]}

Species split from the former black-bellied salamander, Desmognathus quadramaculatus LC
(complex of "black-bellied salamanders"):^[9]

Dwarf black-bellied salamander, Desmognathus folkertsi DD

Nantahala black-bellied salamander, Desmognathus amphileucus^{[9][n 5]}

Cherokee blackbellied salamander, Desmognathus gvnigeusgwotli^{[9][n 5]}

Kanawha blackbellied salamander, Desmognathus kanawha^{[9][n 5]}

Pisgah black-bellied salamander, Desmognathus mavrokoilius^{[9][n 5]}

Seal salamander, Desmognathus monticola LC

Desmognathus ochrophaeus complex:^[11][7][12]

Mountain dusky salamander, Desmognathus ochrophaeus LC and: ^{[n 2]}

Cumberland dusky salamander, Desmognathus abditus NT

Carolina mountain dusky salamander, Desmognathus carolinensis LC

Ocoee salamander, Desmognathus ocoee LC and: ^{[n 2]}

Cherokee mountain dusky salamander, Desmognathus adatsihi^{[9][n 5]}

Great Balsams mountain dusky salamander, Desmognathus balsameus^{[9][n 5]}

Tallulah salamander, Desmognathus perlapsus^{[9][n 5]}

Blue Ridge dusky salamander, Desmognathus orestes LC

Apalachicola dusky salamander, Desmognathus apalachicolae LC

Northern pygmy salamander, Desmognathus organi

Santeetlah dusky salamander, Desmognathus santeetlah LC

Black mountain salamander, Desmognathus welteri LC

Pygmy salamander, Desmognathus wrighti LC

Ensatina

Ensatina, Ensatina eschscholtzii LC

Red Hills salamander

Red Hills salamander, Phaeognathus hubrichti EN T

Woodland salamanders

Ainsworth's salamander or Bay Springs salamander, Plethodon ainsworthi EX

Western slimy salamander, Plethodon albagula LC

Blue Ridge gray-cheeked salamander, Plethodon amplus VU

Ozark zigzag salamander, Plethodon angusticlavius LC

Scott Bar salamander, Plethodon asupak VU

Tellico salamander, Plethodon aureolus DD

Caddo Mountain salamander, Plethodon caddoensis NT

Chattahoochee slimy salamander, Plethodon chattahoochee

Cheoah Bald salamander, Plethodon cheoah VU

Atlantic Coast slimy salamander, Plethodon chlorobryonis

Red-backed salamander or eastern red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus LC

White-spotted slimy salamander, Plethodon cylindraceus LC

Northern zigzag salamander, Plethodon dorsalis LC

Dunn's salamander, Plethodon dunni LC

Northern ravine salamander, Plethodon electromorphus LC

Del Norte salamander, Plethodon elongatus NT

Fourche Mountain salamander, Plethodon fourchensis VU

Northern slimy salamander, Plethodon glutinosus LC and:^{[n 2][9]}

Southeastern slimy salamander, Plethodon grobmani

Mississippi slimy salamander, Plethodon mississippi

Valley and ridge salamander, Plethodon hoffmani LC

Peaks of Otter salamander, Plethodon hubrichti VU

Coeur d'Alene salamander, Plethodon idahoensis LC

Red-cheeked salamander, Plethodon jordani NT

Cumberland Plateau salamander, Plethodon kentucki LC

Kiamichi slimy salamander, Plethodon kiamichi DD

Louisiana slimy salamander, Plethodon kisatchie LC

Larch Mountain salamander, Plethodon larselli NT

South Mountain graycheeked salamander, Plethodon meridianus VU

Southern gray-cheeked salamander, Plethodon metcalfi LC

Northern gray-cheeked salamander, Plethodon montanus LC

Jemez Mountains salamander, Plethodon neomexicanus NT E

Cheat Mountain salamander, Plethodon nettingi NT T

Ocmulgee slimy salamander, Plethodon ocmulgee

Rich Mountain salamander, Plethodon ouachitae NT

Pigeon Mountain salamander, Plethodon petraeus VU

White-spotted salamander, Plethodon punctatus NT

Ravine salamander or southern ravine salamander, Plethodon richmondi LC

Savannah slimy salamander, Plethodon savannah

Sequoyah slimy salamander, Plethodon sequoyah DD

Southern red-backed salamander, Plethodon serratus LC

Shenandoah salamander, Plethodon shenandoah VU E

Big Levels salamander, Plethodon sherando VU

Red-legged salamander, Plethodon shermani VU

Siskiyou Mountains salamander, Plethodon stormi EN

Southern Appalachian salamander, Plethodon teyahalee LC

Van Dyke's salamander, Plethodon vandykei LC

South Carolina slimy salamander, Plethodon variolatus

Western redback salamander, Plethodon vehiculum LC

Southern zigzag salamander, Plethodon ventralis LC

Shenandoah Mountain salamander, Plethodon virginia NT

Webster's salamander, Plethodon websteri LC

Wehrle's salamander, Plethodon wehrlei LC and:^{[n 2]}

Dixie Caverns salamander, Plethodon dixi^{[7][8][n 6][n 4]}

Blacksburg salamander, Plethodon jacksoni^{[7][8][n 6][n 4]}

Yellow-spotted woodland salamander, Plethodon pauleyi^{[7][8][n 6][n 4]}

Weller's salamander, Plethodon welleri EN

Yonahlossee salamander, Plethodon yonahlossee LC

Patch-nosed salamander, Urspelerpes brucei

Brook salamanders

Two-lined salamander (Eurycea bislineata) complex:^[13]

Northern two-lined salamander, Eurycea bislineata LC

Brown-backed salamander, Eurycea aquatica

Junaluska salamander, Eurycea junaluska VU

Blue Ridge two-lined salamander, Eurycea wilderae LC

Southern two-lined salamander, Eurycea cirrigera LC and:^{[n 2]}

Carolina sandhills salamander, Eurycea arenicola ^{[9][n 5]}

Salado Springs salamander, Eurycea chisholmensis VU T

Three-lined salamander, Eurycea guttolineata LC

Cascade Caverns salamander, Eurycea latitans VU and:^{[n 2][9]}

Comal blind salamander, Eurycea tridentifera VU

Long-tailed salamander, Eurycea longicauda LC

Cave salamander, Eurycea lucifuga LC

Eurycea multiplicata complex:^[14][9]

Many-ribbed salamander, Eurycea multiplicata LC

Grotto salamander, Eurycea spelaea LC and:^{[n 2]}

Southern grotto salamander, Eurycea braggi^{[7][n 4]}

Northern grotto salamander, Eurycea nerea^{[7][n 4]}

Ouachita streambed salamander, Eurycea subfluvicola^[3]

Oklahoma salamander, Eurycea tynerensis NT

San Marcos salamander, Eurycea nana VU T

Georgetown salamander, Eurycea naufragia EN T

Texas salamander, Eurycea neotenes VU

Blanco River Springs salamander, Eurycea pterophila DD

Eurycea quadridigitata complex:^[15][9]

Southeastern dwarf salamander, Eurycea quadridigitata LC

Chamberlain's dwarf salamander, Eurycea chamberlaini DD

Hillis's dwarf salamander, Eurycea hillisi^[3]

Western dwarf salamander, Eurycea paludicola^[3]

Bog dwarf salamander, Eurycea sphagnicola^[3]

Barton Springs salamander, Eurycea sosorum VU E

Jollyville Plateau salamander, Eurycea tonkawae EN T

Valdina Farms salamander, Eurycea troglodytes DD

Austin blind salamander, Eurycea waterlooensis VU E

Texas blind salamander, Eurycea rathbuni VU E

Blanco blind salamander, Eurycea robusta DD

Georgia blind salamander, Eurycea wallacei VU

Spring salamanders

Berry Cave salamander, Gyrinophilus gulolineatus EN

Tennessee cave salamander, Gyrinophilus palleucus VU

Spring salamander, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus LC

West Virginia spring salamander, Gyrinophilus subterraneus EN

Red and mud salamanders

Mud salamander, Pseudotriton montanus LC and:^{[n 2]}

Midland mud salamander, Pseudotriton (montanus) diastictus^{[7][8][n 4]}

Red salamander, Pseudotriton ruber LC

Many-lined salamander

Many-lined salamander, Stereochilus marginatus LC

Slender salamanders

Subgenus: Batrachoseps

California slender salamander, Batrachoseps attenuatus LC

San Gabriel slender salamander, Batrachoseps gabrieli DD

Batrachoseps diabolicus group:^[16]

Hell Hollow slender salamander, Batrachoseps diabolicus DD

Greenhorn Mountains slender salamander, Batrachoseps altasierrae

Sequoia slender salamander, Batrachoseps kawia DD

Kings River slender salamander, Batrachoseps regius VU

Batrachoseps nigriventris group:^[16]

Black-bellied slender salamander, Batrachoseps nigriventris LC

Fairview slender salamander, Batrachoseps bramei

Gregarious slender salamander, Batrachoseps gregarius LC

Relictual slender salamander, Batrachoseps relictus DD

Kern Canyon slender salamander, Batrachoseps simatus VU

Tehachapi slender salamander, Batrachoseps stebbinsi VU

Batrachoseps pacificus group:^[17]

Channel Islands slender salamander, Batrachoseps pacificus LC

Arguello slender salamander, Batrachoseps wakei^{[9][n 5]}

Southern California slender salamander, Batrachoseps major LC (desert slender salamander B. (m.) aridus: E)

Lesser slender salamander, Batrachoseps minor DD

Gabilan Mountains slender salamander, Batrachoseps gavilanensis LC

San Simeon slender salamander, Batrachoseps incognitus DD

Santa Lucia Mountains slender salamander, Batrachoseps luciae LC

Subgenus: Plethopsis

Inyo Mountains salamander, Batrachoseps campi EN

Kern Plateau salamander, Batrachoseps robustus NT

Oregon slender salamander, Batrachoseps wrighti VU

Fourtoed salamander, Hemidactylium scutatum LC

Dwarf waterdog, Necturus punctatus LC

Alabama waterdog, Necturus alabamensis EN and:^{[n 2]}

Mobile waterdog, Necturus lodingi ^{[n 4]} (sometimes recognized,^[3]

Gulf Coast waterdog, Necturus beyeri LC

Neuse River waterdog, Necturus lewisi NT

Common mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus LC and:^{[n 2]}

Red River mudpuppy, Necturus (maculosus) louisianensis ^{[7][n 6]}

Apalachicola waterdog, Necturus moleri^{[7][8][n 1]}

Escambia waterdog, Necturus mounti^{[7][8][n 1]}

Ringed salamander, Ambystoma annulatum LC

Streamside salamander, Ambystoma barbouri NT

Frosted flatwoods salamander, Ambystoma cingulatum VU T and:^{[n 2]}

Reticulated flatwoods salamander, Ambystoma bishopi VU E

California tiger salamander, Ambystoma californiense VU (Santa Barbara and Sonoma Counties E, central California T)

Northwestern salamander, Ambystoma gracile LC

Jefferson salamander, Ambystoma jeffersonianum LC

Blue-spotted salamander, Ambystoma laterale LC

Mabee's salamander, Ambystoma mabeei LC

Long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum LC (Santa Cruz long-toed salamander, A. m. croceum: E)

Spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum LC

Western tiger salamander, Ambystoma mavortium (Sonoran tiger salamander, A. m. stebbinsi: E)

Marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum LC

Mole salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum LC

Small-mouthed salamander, Ambystoma texanum LC

Eastern tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum LC

Two-toed amphiuma, Amphiuma means LC

One-toed amphiuma, Amphiuma pholeter NT

Three-toed amphiuma, Amphiuma tridactylum LC

Idaho giant salamander, Dicamptodon aterrimus LC

Cope's giant salamander, Dicamptodon copei LC

California giant salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus NT

Coastal giant salamander, Dicamptodon tenebrosus LC

Cascade torrent salamander, Rhyacotriton cascadae NT

Columbia torrent salamander, Rhyacotriton kezeri NT

Olympic torrent salamander, Rhyacotriton olympicus VU

Southern torrent salamander, Rhyacotriton variegatus LC

Dwarf sirens

Southern dwarf siren, Pseudobranchus axanthus LC

Northern dwarf siren, Pseudobranchus striatus LC

Sirens

Lesser siren, Siren intermedia LC

Greater siren, Siren lacertina LC

Reticulated siren, Siren reticulata^{[7][8][n 1]}

Rocky Mountain tailed frog, Ascaphus montanus LC

Coastal tailed frog, Ascaphus truei LC

African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis * LC

Western clawed frog, Xenopus tropicalis *^{[9][n 5]} LC

Burrowing toad, Rhinophrynus dorsalis LC

North American spadefoot toads

Couch's spadefoot, Scaphiopus couchii LC

Eastern spadefoot, Scaphiopus holbrookii LC

Hurter's spadefoot, Scaphiopus hurterii LC

Western spadefoot toads

Plains spadefoot, Spea bombifrons LC

Western spadefoot, Spea hammondii NT

Great Basin spadefoot, Spea intermontana LC

Mexican spadefoot, Spea multiplicata LC

American toad, Anaxyrus americanus LC

Wyoming toad, Anaxyrus baxteri EW

Western toad, Anaxyrus boreas LC and:^{[n 2]}

Amargosa toad, Anaxyrus nelsoni EN

Arroyo toad, Anaxyrus californicus EN E

Yosemite toad, Anaxyrus canorus EN

Great Plains toad, Anaxyrus cognatus LC

Chihuahuan green toad, Anaxyrus debilis LC

Black toad, Anaxyrus exsul VU

Fowler's toad, Anaxyrus fowleri LC

Canadian toad, Anaxyrus hemiophrys LC E

Houston toad, Anaxyrus houstonensis EN E

Arizona toad, Anaxyrus microscaphus LC

Hot Creek toad, Anaxyrus monfontanus^{[7][8][n 1]}

Railroad Valley toad, Anaxyrus nevadensis^{[7][8][n 1]}

Red-spotted toad, Anaxyrus punctatus LC

Oak toad, Anaxyrus quercicus LC

Sonoran green toad, Anaxyrus retiformis LC

Texas toad, Anaxyrus speciosus LC

Southern toad, Anaxyrus terrestris LC

Woodhouse's toad, Anaxyrus woodhousii LC

Dixie Valley toad, Anaxyrus williamsi^{[7][n 4]}

Colorado River toad, Incilius alvarius LC

Coastal plains toad, Incilius nebulifer LC (formerly in Incilius valliceps)

South American cane toad, Rhinella marina LC and:^{[n 2]}

Mesoamerican Cane toad, Rhinella horribilis^[3]

Tree frogs

Pine Barrens tree frog, Hyla andersonii (Dryophytes andersonii^[19]) NT

Canyon tree frog, Hyla arenicolor (Dryophytes arenicolor^[19]) LC

Bird-voiced tree frog, Hyla avivoca (Dryophytes avivoca^[19]) LC

Cope's gray treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis (Dryophytes chrysoscelis^[19]) LC

American green tree frog, Hyla cinerea (Dryophytes cinereus^[19]) LC

Pine woods tree frog, Hyla femoralis (Dryophytes femoralis^[19]) LC

Barking tree frog, Hyla gratiosa (Dryophytes gratiosus^[19]) LC

Squirrel tree frog, Hyla squirella (Dryophytes squirellus^[19]) LC

Gray tree frog, Hyla versicolor (Dryophytes versicolor^[19]) LC

Arizona tree frog, Hyla wrightorum (Dryophytes wrightorum^[19]) LC (formerly in Hyla eximia)

Chorus frogs

Mountain chorus frog, Pseudacris brachyphona LC and:^{[n 2]}

Collinses' mountain chorus frog, Pseudacris collinsorum^{[9][n 5]}

Brimley's chorus frog, Pseudacris brimleyi LC

California tree frog, Pseudacris cadaverina LC

Spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarkii LC

Spring peeper, Pseudacris crucifer LC

Western chorus frog, Pseudacris triseriata LC and:^{[n 2]}

Upland chorus frog, Pseudacris feriarum LC and:^{[n 2]}

Cajun chorus frog, Pseudacris fouquettei LC

New Jersey chorus frog, Pseudacris kalmi LC

Pacific tree frog, Pseudacris regilla LC and:^{[n 2]}

Baja California tree frog, Pseudacris hypochondriaca

Sierran tree frog, Pseudacris sierra

Illinois chorus frog, Pseudacris illinoensis or Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis

Boreal chorus frog, Pseudacris maculata LC

Southern chorus frog, Pseudacris nigrita LC

Little grass frog, Pseudacris ocularis LC

Ornate chorus frog, Pseudacris ornata LC

Strecker's chorus frog, Pseudacris streckeri LC

Cricket frogs

Cricket frog, Acris crepitans LC and:^{[n 2]}

Blanchard's cricket frog, Acris (crepitans) blanchardi^{[n 7]}

Southern cricket frog, Acris gryllus LC

Other tree frogs

Cuban tree frog, Osteopilus septentrionalis * LC

Mexican tree frog, Smilisca baudinii LC

Lowland burrowing tree frog, Smilisca fodiens LC

(Australian treefrogs)

Australian green tree frog, Ranoidea caerulea *^{[7][n 1]} LC

Typical frogs

Northern red-legged frog, Rana aurora LC and:^{[n 2]}

California red-legged frog, Rana draytonii VU T

Foothill yellow-legged frog, Rana boylii NT

Cascades frog, Rana cascadae NT

Columbia spotted frog, Rana luteiventris LC

Southern mountain yellow-legged frog, Rana muscosa EN E and:^{[n 2]}

Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog, Rana sierrae EN

Oregon spotted frog, Rana pretiosa VU

Water frogs

American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus LC

Gopher frog, Lithobates capito NT

Crawfish frog, Lithobates areolatus NT

Mississippi gopher frog or dusky gopher frog, Lithobates sevosus CR E

Rio Grande leopard frog, Lithobates berlandieri LC

Plains leopard frog, Lithobates blairi LC

Chiricahua leopard frog, Lithobates chiricahuensis VU T and:^{[n 2]}

Ramsey Canyon leopard frog, Lithobates subaquavocalis CR,^{[20][n 4]}

Green frog, Lithobates clamitans or Rana clamitans LC

Vegas Valley leopard frog, Lithobates fisheri EX

Pig frog, Lithobates grylio LC

River frog, Lithobates heckscheri LC

Florida bog frog, Lithobates okaloosae or Rana okaloosae VU

Relict leopard frog, Lithobates onca or Rana onca EN

Pickerel frog, Lithobates palustris LC

Northern leopard frog, Lithobates pipiens or Rana pipiens LC and:^{[n 2]}

Mid-Atlantic coast leopard frog, Lithobates kauffeldi^[3]

Mink frog, Lithobates septentrionalis LC

Southern leopard frog, Lithobates sphenocephalus LC

Wood frog, Lithobates sylvaticus LC

Tarahumara frog, Lithobates tarahumarae or Rana tarahumarae VU

Carpenter frog, Lithobates virgatipes LC

Lowland leopard frog, Lithobates yavapaiensis LC

Japanese wrinkled frog, Glandirana rugosa * LC (Hawaii only)

Barking frog, Craugastor augusti LC

Coquí, Eleutherodactylus coqui * LC (Puerto Rico only)

Rio Grande chirping frog, Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides LC, only:

Rio Grande chirping frog, Eleutherodactylus (cystignathoides) campi^{[7][8][n 4]}

Spotted chirping frog, Eleutherodactylus guttilatus LC

Antilles coqui, Eleutherodactylus johnstonei ^{[9][n 5]} LC (Bermuda, introduced), and:^{[n 2]}

Montserrat whistling frog, Eleutherodactylus montserratae^{[9][n 5]} (Bermuda)

Cliff chirping frog, Eleutherodactylus marnockii LC

Greenhouse frog, Eleutherodactylus planirostris * LC

Mexican white-lipped frog, Leptodactylus fragilis LC

Sheep frog, Hypopachus variolosus LC

North American narrow-mouthed frogs

Eastern narrow-mouthed toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis LC

Western narrow-mouthed toad, Gastrophryne olivacea LC and:^{[n 2]}

Sinaloan narrow-mouthed toad, Gastrophryne mazatlanensis^[3]

Green-and-black poison dart frog, Dendrobates auratus * LC (Hawaii only)

• List of reptiles of North America north of Mexico
• List of U.S. state reptiles
• List of U.S. state amphibians
• List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States
• List of U.S. state birds
• List of birds of North America
• List of U.S. state mammals
• List of mammals of North America
• Lists of reptiles by region
• Lists of amphibians by region

• Fouquette, M. J.; Dubois, Alain (2014). A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles: The United States and Canada. Vol. 1 - Amphibians. Xlibris Corporation LLC. ISBN 978-1-4931-7035-7.^{[self-published source]}
• Cope, Edward D. (1875). Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia; with a systematic list of the higher groups, and an essay on geographical distribution. Based on the specimens contained in the U. S. National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Published under the direction of the Smithionian Institution. Vol. 13. Washington: Government Printing Office: Department of the Interior: U.S. National Museum.
• Stejneger, Leonhard; Barbour, Thomas (1917). A check list of North American amphibians and reptiles (PDF). Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.: Harvard University Press.

• 8th Edition of Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico published by the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR), available on the website of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
• "SSAR North American Species Names Database". Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR).
• Frost, Darrel (2017). "Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference". American Museum of Natural History.
• AmphibiaWeb Database. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
• Checklist of Amphibian Species and an Online Identification Guide for the Identification of Amphibians in North America north of Mexico
• Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America – Explained
• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
• Endangered Species Program – US Fish & Wildlife Service
• Species Search – US Fish & Wildlife Service
• Endangered Species Act – National Marine Fisheries Service – NOAA