Categories
  Encyclosphere.org ENCYCLOREADER
  supported by EncyclosphereKSF

List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 16 min

Damage in Long Beach, Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina.

This is a list of the costliest Atlantic hurricanes, with US$1 billion (nominal) in property damage, broadly capturing the severity of the damage each tropical cyclone has caused. The list includes tropical storms, a tropical cyclone with a peak 1-minute maximum sustained wind in the range of 39–73 mph (63–118 km/h), placing them below the 74 mph (119 km/h) minimum needed to attain hurricane status.

History

[edit]
The number of $1 billion Atlantic hurricanes almost doubled from the 1980s to the 2010s, and inflation-adjusted costs have increased more than elevenfold.[1] The increases have been attributed to climate change, more people moving to coastal areas,[1] and the dramatic increase in construction costs since 1980.[2][3][4][5]

The record of the costliest tropical cyclone in the Atlantic is held jointly by hurricanes Katrina (2005) and Harvey (2017), both of which resulted in approximately $125 billion in property damage during the year they occurred. These storms are also the costliest tropical cyclones recorded worldwide. The hurricane seasons of those two hurricanes, the 2005 and 2017 Atlantic hurricane seasons, are also the two costliest hurricane seasons recorded.

Most of the costliest Atlantic hurricanes in recorded history have peaked as major hurricanes. However, weaker tropical cyclones can still cause widespread damage. Tropical storms Alberto in 1994, Allison in 2001, Lee in 2011, Imelda in 2019 and Fred of 2021 each caused over a billion dollars in damage. As of 2023, no numbered tropical depressions have become a billion-dollar disaster.

List of costliest Atlantic hurricane seasons (as of 2024)
Rank Cost Season
1 ≥ $294.803 billion 2017
2 > $191.128 billion 2024
3 $172.297 billion 2005
4 $117.708 billion 2022
5 ≥ $80.827 billion 2021
6 $72.341 billion 2012
7 $61.148 billion 2004
8 $54.336 billion 2020
9 ≥ $50.526 billion 2018
10 ≥ $48.855 billion 2008

Flooding typically accounts for about 60% of all of a storm's damages,[citation needed] and this is reflected in the list with Harvey, Florence, and most recently Ida, which produced catastrophic rainfall; and with Katrina, Ike, Sandy, and Ian which produced devastating storm surges. Wind damage encompasses a large portion of storm damage as well, evidenced by Andrew, Irma, and Michael. Due to their excessive damage, the names of tropical cyclones accruing at least $1 billion in damage are usually retired by the World Meteorological Organization, but this is not always the case. Juan in 1985 was the first hurricane to cause at least a billion in damage and not be retired; its name was retired after a later usage (2003) that did not cause over a billion in damage. Since Juan, nine tropical cyclones that caused at least a billion in damage were not retired, the most notable of which being Sally in 2020 which caused at least $7.3 billion, the costliest storm not to have its name retired. As of March 21, 2024, the most recent billion-dollar hurricane to not have its name retired was Idalia in 2023.

The first hurricane to cause at least $1 billion in damage was Betsy in 1965, which caused much of its damage in southeastern Louisiana. Four years later, Camille caused over $1 billion in damage as it ravaged Louisiana and Mississippi at landfall, and Virginia after moving inland. After the 1960s, each decade saw an increase in tropical cyclones causing at least a billion in damage over the last, due to increasing urban development and population. In the 1970s, four hurricanes caused at least a billion in damage; the costliest of which was Agnes, which caused $2.1 billion in damage. The following decade featured seven hurricanes causing at least a billion in damage. In the 1990s, twelve tropical cyclones accrued at least a billion in damage, including Hurricane Andrew in 1992. The system greatly exceeded the damage figure of any preceding tropical cyclone, causing $27.3 billion in damage, mostly in South Florida. Nineteen tropical cyclones in the 2000s caused at least $1 billion in damage. The 2005 season had six billion-dollar hurricanes, the most of any season on record; this record was later surpassed in 2020, with eight billion-dollar hurricanes. Hurricanes Ivan (2004) and Irma (2017) caused at least $1 billion in damage in four separate countries. In the 2010s, twelve storms caused at least $1 billion in damage.[6] Hanna was the first storm of the 2020s to become a billion dollar disaster.[7]

Methodology

[edit]
A collage of the top ten costliest Atlantic hurricanes, up to 2023, in descending cost from top left to lower right.

This list ranks tropical cyclones within the Atlantic that have accrued at least US$1 billion in damage, based on their nominal USD damage totals. Because the impact of inflation has not been adjusted out of these figures, they do not allow for the fact that $0.12 billion in 1965 (the earliest hurricane shown on the list) would be equivalent to $0.9 billion in 2023, or that it would require $7.4 billion in 2023 to be equivalent to $1 billion in 1965. Furthermore, the figures have not been adjusted for changes in population and wealth in coastal counties, making it hard to accurately compare the damage inflicted by hurricanes over time.

In 2018, Roger A. Pielke Jr. and Christopher Landsea published a peer-reviewed study in the scientific journal Nature Sustainability, which gave an estimate of the direct economic losses in the continental United States from 1900 to 2017 from each hurricane if that same event was to occur under contemporary (2017) societal conditions.[8] The general formula for normalized losses is

where is reported damage in current-year US dollars, is the GDP deflator for inflation adjustment, is an estimate of current-cost net stock of fixed assets and consumer durable goods to capture changes in real wealth per-capita, and county population adjustment.[8]

As the results of the Pielke / Landsea study do not extend beyond 2017, the column for normalized damage, shown in the list, is not available beyond that year.

Overall costliest

[edit]
  was the costliest Atlantic hurricane at the time it dissipated
  data not available as source report ends with 2017[8]

† indicates that the storm's impact in that season did not result in its name being retired

Costliest Atlantic hurricanes
Name Nominal damage
(Billions USD) 		Normalized damage
(Billions USD) 		Season Storm classification
at peak intensity 		Areas affected References
Katrina $125.0 $116.9 2005 Category 5 hurricane
[9][10]
Harvey $125.0 $62.2 2017 Category 4 hurricane
[10][11]
Ian $113.1 data not available 2022 Category 5 hurricane
[12][failed verification]
Maria $91.6 2017 Category 5 hurricane
[13]

Helene

$89.3 (unofficially) 2024

Category 4 hurricane

[14]
Milton $85.0 (unofficially) 2024 Category 5 hurricane
[15][16]
Irma $77.2 $31.0 2017 Category 5 hurricane
[10]
Ida $75.2 data not available 2021 Category 4 hurricane
[17][18]
Sandy $68.7 $73.5 2012 Category 3 hurricane
[10][19]
Ike $38.0 $35.2 2008 Category 4 hurricane
[12][20][21]
Andrew $27.3 $106.0 1992 Category 5 hurricane
  • The Bahamas
  • Florida
  • Louisiana
 [12][22]
Ivan $26.1 $25.9 2004 Category 5 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • Venezuela
  • United States Gulf Coast
 [12][23][24]
Michael $25.5 data not available 2018 Category 5 hurricane
[25][26]
Florence $24.2 2018 Category 4 hurricane
[26][27]
Laura $23.3 2020 Category 4 hurricane
  • Leeward Islands
  • Puerto Rico
  • Dominican Republic
  • Haiti
  • Cuba
  • Southeastern United States
 [28][29]
Wilma $22.4 $31.9 2005 Category 5 hurricane
[30][31][32][33]
Rita $18.5 $14.9 2005 Category 5 hurricane
  • Cuba
  • Texas
  • Louisiana
 [34]
Charley $16.9 $26.9 2004 Category 4 hurricane
[35][12]
Matthew $16.5 $8.6 2016 Category 5 hurricane
[36][37]
Irene $14.2 $10.8 2011 Category 3 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • United States East Coast
  • Eastern Canada
 [38][39][40]
Hugo $11.0 $25.1 1989 Category 5 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • United States East Coast
 [12][41]
Frances $10.1 $16.5 2004 Category 4 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • Eastern United States
  • Ontario
 [12][23][42][43]
Georges $9.3 <$6.0 1998 Category 4 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • United States Gulf Coast
 [10][44][45][46][47][48]
Allison $9.0 <$6.0 2001 Tropical storm
[49][12][50]
Eta $8.3 data not available 2020 Category 4 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • Central America
  • Cuba
  • Eastern United States
 [18]
Gustav $8.3 <$6.0 2008 Category 4 hurricane
[12][20]
Beryl $8.0 data not available 2024 Category 5 hurricane
[51]
Jeanne $7.9 $13.6 2004 Category 3 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • Eastern United States
 [12][23][52][53]
Sally † $7.3 data not available 2020 Category 2 hurricane
  • The Bahamas
  • Florida
  • Southeastern United States
 [54][29]
Debby $7.0 2024 Category 1 hurricane
[55]
Floyd $6.5 $13.9 1999 Category 4 hurricane
[12][56]
Mitch $6.1 <$6.0 1998 Category 5 hurricane
[57][58][59]
Isabel $5.5 <$6.0 2003 Category 5 hurricane
  • Greater Antilles
  • The Bahamas
  • Eastern United States
  • Ontario
 [12][60]
Dorian $5.1 data not available 2019 Category 5 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • The Bahamas
  • Eastern United States
  • Atlantic Canada
 [61]
Imelda † $5.0 2019 Tropical storm
  • Texas
  • Louisiana
  • Oklahoma
  • Arkansas
 [62]
Fran $5.0 $11.1 1996 Category 3 hurricane
  • Eastern United States
  • Ontario
 [12]
Isaias † $5.0 data not available 2020 Category 1 hurricane
  • Puerto Rico
  • Dominican Republic
  • Haiti
  • Bahamas
  • Eastern United States
 [63]
Opal $4.7 $10.0 1995 Category 4 hurricane
  • Guatemala
  • Yucatán Peninsula
  • Eastern United States
 [12][64]
Zeta † $4.4 data not available 2020 Category 3 hurricane
  • Jamaica
  • Yucatan Peninsula
  • Louisiana
  • Mississippi
 [65]
Dennis $4.0 <$6.0 2005 Category 4 hurricane
[12][30][66]
Stan $3.9 <$6.0 2005 Category 1 hurricane
  • Mexico
  • Central America
 [52][67]
Karl † $3.9 <$6.0 2010 Category 3 hurricane
  • Mexico
  • Central America
 [68]
Idalia † $3.5 data not available 2023 Category 4 hurricane
[69]
Fiona $3.4 2022 Category 4 hurricane
[70]
Luis $3.3 <$6.0 1995 Category 4 hurricane
[64]
Isaac † $3.1 <$6.0 2012 Category 1 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • Eastern United States
 [71]
Delta $3.0 data not available 2020 Category 4 hurricane
  • Jamaica
  • Cayman Islands
  • Yucatan Peninsula
  • Southeastern United States
 [18][72]
Alicia $3.0 $13.6 1983 Category 3 hurricane
[73]
Gilbert $3.0 <$6.0 1988 Category 5 hurricane
[74]
Lee † $2.8 <$6.0 2011 Tropical storm
  • Louisiana
  • Mississippi
 [75]
Marilyn $2.5 <$6.0 1995 Category 3 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • Bermuda
 [12][64]
Michelle $2.4 <$6.0 2001 Category 4 hurricane
  • Central America
  • Jamaica
  • Cuba
  • The Bahamas
 [46][50]
Agnes $2.1 $26.0 1972 Category 1 hurricane
  • Mexico
  • Cuba
  • Eastern United States
 [12][76]
Joan $2.0 <$6.0 1988 Category 4 hurricane
  • Lesser Antilles
  • Colombia
  • Venezuela
  • Central America
 [74]
Fifi $1.8 <$6.0 1974 Category 2 hurricane
  • Jamaica
  • Central America
  • Mexico
 [77][78]
Frederic $1.8 <$6.0 1979 Category 4 hurricane
[79]
Dean $1.7 <$6.0 2007 Category 5 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • Central America
 [52][80]
Dolly † $1.6 <$6.0 2008 Category 2 hurricane
[20]
Allen $1.6 <$6.0 1980 Category 5 hurricane
[52][81][82]
David $1.5 <$6.0 1979 Category 5 hurricane
  • The Caribbean
  • United States East Coast
 [52][79]
Alex † $1.5 <$6.0 2010 Category 2 hurricane
  • Central America
  • Greater Antilles
  • Texas
 [83][84][85][86]
Juan † $1.5 <$6.0 1985 Category 1 hurricane
  • United States Gulf Coast
 [12]
Bob $1.5 <$6.0 1991 Category 3 hurricane
  • United States East Coast
  • Canada
 [87]
Roxanne $1.5 <$6.0 1995 Category 3 hurricane
  • Mexico
 [64]
Ingrid $1.5 <$6.0 2013 Category 1 hurricane
  • Mexico
 [12]
Francine $1.5 data not available 2024 Category 2 hurricane
[88]
Betsy $1.4 <$6.0 1965 Category 4 hurricane
  • Louisiana
  • South Florida
  • Caribbean
 [12]
Camille $1.4 $26.4 1969 Category 5 hurricane
  • Mississippi
  • Louisiana
  • Alabama
  • Virginia
  • Cuba
 [12]
Iota $1.4 data not available 2020 Category 4 hurricane
  • Colombia
  • Central America
 [89]
Elena $1.3 <$6.0 1985 Category 3 hurricane
  • Cuba
  • United States Gulf Coast
 [90]
Isidore $1.3 <$6.0 2002 Category 3 hurricane
[91][92]
Fred † $1.3 data not available 2021 Tropical storm
  • Puerto Rico
  • Hispaniola
  • Cuba
  • Jamaica
  • Southeastern United States
 [18]
Hanna † $1.2 2020 Category 1 hurricane
[29]
Elsa † $1.2 2021 Category 1 hurricane
  • Lesser Antilles
  • Greater Antilles
  • Venezuela
  • Colombia
  • East Coast of the United States
  • Atlantic Canada
 [18]
Lili $1.2 <$6.0 2002 Category 4 hurricane
  • Lesser Antilles
  • Greater Antilles
  • Gulf Coast of the United States
 [12]
Nicholas † $1.1 data not available 2021 Category 1 hurricane
[93]
Nicole † $1.0 2022 Category 1 hurricane
[94]
Alberto † $1.0 <$6.0 1994 Tropical storm
  • Southeastern United States
 [75]
Emily † $1.0 <$6.0 2005 Category 5 hurricane
[10]
Bonnie † $1.0 <$6.0 1998 Category 3 hurricane
  • Lesser Antilles
  • East Coast of the United States
 [10]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Philbrick, Ian Pasad; Wu, Ashley (December 2, 2022). "Population Growth Is Making Hurricanes More Expensive". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022. Newspaper states data source: NOAA.
  2. ^ "Construction Costs Hit Highest Spike in 50 Years". February 16, 2022.
  3. ^ "How much do construction costs matter? Some factors that affect the price of housing".
  4. ^ "Construction Inflation 2022". February 11, 2022.
  5. ^ "Housing price inflation, 1967→2023".
  6. ^ "2010-2019: A landmark decade of U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  7. ^ Brown, Daniel (February 11, 2021). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Hanna (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
  8. ^ a b c Weinkle, Jessica; et al. (2018). "Normalized hurricane damage in the continental United States 1900–2017". Nature Sustainability. 1 (12): 808–813. doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0165-2. S2CID 133937951.
  9. ^ Knabb, Richard D; Rhome, Jamie R; Brown, Daniel P; National Hurricane Center (December 20, 2005). Hurricane Katrina: August 23 – 30, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. January 12, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
  11. ^ Blake, Eric S; Zelinsky, David A (January 23, 2018). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Harvey: August 17 – September 1, 2017 (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Blake, Eric S; Landsea, Christopher W; Gibney, Ethan J; National Hurricane Center (August 2011). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-6). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  13. ^ Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 29, 2019. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
  14. ^ "CoreLogic: Final Estimated Damages for Hurricane Helene to be Between $30.5 Billion and $47.5 Billion". CoreLogic®. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  15. ^ "CoreLogic: Hurricane Milton Wind, Flood Cause an Estimated $17B to $28B in Insured Losses After Unusual Landfall Activity". CoreLogic®. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  16. ^ "TheGuardian: Biden says Hurricane Milton caused staggering $50bn in estimated damage". TheGuardian®. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  17. ^ Rebeca Santana; Melinda Deslatte; Janet McConaughey (September 2, 2021). "After Ida, small recovery signs amid daunting destruction". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  18. ^ a b c d e "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events". 2024.
  19. ^ Blake, Eric S; Kimberlain, Todd B; Berg, Robert J; Cangialosi, John P; Beven II, John L (February 12, 2013). Hurricane Sandy: October 22 – 29, 2012 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 18, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  20. ^ a b c Brown, Daniel P; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Blake, Eric S (May 1, 2010). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008". Monthly Weather Review. 138 (5): 1975–2001. Bibcode:2010MWRv..138.1975B. doi:10.1175/2009MWR3174.1.
  21. ^ Berg, Robbie (May 18, 2014). Hurricane Ike: November 5–9, 2008 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 18, 2024. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
  22. ^ Rappaport, Edward N; National Hurricane Center (December 10, 1993). Hurricane Andrew: August 16 – 28 (Preliminary Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  23. ^ a b c Hurricane Committee (August 12, 2005). Twenty-seventh Session (March 31 to April 5, 2005) (PDF) (Final Report). World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  24. ^ Stewart, Stacy R; National Hurricane Center (December 16, 2004). Hurricane Ivan September 2 – 24, 2004 (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  25. ^ Global Catastrophe Recap October 2018 (PDF). AON (Report). AON. November 7, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  26. ^ a b "Assessing the U.S. Climate in 2018". National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). February 6, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  27. ^ Stacy R. Stewart; Robbie Berg (May 3, 2018). Hurricane Florence (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  28. ^ Steve Evans (August 31, 2020). "Hurricane Laura onshore insured property loss close to $9bn: KCC". Reinsurance News. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  29. ^ a b c "2010-2020: A landmark decade of U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  30. ^ a b Beven, John L; Avila, Lixion A; Blake, Eric S; Brown, Daniel P; Franklin, James L; Knabb, Richard D; Pasch, Richard J; Rhome, Jamie R; Stewart, Stacy R (March 1, 2008). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005". Monthly Weather Review. 136 (3): 1109–1173. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.1109B. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2074.1.
  31. ^ Comisión Nacional del Agua (2006). "Resumen del Huracán "Wilma"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  32. ^ Royster, Amy (December 4, 2005). "Wilma's Waves Devastate Grand Bahama Communities". Palm Beach Post.(subscription required)
  33. ^ "Hurricane Wilma exacts losses of 704 million dollars: Cuban government". Relief Web. Agence France-Presse. December 4, 2005. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  34. ^ Knabb, Richard D; Brown, Daniel P; Rhome, Jamie R; National Hurricane Center (March 17, 2006). Hurricane Rita: September 18–26, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  35. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Blake, Eric S; Brown, Daniel P; National Hurricane Center (October 18, 2004). Hurricane Charley August 9–15 (Tropical Cyclone Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  36. ^ "Hurricane Matthew economic damage nears $6 billion". USA Today. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  37. ^ http://thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com/Documents/20170117-ab-if-annual-climate-catastrophe-report.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  38. ^ Avila, Lixion A; Cangialosi, John (December 14, 2011). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Irene: August 21 – 28, 2011 (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 18, 2024. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  39. ^ Fieser, Erza (August 25, 2011). "Hurricane Irene barrels toward US as Caribbean islands take stock of damage". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  40. ^ Telling the Weather Story (PDF) (Report). Insurance Bureau of Canada. June 4, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  41. ^ Case, Bob; Mayfield, Max (May 1, 1990). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1989". Monthly Weather Review. 118 (5): 1165, 1175. Bibcode:1990MWRv..118.1165C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1165:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  42. ^ Beven II, John L; National Hurricane Center (December 17, 2004). "Hurricane Frances August 24 – September 10" (Tropical Cyclone Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  43. ^ Hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan & Jeanne Caribbean Impact (PDF) (Speciality Property Briefing). Guy Carpenter and Company. August 12, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  44. ^ Guiney, John L (January 5, 1999). Hurricane Georges: September 15 – October 1, 1998 (PDF). United States National Hurricane Center (Preliminary Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 17, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  45. ^ Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (October 8, 1998). Eastern Caribbean, Dominican Republic, Haiti – Hurricane Georges Fact Sheet #9, Fiscal Year (FY) 1999 (Report). United States Agency for International Development. Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
  46. ^ a b Pielke, Roger A; Rubiera, Jose; Landsea, Christopher; Fernández, Mario L; Klein, Roberta (August 1, 2003). "Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean: Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials" (PDF). Natural Hazards Review. 4 (3): 101–114. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:3(101). ISSN 1527-6988. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  47. ^ International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (March 22, 1999). Caribbean – Hurricane Georges Situation Report No. 3 (PDF) (Report). ReliefWeb. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  48. ^ Pan American Health Organisation (November 25, 1998). "Impact of Hurricane Georges on health sector response". Pan American Health Organisation. Archived from the original on January 14, 2006. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  49. ^ Stacy R. Stewart (November 28, 2011). "Tropical Storm Allison Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
  50. ^ a b Beven, John L; Stewart, Stacy R; Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J (July 1, 2003). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001". Monthly Weather Review. 131 (7): 1454–1484. Bibcode:2003MWRv..131.1454B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.406.2342. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1454:ASHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. S2CID 123028502.
  51. ^ Adam.Smith@noaa.gov. "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)". Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  52. ^ a b c d e Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database". Université catholique de Louvain. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  53. ^ Lawrence, Miles B; Cobb, Hugh D; National Hurricane Center (November 22, 2004). Hurricane Jeanne: September 13–28 (Tropical Cyclone Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  54. ^ Sharp, John (September 26, 2020). "'Document everything': Assessing the damage after Hurricane Sally". al.com. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  55. ^ Steve Evans (August 9, 2024). "Hurricane Debby private & public market insured loss seen below $2bn: Gallagher Re". Artemis. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
  56. ^ Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, Jack L; Franklin, James L; Guiney, John L; Pasch, Richard J (December 1, 2001). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1999". Monthly Weather Review. 129 (12): 3057–3084. Bibcode:2001MWRv..129.3057L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.212.9040. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<3057:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  57. ^ National Climatic Data Center (1999). Mitch: The Deadliest Atlantic Hurricane Since 1780 (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  58. ^ Inter-American Development Bank. "Central America After Hurricane Mitch – Costa Rica". Archived from the original on December 19, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  59. ^ Inter-American Development Bank. "Central America After Hurricane Mitch – El Salvador". Archived from the original on October 26, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  60. ^ Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J; Stewart, Stacy R (June 1, 2005). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2003" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 133 (6): 1744–1773. Bibcode:2005MWRv..133.1744L. doi:10.1175/MWR2940.1.
  61. ^ Knowles, Rachel; Robles, Frances (September 5, 2019). "Death Toll Rises to 30 in Bahamas, as Stories of Survival Emerge". The New York Times. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
  62. ^ "2010–2019: A landmark decade of U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  63. ^ Katherine Chiglinskey (August 10, 2020). "Hurricane Isaias Expected to Cost Insurers $4 Billion in U.S." BBN Bloomberg. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  64. ^ a b c d Lawrence, Miles B; Mayfield, Britt M; Avila, Lixion A; Pasch, Richard J; Rappaport, Edward N (May 1, 1998). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1995". Monthly Weather Review. 126 (5): 1124–1151. Bibcode:1998MWRv..126.1124L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<1124:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  65. ^ Matt Sheehan (November 2, 2020). "Hurricane Zeta's insured property loss put at $4.4bn by KCC". Reinsurance News. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  66. ^ Church World Service (August 23, 2005). "CWS emergency appeal: Cuba/Hurricane Dennis response". Relief Web. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  67. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Roberts, David P; National Hurricane Center (February 4, 2006). Hurricane Stan: October 1–5, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  68. ^ Annual Global Climate and Catastrophe Report: Impact Forecasting – 2010 (PDF) (Report). AON Benefield. 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  69. ^ "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  70. ^ Pasch, Richard; Reinhart, Brad; Alaka, Laura (March 23, 2023). Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Fiona (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  71. ^ Berg, Robbie (January 28, 2013). Hurricane Isaac August 21 – September 1, 2012 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 17, 2024. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  72. ^ "Huracán Delta le cuesta a Cancún 4,000 millones de pesos" (in Spanish). El Eco. October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  73. ^ "Hurricane Alicia: Prediction, Damage & Recovery Efforts" (PDF). Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research and Environment. 1983. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 15, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  74. ^ a b Lawrence, Miles B; Gross, James M (October 1, 1989). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1988" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 117 (10): 2248–2259. Bibcode:1989MWRv..117.2248L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2248:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  75. ^ a b U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters (Report). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  76. ^ Simpson, Robert H; Hebert, Paul J (April 1, 1973). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1972". Monthly Weather Review. 101 (4): 326. Bibcode:1973MWRv..101..323S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1973)101<0323:AHSO>2.3.CO;2.
  77. ^ "Aid Efforts Start For Honduras, Fifi Deaths Soar". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. September 24, 1974. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
  78. ^ Rappaport, Edward N; Fernandez-Partagas, Jose; National Hurricane Center (January 1995). The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492 – 1994 (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-47). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 7; 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  79. ^ a b Hebert, Paul J (July 1, 1980). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1979" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 108 (7): 973–990. Bibcode:1980MWRv..108..973H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0973:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 4, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  80. ^ Brennan, Michael J; Knabb, Richard D; Mainelli, Michelle; Kimberlain, Todd B (December 1, 2009). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2007". Monthly Weather Review. 137 (12): 4061–4088. Bibcode:2009MWRv..137.4061B. doi:10.1175/2009MWR2995.1.
  81. ^ Lawrence, Miles B; Pelissier, Joseph M (July 1, 1981). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1980". Monthly Weather Review. 109 (7): 1567–1582. Bibcode:1981MWRv..109.1567L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<1567:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  82. ^ National Hurricane Center. Hurricane Allen July 31 – August 11 (Preliminary Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. pp. 1–6. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  83. ^ Escamilla Martínez, Josué (July 17, 2010). "Más de mil mdp daño preliminar por "Alex": EHF". El Diario (in Spanish). Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
  84. ^ Padilla Sada, Eduardo (August 5, 2010). "Rebasan pronósticos: Daños por 17 mil mdp" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
  85. ^ Fernández Valverde, Hilda (June 30, 2010). "Habrá clases en Coahuila, pese a Alex". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved July 1, 2010.
  86. ^ Pasch, Richard J (December 15, 2010). Hurricane Alex: June 25 – July 2, 2010 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  87. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Avila, Lixion A (November 1, 1992). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1991". Monthly Weather Review. 120 (11): 2671. Bibcode:1992MWRv..120.2671P. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<2671:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  88. ^ Truong, Thanh (September 16, 2024). "Francine's roughly $1.5B in insured losses adds pressure on uninsured homeowners". Fox 8. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
  89. ^ Stewart, Stacy R. (May 18, 2021). "Tropical Cyclone Report, Hurricane Iota, 13–18 November 2021" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  90. ^ Case, Robert A (July 1, 1986). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1985" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 114 (7): 1390–1405. Bibcode:1986MWRv..114.1390C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1390:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  91. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Stewart, Stacy R (July 1, 2004). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2002". Monthly Weather Review. 132 (7): 1829–1859 [1854]. Bibcode:2004MWRv..132.1829P. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1829:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  92. ^ "Tabla 10. Principales desastres naturales, 1980–2005" (PDF). El Almanaque Mexicano 2008: 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2012.
  93. ^ Evans, Steve (September 24, 2021). Hurricane Nicholas insured loss estimated up to $2.2bn by RMS. artemis.bm (Report). Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  94. ^ "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_costliest_Atlantic_hurricanes
5 views |
↧ Download as ZWI file
Encyclosphere.org EncycloReader is supported by the EncyclosphereKSF