List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Turkey

Poland (Kingdom of Poland and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the Ottoman Empire have been in many armed conflicts against one another. This includes Polish or Ottoman intervention in wars such as the Hungarian–Ottoman War (1437–1442) or the Battle of Verbia.

Polish or Polish–Lithuanian victory

Ottoman victory

Another result (Result unknown or indecisive, Status quo ante bellum, treaty or peace without a clear result)

Kingdom of Poland against the Ottoman Empire (1375–1561)


Year	Conflict	Polish side	Ottoman side	Result
1375–1377	Hungarian–Ottoman War^[1] Part of the Hungarian–Ottoman Wars Location: Balkans, Kingdom of Hungary	Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Poland	Ottoman Empire Bulgarian Empire Wallachia	Polish–Hungarian victory^[2] Great financial losses to Hungarian treasury^[3]
1389–1396	Hungarian–Ottoman War^[4] Part of the Hungarian–Ottoman Wars Location: Syrmia, Nikopol, Balkans, Kingdom of Hungary Battles: Battle of Nicopolis	Kingdom of Hungary Wallachia France Croatia Holy Roman Empire Bulgarian Empire District of Branković Kingdom of Poland Knights Hospitaller	Ottoman Empire Moravian Serbia	Ottoman victory^[5] Sigismund of Luxembourg abandons offensive campaigns and begins building a system of fortifications along the southern border^[6]
1415–1419	Hungarian–Ottoman War^[7] Part of the Hungarian–Ottoman Wars Location: Doboj, Nikopol, Balkans, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Bosnia	Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania	Ottoman Empire Wallachia Kingdom of Bosnia Serbian Despotate	Indecisive Ottoman Empire consolidates position of Turkish control in the Kingdom of Bosnia^[8] Kingdom of Hungary reconquers Banate of Severin^[9]
1437–1442	Hungarian–Ottoman War^[10] Part of the Hungarian–Ottoman Wars Location: Szendrő, Belgrade, Sibiu, Iron Gates, Balkans, Kingdom of Hungary Battles: Siege of Belgrade Battle of Hermannstadt	Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Poland Serbian Despotate Taborites Kingdom of Bosnia	Ottoman Empire Wallachia	Polish–Hungarian victory^[10]^[11] The Ottoman Empire temporarily loses control of the Principality of Wallachia^[10]^[11]
1443–1444	Crusade of Varna^[12] Part of the Hungarian–Ottoman Wars and the Crusades Location: Southern Europe, Balkans Battles: Battle of Nish Battle of Zlatitsa Battle of Kunovica Battle of Varna	Kingdom of Poland Kingdom of Hungary Croatia Grand Duchy of Lithuania Serbian Despotate Crown of Bohemia Wallachia Bulgarian rebels Kingdom of Bosnia Papal States Teutonic Order Duchy of Burgundy Republic of Venice Republic of Ragusa Byzantine Empire	Ottoman Empire	Ottoman victory^[12]^[13]^[14] Ottoman Empire becomes free from any serious attempts to push it out of Europe for the next few decades^[12] King Władysław III of Poland is killed in action by the Ottomans^[12]
1475	Battle of Vaslui^[15] Part of the Moldavian–Ottoman Wars and Hungarian–Ottoman Wars Location: Near Vaslui	Moldavia Kingdom of Poland Kingdom of Hungary	Ottoman Empire	Moldavian–allied victory^[16]
1485–1503	Polish–Ottoman War^[17] Location: Wild Fields, Moldavia, Southern Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania Battles: Campaign–box: Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503)	Kingdom of Poland Duchy of Masovia Teutonic Order Grand Duchy of Lithuania	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate Moldavia	Ottoman–led victory^[18]^[19] Moldavia gains Pokuttia^[19]
1502–1510	Moldavian–Polish War^[20] Part of the Moldavian–Polish Wars Location: Pokuttia, Moldavia, Kingdom of Poland	Kingdom of Poland	Moldavia Ottoman Empire	Polish victory^[20]^[21] Bogdan III the One-Eyed relinquishes his claim to Pokuttia and his marriage plans with Elizabeth Jagiellon^[22]
1524	Turko–Tatar raid on Poland^[23]^[24]	Kingdom of Poland	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate	Polish victory^[25]^[26] Ottomans and Tatars kicked out of Poland^[25]^[26]
1561	Battle of Verbia^[27] Part of the Moldavian Magnate Wars Location: Verbia, Dorohoi County, Moldavia	Rebel forces Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Holy Roman Empire Knights Hospitaller Zaporizhian Sich	Moldavia Ottoman Empire Wallachia	Rebel victory^[28] Rebels gain control over most of Moldavia^[28]

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against the Ottoman Empire (1593–1699)


Year	Conflict	Polish side	Ottoman side	Result
1593–1606	Long Turkish War^[29] Part of the Ottoman–Habsburg Wars Location: Hungary, Wallachia, Balkans Battles: Campaign–box: Long Turkish War	Habsburg Monarchy Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Croatia Grand Duchy of Tuscany Knights of St. Stephen Principality of Transylvania Wallachia Moldavia France Spain Duchy of Ferrara Zaporozhian Cossacks Serbian hajduks Papal States Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate	Inconclusive^[30] Peace of Zsitvatorok (1606)^[30]
1595	Jan Zamoyski's expedition to Moldavia^[31] Part of the Moldavian Magnate Wars Location: Iași, Țuțora, Moldavia Battles: Battle of Cecora Battle of Suceava	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth	Ottoman Empire Moldavia Crimean Khanate	Polish–Lithuanian victory^[32] Moldavia becomes Polish vassal^[33]
1607	Stefan Potocki's raid on Moldavia^[34]	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Moldavian opposition	Moldavia	Polish–allied victory^[34] Mihail Movilă overthrown in favour of Constantin Movilă^[34]
1612	Battle of Cornul lui Sas^[35]^[36] Part of the Moldavian Magnate Wars Location: Popricani, Iași County	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Moldavian opposition	Ottoman Empire Moldavia Crimean Khanate	Moldavian–allied victory^[35]^[36]
1615–1616	Samuel Korecki's expedition to Moldavia^[37] Part of the Moldavian–Polish Wars Location: Iași, Țuțora, Moldavia	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Moldavian opposition	Ottoman Empire Moldavia Crimean Khanate Wallachia	Moldavian–Ottoman–Tatar victory^[38] Samuel Korecki imprisoned^[38]
1620–1621	Polish–Ottoman War^[39] Location: Moldavia and Bukovina Battles: Battle of Cecora Battle of Khotyn	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Registered Cossacks Moldavia	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate Transylvania	Inconclusive^[40] Treaty of Khotyn (1621)^[40]
1633–1634	Polish–Ottoman War^[41] Location: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth	Ottoman Empire Moldavia Budjak Horde	Indecisive^[42]^[a] Status quo ante bellum^[44]
1672–1676	Polish–Ottoman War^[45] Location: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Battles: Campaign–box: Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Wallachia (1673) Supporters of Khanenko	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate Supporters of Doroshenko	Ottoman victory^[46]^[b] Treaty of Buchach: Ottoman Empire gains Podolia and parts of Central Ukraine^[47] Treaty of Żurawno: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth regains Bila Tserkva and Pavoloch^[48]
1683–1699	Polish–Ottoman War^[49] Part of the Great Turkish War Location: Austria, Crimea, Hungary, Moldavia, Serbia, Ukraine Battles: Battle of Vienna Battle of Párkány Battle of Chițcani Battle of Reni Siege of Kamenets Battle of Hodów Battle of Ustechko Battle of Podhajce	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Zaporozhian Cossacks Holy Roman Empire Tsardom of Russia (1686–1699)	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate Principality of Upper Hungary (until 1865) Transylvania Hungarian Kuruc Resistance	Holy League victory^[50] Treaty of Karlowitz^[50] Ottoman Empire returns Podolia and the south of Right-bank Ukraine to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth^[51] Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth returns Khotyn, Câmpulung, Soroca, Suceava and Neamț (all taken during the war) to Moldavia^[51]

Notes

^ Polish–Lithuanian military victory^[43]
^ Polish–Lithuanian military victory^[46]

References

^ Hunyadi, Istvan. "Béla Köpeczi (sous la direction de), Erdély Története (Histoire de Transylvanie) (Préface et 15 chapitres rédigés par 12 auteurs), Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadô, 3 volumes, 1986, 1 945 p., 58 cartes, 38 tableaux, 27 figures, 783 photogr. noir et blanc, 127 photogr. couleurs". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 43 (1): 199–201. doi:10.1017/S0395264900070797. ISSN 0395-2649.
^ Kristó, Gyula (1988). Az Anjou-kor háborúi. Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-326-905-3.
^ Rúzsás, Lajos; Szakály, Ferenc, eds. (1986). Mohács: tanulmányok a mohácsi csata 450. évfordulója alkalmából. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-05-3964-7.
^ Tuchman 1978, p. 549-566.
^ Tuchman 1978, p. 561.
^ Huizinga, Johan. The Autumn of the Middle Ages. Translated by Payton, Rodney J.; Mammitzsch, Ulrich. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 69.
^ Sievernich, Gereon; Budde, Hendrik (1989). Europa und der Orient 800-1900, 28. Mai-27. August 1989: eine Ausstellung des 4. Weltkulturen Horizonte 89 im Martin-Gropius Bau. München: Bertelsmann Lexikon Verl. pp. 245–248. ISBN 978-3-570-04814-6.
^ "Doboj 1415". Balkan Military History. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
^ Schmitt, Oliver Jens; Pezo, Edvin, eds. (2021). Herrschaft und Politik in Südosteuropa von 1300 bis 1800. Handbuch zur Geschichte Südosteuropas. Berlin Boston: de Gruyter Oldenbourg. pp. 120–126. ISBN 978-3-11-074394-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bánlaky, József. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme (A törökök 1438. évi betörése.) (in Hungarian).
^ ^a ^b Długosz, Jan; Baczkowski, Krzysztof; Korczak, Lidia; Mruk, Julia; Pirożyńska, Czesława; Wyrozumski, Jerzy (2009). Jana Długosza Roczniki czyli Kroniki sławnego Królestwa Polskiego. Ks. 11, Ks. 12: 1431-1444 (Wyd. 2 ed.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. p. 309. ISBN 978-83-01-16076-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Imber, Colin (2006). The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45. Crusade texts in translation. Aldershot Burlington (Vt.): Ashgate. pp. 9–31. ISBN 978-0-7546-0144-9.
^ Borus, József, ed. (1985). Magyarország hadtörténete. 1: A honfoglalástól a kiegyezésig / szerkesztő Borus József. Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-326-337-2.
^ Csorba, Csaba; Estók, János; Salamon, Konrád (1999). Magyarország képes története. Budapest: Magyar Könyvklub. ISBN 978-963-548-961-9.
^ Kármán, Gábor; Kunčević, Lovro (2013). The European tributary states of the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Ottoman Empire and its heritage. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 266. ISBN 978-90-04-24606-5.
^ Kállay, Ferencz (1850). Historiai brtekezés a' nemes székely nemzet' eredetéről: hadi és polgári intézeteiről a régi időkben.
^ Shirogorov, Vladimir (2021). War on the eve of nations: conflicts and militaries in Eastern Europe, 1450-1500. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-7936-2240-2.
^ Eagles, Jonathan (2014). Stephen the Great and Balkan Nationalism: Moldova and Eastern European History. p. 58.
^ ^a ^b Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29163-7.
^ ^a ^b Spieralski, Zdzisław. Awantury mołdawskie. pp. 64–71.
^ Plewczyński, Marek (2011). Wojny i wojskowość polska XVI wieku. T. 1: Lata 1500 - 1548. Seria Bitwy, Taktyka. pp. 149–156. ISBN 978-83-89943-64-4.
^ Gebethnera, Wolffa. Zameczki Podolskie na Kresach Multańskich. T. 1, Kamieniec nad Smotryczem. p. 83.
^ Gieysztor, Aleksander; Kieniewicz, Stefan; Rostwokowski, Emanuel; Tazbir, Janusz; Wereszycki, Henryk (1979). History of Poland (2nd ed.). Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers. p. 149.
^ Wawrzyniak, Krzysztof (June 2003). Ottoman Polish diplomatic relations in the sixteenth century. Ankara: Bilkent University. p. 32.
^ ^a ^b "Sukces polityki unikania wojny z Turcją: pokój z 1533 r." www.wilanow-palac.pl.
^ ^a ^b "Ottoman Polish Armed Conflicts 1497-1699".
^ Sergescu, Marie Kesterska. Albert Laski et ses relations avec les Roumains (VIII ed.). pp. 253–276.
^ ^a ^b Carvatiuc, p. 119; Constantinov, p. 100 ISBN 978-9975-4477-3-7; Teculescu, p. 15' Xenopol, p. 67
^ Velimirović, Nikolaj (1989). The life of St. Sava (Revised ed.). Crestwood, NY: Saint Vladimir's Seminary Pr. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-88141-065-5.
^ ^a ^b Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571. Vol. IV: The Sixteenth Century from Julius III to Pius V. p. 1097.
^ "Jan Zamoyski: Zdobywca mimo woli". histmag.org.
^ Plewczyński, Marek (2013). Wojny i wojskowość polska XVI wieku. T. 3: Lata 1576 - 1599. Seria Bitwy, Taktyka. pp. 302–304. ISBN 978-83-64023-10-1.
^ Histmag.org (2017-04-01). "Jak Rzeczpospolita Turków i Tatarów pobiła za co... została potępiona przez papieża". Historia (in Polish).
^ ^a ^b ^c Besala, Jerzy. Wielkie zwycięstwa Rzeczypospolitej. p. 28.
^ ^a ^b Costin, Miron. Letopisețul Țărîi Moldovei de la Aaron Vodă încoace.
^ ^a ^b Giurescu, C.C. (1944). Istoria Românilor. Vol. III, partea întîi. p. 16.
^ Kalinowska, Anna; Perłakowski, Adam; Rolnik, Adam. From Volhynia to the Bosphorus: The Moldavian adventures of Duke Samuel Korecki. p. 6.
^ ^a ^b "O Samuelu Koreckim". www.wilanow-palac.pl.
^ Sikora, Radosław (2005). Wojskowość polska w dobie wojny polsko-szwedzkiej 1626-1629: kryzys mocarstwa. Poznań: Wydawnictwo i Drukarnia Sorus. ISBN 978-83-89949-09-7.
^ ^a ^b Gruševsʹkij, Mihajlo Sergìjovič; Plohìj, Sergìj Mikolajovič; Sysyn, Frank E.; Pasicznyk, Uliana M. (1999). History of Ukraine-Rus'. The history of the Ukrainian cossacks. Edmonton (Alta.): Canadian institute of Ukrainian studies press. p. 373. ISBN 978-1-895571-28-8.
^ Imber, C. (2002-05-01). "Review: Ottoman-Polish Diplomatic Relations, 15th-18th Century: An Annotated Edition of 'Ahdnames and Other Documents * Dariusz Kolodziejczyk: Ottoman-Polish Diplomatic Relations, 15th-18th Century: An Annotated Edition of 'Ahdnames and Other Documents". Journal of Islamic Studies. 13 (2). doi:10.1093/jis/13.2.240. ISSN 0955-2340.
^ Szabados, János (2021). "The Habsburg and Transylvanian Aims Related to the Campaign of the Ottomans against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1634)". Prace Historyczne. 148 (4). Szeged: University of Szeged: 740–741. doi:10.4467/20844069PH.21.048.14024.
^ Polska przedmurzem Europy. Warsaw: Twój Styl. 2004. p. 71.
^ Sikorski, Janusz (1990). Polskie tradycje wojskowe. Warsaw: Bellona Publishing House. p. 295.
^ Tucker 2010, p. 648.
^ ^a ^b Freeman, Edward Augustus (1877). The Ottoman Power in Europe Its Nature, Its Growth, and Its Decline by Edward A. Freeman. Macmillan. p. 149.
^ Tucker 2010, p. 655.
^ Bentkowska, Anna (2003), "John Sobieski [Jan III; Jana III; John III], King of Poland", Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, p. 416, doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t045004, ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4
^ Tucker 2010, p. 661.
^ ^a ^b Nolan, Cathal J. (2008). Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare. p. 27.
^ ^a ^b Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan, eds. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File library of world history. New York, NY: Facts On File. pp. 309–310. ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1. OCLC 227205977.

Bibliography

Tuchman, Barbara (1978), A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century, pp. 549–566
Horea Teculescu, "Sicriul lui Despot-Vodă", in Țara Noastră, Vol. XI, Issue 1, January 1931, pp. 12–18.
A. D. Xenopol, Istoria românilor din Dacia Traiană. Vol. V: Epoca lui Mihai Viteazul. Bucharest: Cartea Românească, 1927.
Tucker, Spencer Coakley (2010), A Global Chronology of Conflict, vol. 2, Santa Barbara

[44] Polish–Lithuanian military victory^[43]

[48] Polish–Lithuanian military victory^[46]

[1] Hunyadi, Istvan. "Béla Köpeczi (sous la direction de), Erdély Története (Histoire de Transylvanie) (Préface et 15 chapitres rédigés par 12 auteurs), Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadô, 3 volumes, 1986, 1 945 p., 58 cartes, 38 tableaux, 27 figures, 783 photogr. noir et blanc, 127 photogr. couleurs". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 43 (1): 199–201. doi:10.1017/S0395264900070797. ISSN 0395-2649.

[2] Kristó, Gyula (1988). Az Anjou-kor háborúi. Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-326-905-3.

[3] Rúzsás, Lajos; Szakály, Ferenc, eds. (1986). Mohács: tanulmányok a mohácsi csata 450. évfordulója alkalmából. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-05-3964-7.

[FOOTNOTETuchman1978549-566-4] Tuchman 1978, p. 549-566.

[FOOTNOTETuchman1978561-5] Tuchman 1978, p. 561.

[6] Huizinga, Johan. The Autumn of the Middle Ages. Translated by Payton, Rodney J.; Mammitzsch, Ulrich. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 69.

[7] Sievernich, Gereon; Budde, Hendrik (1989). Europa und der Orient 800-1900, 28. Mai-27. August 1989: eine Ausstellung des 4. Weltkulturen Horizonte 89 im Martin-Gropius Bau. München: Bertelsmann Lexikon Verl. pp. 245–248. ISBN 978-3-570-04814-6.

[8] "Doboj 1415". Balkan Military History. Retrieved 2024-02-14.

[9] Schmitt, Oliver Jens; Pezo, Edvin, eds. (2021). Herrschaft und Politik in Südosteuropa von 1300 bis 1800. Handbuch zur Geschichte Südosteuropas. Berlin Boston: de Gruyter Oldenbourg. pp. 120–126. ISBN 978-3-11-074394-4.

[:0-10] Bánlaky, József. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme (A törökök 1438. évi betörése.) (in Hungarian).

[:1-11] Długosz, Jan; Baczkowski, Krzysztof; Korczak, Lidia; Mruk, Julia; Pirożyńska, Czesława; Wyrozumski, Jerzy (2009). Jana Długosza Roczniki czyli Kroniki sławnego Królestwa Polskiego. Ks. 11, Ks. 12: 1431-1444 (Wyd. 2 ed.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. p. 309. ISBN 978-83-01-16076-0.

[:2-12] Imber, Colin (2006). The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45. Crusade texts in translation. Aldershot Burlington (Vt.): Ashgate. pp. 9–31. ISBN 978-0-7546-0144-9.

[13] Borus, József, ed. (1985). Magyarország hadtörténete. 1: A honfoglalástól a kiegyezésig / szerkesztő Borus József. Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-326-337-2.

[14] Csorba, Csaba; Estók, János; Salamon, Konrád (1999). Magyarország képes története. Budapest: Magyar Könyvklub. ISBN 978-963-548-961-9.

[15] Kármán, Gábor; Kunčević, Lovro (2013). The European tributary states of the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Ottoman Empire and its heritage. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 266. ISBN 978-90-04-24606-5.

[16] Kállay, Ferencz (1850). Historiai brtekezés a' nemes székely nemzet' eredetéről: hadi és polgári intézeteiről a régi időkben.

[17] Shirogorov, Vladimir (2021). War on the eve of nations: conflicts and militaries in Eastern Europe, 1450-1500. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-7936-2240-2.

[18] Eagles, Jonathan (2014). Stephen the Great and Balkan Nationalism: Moldova and Eastern European History. p. 58.

[:3-19] Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29163-7.

[:4-20] Spieralski, Zdzisław. Awantury mołdawskie. pp. 64–71.

[21] Plewczyński, Marek (2011). Wojny i wojskowość polska XVI wieku. T. 1: Lata 1500 - 1548. Seria Bitwy, Taktyka. pp. 149–156. ISBN 978-83-89943-64-4.

[22] Gebethnera, Wolffa. Zameczki Podolskie na Kresach Multańskich. T. 1, Kamieniec nad Smotryczem. p. 83.

[23] Gieysztor, Aleksander; Kieniewicz, Stefan; Rostwokowski, Emanuel; Tazbir, Janusz; Wereszycki, Henryk (1979). History of Poland (2nd ed.). Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers. p. 149.

[24] Wawrzyniak, Krzysztof (June 2003). Ottoman Polish diplomatic relations in the sixteenth century. Ankara: Bilkent University. p. 32.

[:11-25] "Sukces polityki unikania wojny z Turcją: pokój z 1533 r." www.wilanow-palac.pl.

[:14-26] "Ottoman Polish Armed Conflicts 1497-1699".

[27] Sergescu, Marie Kesterska. Albert Laski et ses relations avec les Roumains (VIII ed.). pp. 253–276.

[:5-28] Carvatiuc, p. 119; Constantinov, p. 100 ISBN 978-9975-4477-3-7; Teculescu, p. 15' Xenopol, p. 67

[29] Velimirović, Nikolaj (1989). The life of St. Sava (Revised ed.). Crestwood, NY: Saint Vladimir's Seminary Pr. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-88141-065-5.

[:15-30] Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571. Vol. IV: The Sixteenth Century from Julius III to Pius V. p. 1097.

[31] "Jan Zamoyski: Zdobywca mimo woli". histmag.org.

[32] Plewczyński, Marek (2013). Wojny i wojskowość polska XVI wieku. T. 3: Lata 1576 - 1599. Seria Bitwy, Taktyka. pp. 302–304. ISBN 978-83-64023-10-1.

[33] Histmag.org (2017-04-01). "Jak Rzeczpospolita Turków i Tatarów pobiła za co... została potępiona przez papieża". Historia (in Polish).

[:17-34] Besala, Jerzy. Wielkie zwycięstwa Rzeczypospolitej. p. 28.

[:6-35] Costin, Miron. Letopisețul Țărîi Moldovei de la Aaron Vodă încoace.

[:7-36] Giurescu, C.C. (1944). Istoria Românilor. Vol. III, partea întîi. p. 16.

[37] Kalinowska, Anna; Perłakowski, Adam; Rolnik, Adam. From Volhynia to the Bosphorus: The Moldavian adventures of Duke Samuel Korecki. p. 6.

[:16-38] "O Samuelu Koreckim". www.wilanow-palac.pl.

[39] Sikora, Radosław (2005). Wojskowość polska w dobie wojny polsko-szwedzkiej 1626-1629: kryzys mocarstwa. Poznań: Wydawnictwo i Drukarnia Sorus. ISBN 978-83-89949-09-7.

[:8-40] Gruševsʹkij, Mihajlo Sergìjovič; Plohìj, Sergìj Mikolajovič; Sysyn, Frank E.; Pasicznyk, Uliana M. (1999). History of Ukraine-Rus'. The history of the Ukrainian cossacks. Edmonton (Alta.): Canadian institute of Ukrainian studies press. p. 373. ISBN 978-1-895571-28-8.

[:9-41] Imber, C. (2002-05-01). "Review: Ottoman-Polish Diplomatic Relations, 15th-18th Century: An Annotated Edition of 'Ahdnames and Other Documents * Dariusz Kolodziejczyk: Ottoman-Polish Diplomatic Relations, 15th-18th Century: An Annotated Edition of 'Ahdnames and Other Documents". Journal of Islamic Studies. 13 (2). doi:10.1093/jis/13.2.240. ISSN 0955-2340.

[42] Szabados, János (2021). "The Habsburg and Transylvanian Aims Related to the Campaign of the Ottomans against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1634)". Prace Historyczne. 148 (4). Szeged: University of Szeged: 740–741. doi:10.4467/20844069PH.21.048.14024.

[43] Polska przedmurzem Europy. Warsaw: Twój Styl. 2004. p. 71.

[45] Sikorski, Janusz (1990). Polskie tradycje wojskowe. Warsaw: Bellona Publishing House. p. 295.

[FOOTNOTETucker2010648-46] Tucker 2010, p. 648.

[:13-47] Freeman, Edward Augustus (1877). The Ottoman Power in Europe Its Nature, Its Growth, and Its Decline by Edward A. Freeman. Macmillan. p. 149.

[FOOTNOTETucker2010655-49] Tucker 2010, p. 655.

[50] Bentkowska, Anna (2003), "John Sobieski [Jan III; Jana III; John III], King of Poland", Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, p. 416, doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t045004, ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4

[FOOTNOTETucker2010661-51] Tucker 2010, p. 661.

[:10-52] Nolan, Cathal J. (2008). Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare. p. 27.

[:12-53] Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan, eds. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File library of world history. New York, NY: Facts On File. pp. 309–310. ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1. OCLC 227205977.

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